Salud y Enfermedad Mental: Del Corpus Hippocraticum a una aproximación termodinámica / Health and Mental Illness: From Corpus Hippocraticum to a thermodynamic approach

Se establece una relación entre conceptos básicos acerca de salud y enfermedad mental en los Tratados Hipocráticos y los elementos actuales de la termodinámica y de la cibernética, enlace que se formula a través de los aportes de autores como Maturana y Valera (autopoiesis y teleonomía) o Bergson (regularidades vs indeterminsmos). Se definen y caracterizan los fenómenos anancásticos y los estocásticos, destacándose su relación complementaria. Con un enfoque termodinámico se define a la enfermedad mental como una estructura que se impone hegemónicamente sobre el resto de las actividades mentales y consume la energía que regula el metabolismo restante de la persona afectada. Se aportan evidencias clínicas de las bondades de esta óptica, presentándose, por ejemplo, la ansiedad como una crisis entrópica y la depresión como interferencia de la teleonomía , al tiempo que los trastornos obsesivo-compulsivos son descritos desde una perspectiva cibernética. A lo largo del texto se le confiere mayor relevancia a la noción de la enfermedad mental como pathos hegemónico que absorbe recursos energéticos y disminuye las posibilidades de adaptación del afectado a su medio externo y de éxito en el afrontamiento de sus propias tensiones.

A link is traced between the basic concepts on health and mental illness in the Hippocratic Treaties and the current elements of thermodynamics and cybernetics, through the contributions of authors such as Maturana and Valera (autopoiesis and teleonomy) or Bergson (regularities vs. indeterminism). Anankastic and stochastic phenomena are defined and characterized, highlighting their complementary connection. Following a thermodynamic approach, a mental illness is defined as a structure that imposes itself on the rest of the mental activities and consumes the energy that regulates the remnants of the affected person s metabolism. Clinical evidences of the benefits of this perspective are given, presenting, for instance, anxiety as entropic crisis and depression as an interference of teleonomy , while obsessive-compulsive disorders are described from the cybernetic perspective. Throughout the text, the greatest relevance is conferred to the notion of mental illness as a hegemonic pathos that absorbs energy resources and diminishes the affected individuals possibilities of adaptation to their external environment, and of successfully coping with their own tensions.

Applications of Support Vector Machine (SVM) Learning in Cancer Genomics.

Machine learning with maximization (support) of separating margin (vector), called support vector machine (SVM) learning, is a powerful classification tool that has been used for cancer genomic classification or subtyping. Today, as advancements in high-throughput technologies lead to production of large amounts of genomic and epigenomic data, the classification feature of SVMs is expanding its use in cancer genomics, leading to the discovery of new biomarkers, new drug targets, and a better understanding of cancer driver genes. Herein we reviewed the recent progress of SVMs in cancer genomic studies. We intend to comprehend the strength of the SVM learning and its future perspective in cancer genomic applications.

Incisão vertical para remoção de osso autógeno da sínfise mentual: relato de dois casos clínicos / Vertical incision to autogenous bone removal from the mental symphysis: report of two clinical cases

O presente artigo apresenta o relato de dois casos clínicos onde através de uma técnica alternativa de incisão vertical foram removidos tecidos ósseos da região de sínfise mentual para aumento de volume ósseo em outra região para posterior reabilitação com implante osseo integrado. No primeiro relato em um paciente de 40 anos foi removido osso autógeno em bloco da sínfise mentual com a técnica da incisão vertical para aumento vertical na região da pré-maxila associado com biomaterial e posteriormente instalados dois implantes cilíndricos na região dos 12 e 22. O segundo relato, em paciente com 72 anos, removeu osso particulado da região de sínfise mentual e procedeu-se a enxertia do seio maxilar através da técnica da janela lateral e ambas as áreas utilizaram a técnica da incisão vertical.Constatou-se em ambos os casos minimização de edemas e sintomatologia dolorosa pós-operatórias e nenhum paciente relatou parestesia na região doadora, algo comum em casos com a remoção pela técnica tradicional.

This paper presents a report of two cases where using an alternative technique of vertical incision were removed bone tissue of the symphysis chin region to increase bone volume in another region for later rehabilitation with osseointegrated implant. The first report on a 40 year old patient was removed autogenous bone in the chin symphysis block with the vertical incision technique for vertical increase in pre maxilla associated with biomaterial and then installed two cylindrical implants in the region of 12 and 22. The second account in patients with 72 years removed particulate bone symphysis chin region and decided to graft the maxillarysinus through the lateral window technique and both areas have used the technique of vertical incision. It was found in both cases minimizing swelling and postoperative painful symptoms and no patients reported numbness in the donor area, something common in cases with removing the traditional technique.

A produção de conhecimento e o conceito de saúde numa graduação em educação física / Knowledge production and health concept at the undergraduate in physical education

Introdução: No âmbito acadêmico percebe-se grande valorização curricular do Projeto Pedagógico do Curso de Educação Física no que se refere à produção de conhecimento, a qual, em forma de Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (TCC) pelo qual o graduando tenha a oportunidade de discutir com maior profundidade os conhecimentos desenvolvidos ao longo da graduação. "O TCC será proposto e desenvolvido de modo a referendar, aprofundar, enriquecer, recriar ou avançar a cultura acadêmica que está representada na Matriz Curricular para formação profissional no Curso de Graduação em Educação Física". Nesse sentido, apresenta-se como pertinente um estudo que permita a compreensão de como a saúde é entendida num curso com estas características de projeto pedagógico. Objetivos: pretendeu-se analisar o conceito de saúde presente nos trabalhos de conclusão de curso do curso de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Baixada Santista e evidenciar a relação do conceito de saúde com o Projeto Pedagógico de Curso de Educação Física da instituição. Método: para tanto foi desenvolvida uma análise documental de todos os trabalhos de conclusão de curso da instituição defendidos até 2015. O único critério de inclusão foi que o termo "saúde" deveria estar no título, em qualquer parte do resumo ou nas palavras-chave. A amostra consistiu em 62 trabalhos de conclusão de curso de 180 trabalhos existentes. Resultado e Discussão: o conceito de saúde presente nos trabalhos de conclusão de curso foi de perspectiva restrita, com ênfase na dimensão físico-biológica. Além disso, o conceito de saúde possuiu relação mais estreita com a tradição científica da área da EF do que com o projeto pedagógico do curso da instituição. Conclusão: embora haja limites sobre o conceito de saúde, concluiu-se que não há falha no modelo formativo proposto pela instituição, apenas um fator restrito sobre o conceito de saúde, que, inclusive, permeia outras áreas de formação. (AU)

Introduction: Academically it is perceived a great curriculum value of the Pedagogic Project for the Physical Education Course in relation to the production of knowledge, which, in the form of Course Conclusion Monography (TCC) by which the graduate student has the opportunity to discuss with greater depth knowledge developed during graduation. "The CBT will be proposed and developed to countersign, deepen, enrich, rebuild or move the academic culture that is represented in the Curriculum Matrix for training in undergraduate Physical Education course." In this sense, it is relevant to study how health is understood in a course with these pedagogical features. Objective: the aim of this study were to analyses the "health concept" in the Research Project for Course Completion as a final stage of undergraduate Physical Education course and to evaluate the relationship between this "health concept" with the Pedagogical Project Course this course investigated. Method: it was conducted a documental analysis of all Researches Projects for Course Completion at the Physical Education course of Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Baixada Santista (from 2009 up 2015). The inclusion criteria was the presence of term "health" in the title, abstract or keywords. The sample consisted of 62 Researches Projects for Course Completion from a total of 180 researches. Result and discussion: as a result, the "health concept" present in Researches Projects for Course Completion was the restricted view with emphasis biological dimension. Besides, the "health concept" had relationship with the scientific tradition from Physical Education field than the Pedagogical Project Course from the Institution. Conclusion: although the "health concept" may be limited, the model of professional training by Institution is not failure but the "health concept" in all health fields is restrict. (AU)

Formação profissional em Educação Física e saúde na Universidade Federal de São Paulo / Professional formation in Physical Education and health at Universidade Federal de São Paulo

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar o curso de Bacharelado em Educação Física - Modalidade Saúde da Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Baixada Santista. O referido curso iniciou suas atividades em 2006, almejando a formação de um profissional que esteja habilitado às demandas do universo do sistema de saúde. Em sua estrutura curricular, o curso apresenta 4 eixos: O ser humano em sua dimensão biológica; O ser humano e sua inserção social; Trabalho em Saúde, e; Aproximação à prática específica de Educação Física. Após formatura de quatro turmas o curso passa por avaliação de seu Projeto Pedagógico, entendendo a necessidade de adequações que permitam fortalecer a formação em Educação Física e saúde na instituição. Contudo, os resultados iniciais suportam a continuidade do projeto pedagógico, o qual se compreende adequado para a formação de um profissional disposto ao diálogo interdisciplinar e ao trabalho interprofissional no sistema de saúde.

The propose of this paper is to present the course of Bachelor of Physical Education - Health Modality of Federal University of São Paulo - Campus Baixada Santista. This course began activities in 2006, aiming the formation of a professional who is qualified to the demands of the health care´s universe. The curriculum of the course has 4 axes: The Human in its Biological Dimension; Human Being and their Social Integration; Health Work, and; Approach to the Specific Practice of Physical Education. After graduation of four classes, the course undergoes to a curricular reevaluation, understanding the need for adjustments for strengthening the formation in Physical Education and Health at the institution. However, the initial results support the continuity of the education program, which it shows suitable to the formation of a professional willing to the interdisciplinary dialogue and to the interprofessional work in the health system.

Laser phototherapy at high energy densities do not stimulate pre-osteoblast growth and differentiation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of red and infrared lasers at high energy densities on pre-osteoblast MC3T3 proliferation and differentiation. BACKGROUND DATA: The acceleration of bone regeneration by low intensity laser irradiation may hold potential benefits in clinical therapy in orthopedics and dentistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cells were irradiated with red (660 nm) and infrared (780 nm) lasers (90 and 150 J/cm2, 40 mW). The control group did not receive irradiation. Cell growth was assessed by a colorimetric test (MTT) (24, 48, 72, 96 h) and cell differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) quantification after growth in osteogenic medium (72, 96 h; 7, 14 days). RESULTS: None of the irradiation groups had an enhancement in cell growth (p<0.05). The production of ALP was not influenced by irradiation at any period of time (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The low intensity laser stimulated neither cell growth nor the production of alkaline phosphatase.

[Utility of capsule endoscopy with flexible spectral imaging color enhancement in the diagnosis of small bowel lesions]. / Utilidad del Flexible Spectral Imaging Enhancement de cápsula endoscópica en el diagnóstico de lesiones de intestino delgado.

INTRODUCTION: Capsule endoscopy (CE) is the technique of choice to detect small bowel lesions. Flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) software has recently been incorporated into the new RAPID 6.0 workstation, which allows three distinct patterns to be visualized in the mucosal structure according to different wavelengths. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether CE-FICE is more effective in detecting lesions than standard visualization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty lesions were detected by CE in 41 consecutive patients in 2010. These patients were administered PillCamTM SB2 in our center and were classified into three groups: 1) vascular lesions and angiodysplasias (18 lesions), 2) erosions and ulcers (18 lesions) and 3) polyps and tumors (14 lesions). Subsequently, these lesions were independently analyzed with the available FICE patterns by three endoscopists, who assigned them a score according to the changes in the visualization of each FICE mode: +2, strong improvement; +1, slight improvement; 0, no relevant changes; -1, slight worsening; -2, clear worsening. When the sum of the scores of the three observers was 3 or more, visualization was considered to have improved; a score of 2 to -2 indicated no change; and a score of from -3 to -6 indicated poorer visualization. RESULTS: The FICE 1 mode improved visualization of angiodysplastic and vascular lesions in 16/18 patients (88.9%) and that of erosions/ulcers in 14/18 patients (77.8%). The FICE 2 mode improved these lesions in 88.9% and 55.5%, respectively. The FICE 3 mode only improved visualization of these lesions in 5/18 (27.7%) and 1/18 patients (5.5%), respectively. Likewise, the distinct FICE modes improved visualization of polyps/tumors in 2/14 (14.2%), 3/13 (21.4%) and 4/14 (28.5%) for FICE 1, 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The application of CE-FICE modes 1 and 2 could improve the characterization of angiodysplastic/vascular lesions and erosions or ulcers in small bowel lesions. However, FICE 3 seems to provide no significant advantages. None of the CE-FICE modes seems to improve the characterization of polyps and tumors.

Evaluation of different bowel preparations for small bowel capsule endoscopy: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: To obtain an adequate view of the whole small intestine during capsule endoscopy (CE) a clear liquid diet and overnight fasting is recommended. However, intestinal content can hamper vision in spite of these measures. Our aim was to evaluate tolerance and degree of intestinal cleanliness during CE following three types of bowel preparation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Two-hundred ninety-one patients underwent one of the following preparations: 4 L of clear liquids (CL) (group A; 92 patients); 90 mL of aqueous sodium phosphate (group B; 89 patients); or 4 L of a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (group C; 92 patients). The degree of cleanliness of the small bowel was classified by blinded examiners according to four categories (excellent, good, fair or poor). The degree of patient satisfaction, gastric and small bowel transit times, and diagnostic yield were measured. RESULTS: The degree of cleanliness did not differ significantly between the groups (P = 0.496). Interobserver concordance was fair (k = 0.38). No significant differences were detected between the diagnostic yields of the CE (P = 0.601). Gastric transit time was 35.7 ± 3.7 min (group A), 46.1 ± 8.6 min (group B) and 34.6 ± 5.0 min (group C) (P = 0.417). Small-intestinal transit time was 276.9 ± 10.7 min (group A), 249.7 ± 13.1 min (group B) and 245.6 ± 11.6 min (group C) (P = 0.120). CL was the best tolerated preparation. Compliance with the bowel preparation regimen was lowest in group C (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: A clear liquid diet and overnight fasting is sufficient to achieve an adequate level of cleanliness and is better tolerated by patients than other forms of preparation.

Bilateral, symmetric and simultaneous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Predisposition or coincidence? A case report.

The following is a case report of a 65-year-old patient who had previously been diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma and who was experiencing a sudden loss of both visual acuity and of superior visual field in both eyes. In the ophthalmological examination, a bilateral, symmetric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment that affected the inferior quadrants of both eyes was detected. The retinal detachment was caused by a retinal horseshoe break located at the equator of 6 h in each eye. The factors that could determine the predisposition for and/or the coincidence of bilateral and symmetric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment will be discussed.

Indications, usage, and dosage of the transfer factor.

The transfer factor (TF) was described in 1955 by S. Lawrence. In 1992 Kirkpatrick characterized the specific TF at molecular level. The TF is constituted by a group of numerous molecules, of low molecular weight, from 1.0 to 6.0 kDa. The 5 kDa fraction corresponds to the TF specific to antigens. There are a number of publications about the clinical indications of the TF for diverse diseases, in particular those where the cellular immune response is compromised or in those where there is a deficient regulation of the immune response. In this article we present our clinical and basic experiences, especially regarding the indications, usage and dosage of the TF. Our group demonstrated that the TF increases the expression of IFN-gamma and RANTES, while decreases the expression of osteopontine. Using animal models we have worked with M. tuberculosis, and with a model of glioma with good therapeutic results. In the clinical setting we have worked with herpes zoster, herpes simplex type I, herpetic keratitis, atopic dermatitis, osteosarcoma, tuberculosis, asthma, post-herpetic neuritis, anergic coccidioidomycosis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, pediatric infections produced by diverse pathogen germs, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and otits media. All of these diseases were studied through protocols which main goals were to study the therapeutic effects of the TF, and to establish in a systematic way diverse dosage schema and time for treatment to guide the prescription of the TF.

Intubación endotraqueal: complicaciones inmediatas en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Endotracheal intubation: inmediate complications in two pediatric intensive care units

RESUMENIntroducción. La intubación endotraqueal es uno delos procedimientos de mayor frecuencia en las unidadesde cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Hay pocostrabajos que evalúan las complicaciones que lamisma ocasiona, y la mayoría de ellos están realizadosen pacientes adultos.Objetivos. Identificar las complicaciones relacionadascon la intubación endotraqueal en dos unidadesde cuidados intensivos pediátricos.Conocer la forma de realización del procedimiento.Determinar las drogas más frecuentemente utilizadasen el mismo.Población, material y métodos. Criterios de inclusión:Todos los pacientes internados entre el 01 de enerode 2001 y el 31 de diciembre de 2001 que requirieronintubación endotraqueal.Diseño: Estudio descriptivo y prospectivo.Resultados. Se evaluaron 116 procedimientos. Lamedia de edad de los pacientes fue de 24,3 meses;53 por ciento menores de 6 meses. La causa más importantede intubación fue patología respiratoria: 83pacientes (71,6 por ciento). La intubación fue orotraquealen el 100 por ciento de los pacientes. El tamaño de tuboendotraqueal fue adecuado en un 81 por ciento y se necesitómás de un intento en el 22 por ciento. Se registraron 54complicaciones (46,5 por ciento): leves 42 y graves 12 (22 por ciento).El tubo endotraqueal desplazado detectado porclínica fue la complicación más frecuente, seguidopor bradicardia, tubo endotraqueal desplazadodetectado por Rx de tórax, intubación en bronquiofuente derecho y atelectasia de vértice derecho.Las intubaciones fueron no programadas(emergencia) en 65 oportunidades (56 por ciento) y lasprogramadas en 51 (43,9 por ciento). La incidencia de complicacionesfue más elevada en las intubacionesno programadas (61,5 por ciento) que en las programadas(27,4 por ciento). Esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa(RR= 2,24; IC95 por ciento: 1,38 menos 3,64). Las drogas más utilizadas fueron midazolam (81por ciento),fentanilo (50,8 por ciento), ketamina (44,8 por ciento) y pancuronio(34,4 por ciento).Conclusiones. La mayoría de las complicacionesfueron leves, hubo 22 por ciento de complicaciones gravesy ninguna fatal. Todos los pacientes fueron monitorizadosdurante el procedimiento. Midazolam,fentanilo y ketamina fueron las drogas más utilizadas.Palabras clave: intubación endotraqueal, complicaciones,efectos adversos, terapia intensiva pediátrica

Avaliação macro e microscópica da cicatrização de lesões experimentalmente provocadas em pele de coelhos tratadas com secreção mucoglicoproteica do escargot Achatina fulica / Evaluation of the Achatina fulica snail mucoglycoproteic secretion in surgical injury done in rabbits

Os escargots são animais capazes de produzir através de glândulas localizadas em toda superfície do seu corpo, uma secreção glicoproteica com um poder antibacteriano que participa na própria imunidade inata¹. O poder antimicrobiano de determinadas substâncias pode auxiliar nos processos de reparação de feridas de origens diversas. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar macroscopicamente e histologicamente, os efeitos reparadores do muco do escargot Achatina fulica, em lesões provocadas por instrumento cortante na pele de coelhos. Incisões de 10cm de comprimento foram realizadas na pele de 15 coelhos. Estes foram divididos em três grupos e submetidos aos respectivos tratamentos: 1) tratamento com o muco na forma pura, 2) tratamento com o muco sob a forma de pomada e 3) um grupo sem receber o tratamento (controle). As características macroscópicas da lesão foram registradas diariamente e para a análise histológica, uma biópsia foi realizada após 72 horas de tratamento. Os fragmentos processados rotineiramente e corados com Tricrômio de Masson. Histologicamente, a epiderme dos coelhos tratados mostrou uma camada basal de células cúbicas, enquanto os do grupo controle apresentaram uma camada basal de células cilíndricas com áreas desorganizadas e a derme apresentou um estágio mais avançado no processo de reparo quando comparado ao controle. A evolução macroscópica no processo de cicatrização ocorreu num menor espaço de tempo nos coelhos do grupo pomada, em relação aos demais tratamentos.

Escargots are animals capable to produce a glycoproteic secretion by glands located in all the surface of their bodies which among other functions presents anti-bacterial power and participation in the own immunity. The antimicrobioan power of certain substances may aid of repair of wounds with several origins. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate macroscopic and histologically the reparative effects of the mucus of Achatina fulica escargots on lesions made in the skin of rabbits. Incisions were performed in the skin of 15 rabbits, separated in three groups according to the treatment received. Immediately after the lesion, the respective treatments with pure mucus form and in ointment form were supplied, while the other group received no treatment (control group). The macroscopic characteristics of the lesion were registered daily and a biopsy was performed 72 hours after the treatments. The fragments were processed and stained with Masson's trichrome. The macroscopic evolution in the cicatrization process ocurred in a shorter period of time in rabbits from the ointment group, comparativity with the other groups. Histologically, the epidermis of the treated rabbits showed a basal layer of cubic cells, while rabbits of the control group presented a basal layer of cylindrical cells with cutaneous debris.

O escargot / The snail

Descreve o aparecimento do escargot na alimentaçäo humana até os dias atuais, e como a helicicultura apresenta um mercado mundial para o produtor brasileiro.

Diferentes fontes de cálcio na dieta do escargot gigante africano (Achatina fulica) e seu efeito no crescimento e rendimento de carcaça / Different calcium sources and their effect on the carcass of the snail Achatina fulica

Avaliou-se a eficiência do emprego de diferentes fontes de cálcio e o seu efeito sobre a carcaça do escargot Achatina fulica. Montou-se um ensaio, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 4 tratamentos, com 10 animais/repetiçöes, com tamanho semelhante, aos 45 dias de idade, com duraçäo de 120 dias, utilizando a Dieta Base proposta por CUELLAR et al (1986) como padräo. Os tratamentos aplicados por kg de D.B foram: T1(250g/de calcário calcinado), T2(250g/ de farinha de concha de escargot); T3(250g/de osso calcinado) e T4(D.B. c/ 25 por cento de carbonato de cálcio). Ao término do ensaio, os animais foram submetidos a jejum de 7 dias e em seguida abatidos, e individualmente, pesados, mensurados e a carcaça fracionada em: concha, carne, hepatopâncreas, genitália/epifragma e líquidos (sangue, muco e água).

Importancia del pH del derrame pleural maligno en la efectividad de la pleurodesis química con Bleomycina

Con el objeto de averiguar si el pH del Líquido Pleural del paciente con Derrame Pleural Maligno (DPM) altera la eficiencia de la Preurodesis Química con Bleomycyna, se realizó este procedimiento con dosis de 1mg/k, a 33 pacientes del Hospital Santa Clara de Bogotá entre los meses de febrero de 1991 y enero de 1993. Para ingresar al estudio los pacientes debían cumplir los siguientes requisitos: 1) No haber recibido tratamiento previo para su enfermedad neoplásica (radio, quimioterapia, drenajes previos, etc.). 2) Reexpansión completa del pulmón y drenaje total del derrame pleural Post-toracostomía cerrada. 3. Puntaje de Karnofsky mayor de 60. 4) Medición del pH del líquido pleural. 5) Comprobación por biopsia pleural de compromiso metastásico de la pleura. Se realizó control clínico y radiológico de los pacientes a los 30 días de realizada la Pleurodesis Química. 3 pacientes no ingresaron a este análisis: Uno por fallecer antes del plazo descrito y dos por haber presentado Empiema como complicación. Se comparó la efectividad de la Pleurodesis con Bleomycina en los pacientes que tenían pH del líquido pleural menor a 7.3 con el grupo de pacientes que tenían cifras mayores e iguales a esa cifra: se encontró que la efectividad del procedimiento era del 30 por ciento en el primer grupo y del 85 por ciento en el segundo. (p = 0.01). La "respuesta parcial" se consideró como efectividad en ambos grupos. Así se sugiere, por primera vez en la literatura disponible, que la efectividad de la pleurodesis con Bleomycina, del mismo modo que ocurre con la Tetraciclina, varía de acuerdo al pH previo del líquido pleural.

Nuevas formas de superación para los profesores de inglés del Instituto Superior de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara / New ways of advancement for professor of English in the higher Institute for Medical Sciences of Villa Clara

Se presentan actividades sistemáticas que nuestro Departamento ha desarrollado y que tienen como objetivos principales, el aumento del nivel linguistico-metodológico y cultural de nuestros profesores y la práctica de las cuatro habilidades de un idioma: entender, hablar, leer y escribir para así mejorar la calidad de nuestras clases mediante el método nuevo de enseñanza del inglés que estamos aplicando. Los profesores que están actualizando, tanto en lo que al idioma se refiere como metodológicamente, lo que contribuye a elevar la labir investigativa. Se cumplen los objetivos para los que fueron creadas estas actividades