Impact of cagPAI and T4SS on the inflammatory response of human neutrophils to Helicobacter pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori contains a pathogenicity island, cagPAI, with genes homologous to components of the type IV secretion system (T4SS) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The T4SS components assemble a structure that transfers CagA protein and peptidoglycan into host epithelial cells, causing the increased release of interleukin 8 (IL8) from the cells. The Toll-like receptors on neutrophils recognize H. pylori, initiating signaling pathways that enhance the activation of NF-κB. However, the roles of cagPAI and T4SS in the inflammatory response of neutrophils are unknown. We evaluated the participation of cagPAI and T4SS in the response of human neutrophils to H. pylori infection. Neutrophils were isolated from the blood of healthy donors and infected with H. pylori cagPAI(+), cagPAI(-), and cagPAI mutant strains virB4 (-) and virD4 (-). Whereas cagPAI(+) strain 26695 induced the greatest IL8 production, a proinflammatory response, cagPAI(-) strain 8822 induced the greatest IL10 production, an anti-inflammatory response. In contrast, the virB4 (-) and virD4 (-) mutant strains produced significantly more of the two proinflammatory cytokines IL1ß and tumor necrosis factor αthan the cagPAI(+) strain 26695. We observed that H. pylori downregulated the expression of TLRs 2 and 5 but upregulated TLR9 expression in a cagPAI and T4SS-independent manner. These results show for the first time that the response of human neutrophils to H. pylori may vary from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory response, depending on cagPAI and the integrity of T4SS.

Telomerase activity in response to mild oxidative stress.

We have analysed telomerase activity to determine whether it can be modified when BCL-2 is endogenously overexpressed in response to a mild oxidative stress treatment as part of a survival mechanism, in contrast with an exogenous bcl-2 overexpression due to a retroviral infection. Endogenous bcl-2 overexpression was induced after a low oxidative insult of H2O2 in mice primary lung fibroblasts and L929 cell, whereas bcl-2 exogenous overexpression was performed using a retroviral infection in L929 cells. Telomerase activity was quantified in Bcl-2 overexpressing cells by the TRAP assay. When the cells were treated with different H2O2 concentrations, only those exposed to 50 µM showed increased telomerase activity. This correlates with BCL-2 expression as part of the endogenous response to mild oxidative stress. Oxidative stress generated during the toxic mechanism of chemotherapeutic drugs might induce BCL-2 increment, enhancing telomerase activity and reactivating the oncogenic process. Clinical trials should take into consideration the possibility of telomerase activation following increased BCL-2 expression when treating patients with ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation by anti-cancer drugs.

Expresión del receptor tipo-Toll 4 en la inflamación alérgica de niños asmáticos-obesos / Toll-Like receptor 4 expression in obese asthmatic children with allergic inflammation

Introducción. El asma se caracteriza por la inflamación de las vías respiratorias y la obesidad por la inflamación sistémica persistente. La exposición a lipopolisacáridos influye en el desarrollo y severidad del asma. El receptor tipo-Toll 4 reconoce a los lipopolisacáridos y dirige la respuesta de las células T cooperadoras. A la fecha, se desconoce el nivel de expresión del receptor tipo-Toll 4 en pacientes con asma-obesidad. Métodos. Este es un estudio piloto de pacientes con asma-obesidad, con asma, con obesidad y aparentemente sanos. Mediante inmu-nocitoquímica se determinó el nivel de expresión del receptor tipo-Toll 4 utilizando anticuerpos específicos anti-TLR4, bloqueando los receptores Fc. Con un microscopio Olimp BX-40 se evaluaron 100 células por laminilla. Las diferencias en el número y el grado de células positivas se estableció mediante las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y Dunn post hoc. Resultados. La expresión del receptor tipo-Toll 4 en las células del grupo de pacientes asmáticos fue considerablemente mayor que en el grupo de individuos sanos y mayor que en cualquiera de los otros dos grupos. En el grupo de pacientes obesos el receptor tipo-Toll 4 se expresó menos que en el grupo de individuos sanos y que en los otros dos grupos (p < 0.001). El grupo de pacientes asmáticos-obesos no mostró diferencia significativa con respecto al grupo de sanos. Adicionalmente, se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos de pacientes (p < 0.05). Conclusiones. La expresión del receptor tipo-Toll 4 resultó diferente en cada uno de los tres grupos de pacientes; la expresión elevada en el grupo de pacientes asmáticos probablemente puede explicar la alta sensibilización a lipopolisacáridos o a otros ligandos del receptor tipo-Toll 4. En este trabajo, por primera vez, se muestra el nivel de expresión del receptor tipo-Toll 4 en pacientes asmáticos-obesos.

Background. Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation of airways and obesity by persistent systemic inflammation. Exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may induce the development and severity of asthma. Toll like-receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes LPS and can direct the response of T-helper cells. Level of expression of TLR4 in patients with asthma and obesity is currently unknown. Methods. We conducted a pilot study that included patients with asthma-obesity, asthma, obesity and those who were apparently healthy. Using immunocytochemistry, we determined the level of expression of TLR4 with specific anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibody, blocking Fc receptors. With a BX-40 Olympus microscope, 100 cells were evaluated per slide. Differences in the number and degree of positive cells were established by Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn post hoc analysis. Results. Expression of TLR4 in the cells of the asthmatic group of patients was significantly greater than in the healthy group of patients and higher than any of the other two groups. Conversely, the obese group expressed less TLR4 than the healthy group and any of the other two groups (P<0.001). The asthma-obese group showed no significant difference with respect to healthy controls. Additionally, we observed significant differences among the three groups of patients (P<0.05). Conclusions. TLR4 expression was different in the three groups of patients. The highest level in the asthmatic patient may be explained by the high sensitivity to LPS or to other TLR4 ligands. This is the first study to show the level of expression in obese patients with asthma.