[Problems of harmonization of sanitary regulations of the electromagnetic fields of mobile radio communication equipment].

In the article there are presented data on the probable adverse effects of electromagnetic fields generated by means of mobile cellulary radio communication equipment, a comparative analysis of hygienic rating and methods of measurement of their parameters in Russia and abroad has been performed, and the ways of harmonizing hygienic rules have been outlined, the necessity of further research to risk assessment of the use of cellular radio communication devices by population and preventive measures have been substantiated.

[Contemporary state of hygienic regulation of electromagnetic fields and prospective harmonizing with foreign standards].

The authors briefly present data on state of hygienic regulation of electromagnetic fields in Russian Federation and abroad, describe differences in criteria and approaches to regulation. Based on data analysis, the authors suggest possible harmonization of national and foreign norms and prospective research trends in assessing biologic influence and hygienic regulation of electromagnetic fields.

[Safety problems of modern laser medical equipment].

The authors consider topics connected with improvement of hygienic regulation of laser radiation, define most important problems associated with safety of modern laser medical devices.

[Evaluation of occupational risk caused by exposure to electromagnetic rays]. / Otsenka professional'nogo riska ot vozdeistviia élektromagnitnykh izluchenii.

Transverse epidemiologic study of work conditions and health state among workers of Civil Aviation Department Running Radiotechnic and Communication Equipment revealed higher relative risk for arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease, occurrence of these diseases in younger age in individuals exposed to electromagnetic rays of ultra high frequency and high frequency ranges, when compared to occupational group matching by occupational and general characteristics excluding exposure to electromagnetic rays.

[Hygienic evaluation of electromagnetic situation and vibroacoustic factors at workplaces for radio-technological staff of civil airports]. / Gigienicheskaia otsenka élektromagnitnoi obstanovki i vibroakusticheskikh faktorov na rabochikh mestakh radiotekhnicheskogo personala aéroportov grazhdanskoi aviatsii.

The authors proved electromagnetic environment for staff servicing radiolocation, navigation and communication systems in civil airports to be very severe: electromagnetic irradiation of broad frequency spectrum, in impulse and continuous generation mode, varying in intensity and time, with low telluric conditions in shielded chambers, with equivalent noise levels more than by 15 dBA exceeding the allowable ones.

[Hygienic regulation of electromagnetic fields for the preservation of workers' health]. / Gigienicheskaia reglamentatsiia élektromagnitnykh polei kak mera obespecheniia sokhraneniia zdorov'ia rabotaiushchikh.

The article covered results of studied hygienic regulation of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields for preservation of workers' health. Examples of examined professionals who run radar, navigation and communication means in civil airports proved adequacy of the approaches applied. The authors formulated prospective directions to further improve hygienic regulation of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields.

[Biologic effects and hygienic regulation of electromagnetic fields caused by mobile communication devices]. / Voprosy biologicheskogo deistviia i gigienicheskogo normirovaniia élektromagnitnykh polei, sozdavaemykh sredstvami mobil'noi sviazi.

The authors present results of hygienic, physiologic and experimental studies and mathematic simulation of biologic effects. Experimental studies (by functional state of CNS and immune system, cytologic examination of rats' lens epithelium) on 450 and 900 MHz frequencies prove the intensity of 1,900 MW/cm2 to be hazardous for animals and supraliminal.

[Basic science to evaluate efficiency of means protecting from electromagnetic fields]. / Nauchnye osnovy otsenki éffektivnosti sredstv zashchity ot élektromagnitnykh polei.

Theory of EMF's informational influence, besides the heat effect, on biologic objects is generally accepted nowadays. Also, EMF sources are widely used both for industrial and household purposes, and become an increasing hazard for public health. All that necessitates individual protective means including "VITA" device, the leading one, efficiency and safety of which are supported by research in some scientific institutions.

[Present status and tasks of occupational regulations for radiofrequency of electromagnetic fields]. / Sostoianie i zadachi gigienicheskogo reglamentirovaniia élektromagnitnykh polei radiochastot.

Intensive use of various emitters of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is a potential health hazard both for workers and general population. Thus, improved hygienic regulation and control of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation becomes very important for prophylactics. Hygienic regulation of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is based on elimination of their influence on human health. Incomplete knowledge of biologic mechanisms underlying influence of low-intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is a serious obstacle to further improvement of hygienic regulation. Special attention should be paid on clinical, physiologic and epidemiologic research aimed to study long-term effects and influence of the stated fields on general morbidity.

[Ecological aspects of electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile stations of communication means]. / Ekologicheskie aspekty élektromagnitnogo izlucheniia mobil'nykh stantsii sistem podvizhnoi sviazi.

Electromagnetic environment of staffers using mobile communication means is characterized by complicated field structure with prevalent magnetic load. Biologic effects of the field parameters depend to large extent on location of emitting source and exposed object, presence of reflecting articles and grounding in the neighborhood. Human body is sensitive to electromagnetic influence on the certain organs.

[Features of control of electromagnetic radiation emitted by personal computers]. / Osobennosti kontrolia élektromagnitnogo izlucheniia personal'nykh kompiuterov.

Measurements of PC electromagnetic irradiation show that the main sources are PC blocks emitting the waves of certain frequencies. Use of wide-range detectors measuring field intensity in assessment of PC electromagnetic irradiation gives unreliable results. More precise measurements by selective devices are required. Thus, it is expedient to introduce a term "spectral density of field intensity" and its maximal allowable level. In this case a frequency spectrum of PC electromagnetic irradiation is divided into 4 ranges, one of which is subjected to calculation of field intensity for each harmonic frequency, and others undergo assessment of spectral density of field intensity.

[New approaches to hygienic regulation of visible radiation]. / Novye podkhody k gigienicheskomu normirovaniiu vidimogo izlucheniia.

There are no medical documents on control over light factors of industrial and living compartments. Levels of illumination in the present construction norms (SNiP-23-05-95) are not justified physiologically. Data of long-standing observations of objects brightness made an essence of project called "Brightness (illumination and light) of workplaces in industrial enterprises, institutions and living compartments" and demonstrated in the article.

[Role of visible irradiation in industrial medicine]. / Rol' vidimogo izlucheniia v meditsine truda.

Modern norms regulating illumination levels of working surfaces do not consider changes in functional state of vision. Experimental studies involving examinees helped to set optimal levels of brightness for light entering eyes in complicated visual work. If larger object viewed, brightness of the working surface could be lowered to values that do not decrease visual efficiency. The data obtained enabled to justify allowable brightness levels in accordance with complexity of visual tasks. Regulation of visible light according to brightness values appears to be more adequate for visual functions.

[Pharmacologic correction of learning and memory disorders induced by exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic radiation]. / Farmaokologicheskaia korrektsiia narushenii protsessov obucheniia i pamiati, vyzvannykh vozdeistviem élektromagnitnogo izlucheniia sverkhvysokoi chastoty.

Acute exposure of rats to microwaves (12.6 chr, 2375 MHz, power density 1 mW/cm2) induced the retrograde amnesia. It was show the role of opioidergic, benzodiazepine, GABAergic and cholinergic components in the amnesic effects of microwaves. Piracetam (100 mg/kg, i. p.) and oxiracetam (10 mg/kg, i. p.) prevented the negative effects of microwaves on memory processes.

[The effect of ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic radiation on learning and memory processes]. / Vliianie élektromagnitnogo izlucheniia sverkhvysokoi chastoty na protsessy obucheniia i pamiati.

Low-intensity electromagnetic field (12.6 cm, 2375 MHz, power density 1 mW/cm2) produced retrograde amnesia in the rat passive avoidance test. No effect was registered of microwave irradiation on the open field behavior and the pain sensitivity. Functional activity of the m-cholinergic receptors decreased, but their number increased in the brain cortex. It is suggested that cholinergic system plays an important role in the effects of electromagnetic field on memory processes.

[The hygienic bases of laser safety]. / Gigienicheskie osnovy lazernoi bezopasnosti.

Exploitation of laser devices exposes the workers to reflected low-intensity radiation and concomitant physical and chemical factors. Clinical and experimental studies revealed the structural and functional disorders in the organs and body systems exposed to long and constant action of the stated factors, which let the changes be considered as a criterion of the harmful action and serve to base the maximal allowable conditions and assure the safe work conditions when handling laser devices. Harmful and dangerous factors produced by laser device and used materials necessitate the creation of laser equipment of different types and purposes, that will be safe for the personnel handling it.

[The biological effects and criteria for assessing the danger of laser radiation]. / Biologicheskie éffekty i kriterii otsenki opasnosti lazernogo izlucheniia.

Biological effects of laser radiation (LR) are determined by the absorption properties of the irradiated tissues and physiological characteristics of radiation. The high intensities of the effect are accompanied by melting, evaporation, substance ionization, formation of shock and acoustic waves. Under the action of the low-intensity LR there prevail photochemical, photobiological and thermal processes. The action of LR of one or another wave length is determined by the initial stages of its interaction with biological substrate. The biostimulating action of LR is widely used in clinical medicine. On the contrary, the effects that give rise to morphofunctional lesions of biological tissues determine the necessity of elaborating preventive measures ensuring protection of man from LR. It is generally accepted that thresholds of the damaging action on the retina and skin may be used as the main criterion for maximum allowable level (MAL) basing. In addition to the changes observable in the directly irradiated tissues, many authors point to a possibility of functional disturbances on the part of certain organs and systems of the body, followed by the formation of asthenic and vegetovascular syndromes. The experimental and clinical data confirm that the body may develop common nonspecific changes which, together with the local damaging effects, can be regarded as criteria for an adverse action of LR and, therefore, taken into account in MAL derivation.