Improvements in Neoplasm Classification in the International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision: Systematic Comparative Study With the Chinese Clinical Modification of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision.

BACKGROUND: The International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision (ICD-11) improved neoplasm classification. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to study the alterations in the ICD-11 compared to the Chinese Clinical Modification of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10-CCM) for neoplasm classification and to provide evidence supporting the transition to the ICD-11. METHODS: We downloaded public data files from the World Health Organization and the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. The ICD-10-CCM neoplasm codes were manually recoded with the ICD-11 coding tool, and an ICD-10-CCM/ICD-11 mapping table was generated. The existing files and the ICD-10-CCM/ICD-11 mapping table were used to compare the coding, classification, and expression features of neoplasms between the ICD-10-CCM and ICD-11. RESULTS: The ICD-11 coding structure for neoplasms has dramatically changed. It provides advantages in coding granularity, coding capacity, and expression flexibility. In total, 27.4% (207/755) of ICD-10 codes and 38% (1359/3576) of ICD-10-CCM codes underwent grouping changes, which was a significantly different change (χ21=30.3; P<.001). Notably, 67.8% (2424/3576) of ICD-10-CCM codes could be fully represented by ICD-11 codes. Another 7% (252/3576) could be fully described by uniform resource identifiers. The ICD-11 had a significant difference in expression ability among the 4 ICD-10-CCM groups (χ23=93.7; P<.001), as well as a considerable difference between the changed and unchanged groups (χ21=74.7; P<.001). Expression ability negatively correlated with grouping changes (r=-.144; P<.001). In the ICD-10-CCM/ICD-11 mapping table, 60.5% (2164/3576) of codes were postcoordinated. The top 3 postcoordinated results were specific anatomy (1907/3576, 53.3%), histopathology (201/3576, 5.6%), and alternative severity 2 (70/3576, 2%). The expression ability of postcoordination was not fully reflected. CONCLUSIONS: The ICD-11 includes many improvements in neoplasm classification, especially the new coding system, improved expression ability, and good semantic interoperability. The transition to the ICD-11 will inevitably bring challenges for clinicians, coders, policy makers and IT technicians, and many preparations will be necessary.

Synthesis and application of quaternary amine-functionalized core-shell-shell magnetic polymers for determination of metabolites of benzene, toluene and xylene in human urine samples and study of exposure assessment.

As production processes have evolved, airborne concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene in many workplaces are already well below the occupational exposure limits. However, studies have shown that low levels of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene can still cause health effects in people exposed occupationally. However, there is no literature on health risk assessment of internal exposure. In view of this, an analytical method based on quaternary amine-functionalized core-shell-shell magnetic polymers (QA-CSS-MPs) was developed for the determination of seven metabolites in urine by MSPE-UPLC-DAD-HRMS. Furthermore, an improved QuEChERS method for the extraction of seven metabolites from human urine samples was introduced for the first time and satisfactory extraction rates were achieved. In addition, QA-CSS-MPs microspheres with core-shell-shell structure were designed and synthesized, and the morphology, composition and magnetic properties of the materials were fully characterized to verify the rationality of the synthetic route. Subsequently, QA-CSS-MPs microspheres were used as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbents for the purification of urine extracts, and UPLC-DAD-HRMS was used for the detection of seven metabolites. As a result, this method allows the accurate determination of seven metabolites in urine samples over an ultra-wide concentration range (0.001-100 mg/L). Under optimal experimental conditions, i.e., 2% hydrochloric acid in urine for the hydrolysis and 20 mg of QA-CSS-MPs for 5 min purification, the spiked recoveries of the seven target metabolites ranged from 81.5% to 117.7% with RSDs of 1.0%-9.4%. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N≥3) for the established method were in the range of 0.2-0.3 µg/L. The developed method was applied to 254 human urine samples for the determination of seven metabolites. The results showed that the concentration distributions of three xylene metabolites in urine, 2-MHA, 3-MHA, 4-MHA and total MHA, showed statistically significant differences for occupational exposure (p<0.001). In addition, the results of the internal exposure assessment showed that there is a high potential health risk associated with occupational exposure processes.

[Determination of paraquat and diquat residues in urine samples based on solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry].

Determining the presence of paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ) in urine samples through physical and chemical testing is challenging. As PQ and DQ have characteristics such as high molecular polarity and good water solubility, they are difficult to be retained by conventional reversed-phase columns. Most of the methods in the literature use hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) for the retention of PQ and DQ, but they often require high concentrations of buffer salts as the mobile phase, which increase the contamination of the mass spectrometer. In view of the above problems, a rapid and accurate analysis method was developed for the determination of PQ and DQ residuals in urine samples based on weak cation exchange (WCX) solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) in this study. Urine samples were first diluted with phosphate buffer (pH=6.86) and pretreated using the WCX SPE method. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Syncronis HILIC column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm). An electrospray ion source in the positive (ESI+) mode and full mass-data dependent MS2 (full mass-ddMS2) mode was used for quantification by matrix-matched external standard method. In this study, the concentration of ammonium formate in the mobile phase in the HILIC mode was effectively reduced to 10 mmol/L by the continuous optimization of the chromatographic conditions. MS optimization results indicated that the molecular ion (M+·) of PQ and DQ had the strongest response. In addition, sample pretreatment conditions were also optimized. The obtained results indicated that the hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter membrane, acetonitrile-water (1∶1, v/v) as a fixing solution, and polypropylene vials were suitable for PQ and DQ analysis. Under the optimal conditions, the linearity of PQ and DQ was good with correlation coefficients (r2) greater than 0.998. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N≥3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N≥10) were 0.2 µg/L and 0.6 µg/L, respectively. Mean spiked recoveries of PQ and DQ at the four spiked levels (1.0, 20.0, 100.0, and 200.0 µg/L) were in the range of 85.8%-101% and 80.3%-86.9%, with the RSDs of 0.8%-5.1% and 0.9%-4.2%. The established method was employed for the analysis and confirmation of PQ and DQ for clinical poisoning cases. In one case, a 23-year-old male who had taken approximately 20 mL of pesticide orally was confirmed as DQ poisoning by the developed method. DQ concentration monitoring of the urine samples was conducted for this case during the clinical treatment process. The patient was successfully discharged from the hospital after five times of blood perfusion and other treatments until the DQ concentration was low in the urine samples. In conclusion, the method developed in this study based on WCX SPE-UPLC-HRMS can be used for the confirmation of poisoning cases and concentration monitoring during clinical treatment, providing strong technical support for clinical precision treatment. The method is rapid, simple, sensitive, and accurate, and it is suitable for the detection of PQ and DQ in urine samples.

[Simultaneous determination of nine estrogens in bullfrogs using filtered solid phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

Due to the harmful effects of estrogens and their prevalence in animal foods, accurate analysis of estrogen levels in animal foods is imperative in order to effectively assess food safety risks and ensure consumer safety. Therefore, a rapid and accurate method based on PRiME HLB solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge purification and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed to determine nine estrogen residues in bullfrogs. The nine estrogens included estriol (E3), 17ß-estradiol (ß-E), 17α-estradiol (α-E), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estrone (EI), diethylstilbestrol (DES), dienestrol (DE), hexestrol (HEX), and dienestrol diacetate (DD). This study optimized the mobile phase system, extraction solvent, and SPE cartridges. Because estrogens present weak alkalinity, adding a small amount of alkaline substance to the mobile phase benefits estrogen ionization into the ionic state, eliminates the peak trailing phenomenon, and enhances the signal response of estrogens to improve sensitivity. Estrogens have one or more hydroxyl groups in their chemical structures. According to the principle of similar solubility, polar solvents are chosen as extraction solvents. Based on the complex matrix composition of meat samples, SPE is required for purification to reduce matrix effects. The liquid chromatographic conditions were optimized, and the 0.5 mmol/L ammonium fluoride aqueous solution-acetonitrile system as mobile phases showed better sensitivity than the ammonium acetate aqueous solution-acetonitrile system and the ammonia-acetonitrile system for the nine estrogens. When acetonitrile was used as the extraction solvent, the extraction rates of all nine estrogens exceeded those of methanol and ethyl acetate and increased by 15%-40%. By focusing on the matrix purification effect of four different SPE cartridges, the results showed that the matrix purification ability of the PRiME HLB cartridge outperformed that of the HLB, C18, and Silica SPE cartridges. After purification by the PRiME HLB cartridge, the recoveries of all compounds were in the range of 70%-125%, and the DD recovery was increased from 47% to 74%, whereas the HEX recovery was reduced from 180% to 123%. Therefore, the PRiME HLB SPE cartridge was selected as the cleanup material for this experiment. Finally, the sample was extracted using acetonitrile, purified by PRiME HLB SPE cartridge, and separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) with a mobile phase of 0.5 mmol/L ammonium fluoride aqueous acetonitrile solution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The detection was conducted in positive and negative ion switching mode (ESI+/ESI-) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning, and it was quantified using a matrix-matched external standard method. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the linear ranges were 0.5-100.0 µg/L for E3, ß-E, α-E, EI, DE, HEX, and DD, and 1.0-100.0 µg/L for EE2 and DES. The nine estrogens showed good linearity in all linear ranges, with correlation coefficients of 0.9953-0.9994. The limits of detection were 0.17-0.33 µg/kg, and the limits of quantification were 0.5-1.0 µg/kg. The recoveries of the nine estrogens spiked at the three spiked levels of low (2.0 µg/kg), medium (10.0 µg/kg), and high (80.0 µg/kg) were 107.4%-125.3%, 67.0%-123.3%, and 65.1%-128.2%, respectively. The relative standard deviations were 1.9%-17.6%. The method established in this study was applied to detect nine estrogen residues in 50 commercially available bullfrog samples, and the results showed that HEX, EI, and DES were detected in few samples. The method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible, and can be used for the simultaneous, rapid and accurate determination of large quantities of samples.

[Simultaneous determination of 29 pesticides residues in bayberry by pass-through solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry].

A rapid and accurate analysis method based on PRiME HLB pass-through solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was developed for the determination of 29 pesticide residues in bayberry samples. The bayberry samples were first extracted using acetonitrile by vortexing; then, the extract solution was salted out and purified by PRiME HLB pass-through solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Chromatographic separation was subsequently carried out on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) using 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate in water and acetonitrile as the elution solvent. The electrospray ion source in positive (ESI+) mode and full mass-data-dependent MS2 (full mass-ddMS2) mode were used for quantification by the matrix-matched external standard method. The LC conditions were first optimized, and two analytical columns, Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 and Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18, were investigated for the 29 pesticides. The results indicated that the Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column showed better chromatographic retention. Moreover, composites of the mobile phase were also studied. Compared to the acetonitrile-formic acid aqueous solution system and acetonitrile-formic acid-ammonium acetate aqueous solution system, the acetonitrile-ammonium acetate aqueous solution system used as the mobile phase exhibited much better chromatographic behavior for most of the 29 pesticides. In particular, the MS responses of some of the target pesticides were significantly improved when using the ammonium acetate-acetonitrile system as the mobile phase. In addition, the sample pretreatment conditions for the 29 pesticides in bayberry samples were systematically optimized. The matrix effect (ME) for three different types of purification methods were applied to evaluate the purification efficiency for the 29 pesticides in the bayberry samples. The following results were obtained from the post-spiking experiments: (1) For graphitized carbon (GCB) SPE, the post-spiking recoveries of 29 pesticides in the bayberry samples were generally low, less than 60%. (2) For the QuEChERS method, the recoveries of most target pesticides improved. The pesticide ratio with recoveries ranging from 70% to 120% was found to be 41%; however, the pesticide ratio with recoveries of less than 60% was still high (35%). (3) For the PRiME HLB-based pretreatment method, the recoveries of the 29 pesticides obviously improved. The pesticide ratio with recoveries between 70% and 120% was up to 76%, while the pesticide ratios were only 14% and 10% for post-spiking recoveries of 60%-70% and >120%, respectively. Meanwhile, the recoveries of all 29 pesticides were found to be more than 60%. Therefore, the PRiME HLB-based method was better than the GCB SPE and QuEChERS methods for pretreatment of the 29 pesticides in the bayberry samples. In addition, the PRiME HLB-based pretreatment process does not require tedious operation processes such as activation, balance, and elution, and thus, the sample pretreatment time is greatly shortened. Under the optimal conditions, the 29 target pesticides showed good linearity in the range of 1.0-200.0 µg/L, with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) were 2.0 µg/kg for the 29 target pesticides. The recoveries of the pesticides spiked in the bayberry samples were in the range of 69.2%-135.6% at 6, 200, and 400 µg/kg, respectively, while the relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range of 0.7%-14.6%. The proposed method based on PRiME HLB-pass through SPE-UPLC-HRMS was adopted to determine these 29 pesticides in 30 bayberry samples purchased from local and online markets. According to the results, pesticides such as methamidamine, difenoconazole, and tebuconazole were frequently detected in the bayberry samples. However, the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of methamidamine, difenoconazole, and tebuconazole in bayberry samples were not provided in GB 2763-2019. In summary, the developed method is fast, simple, sensitive, and accurate, and it can be applied for daily monitoring of pesticides in bayberry samples.

[Simultaneous determination of insecticide in tea samples using QuEChERS-based clean up and ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for determination of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, chlorobenzamide and indoxacarb in tea samples using Qu ECh ERS-based pretreatment method and ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry( UFLC-MS/MS). METHODS: Tea samples were firstly extracted by acetonitrile-water solution( 4∶ 1, V/V) by vortex and ultrasound, and then 1 g Na Cl and 4 g Mg SO4 were added into the mixture, following by vortex and centrifugation at 8500 r/min for 5 min. Finally the supernatant was purified by Mg SO4 and PSA power, and then the chromatographic separation process was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column( 2. 1 mm × 100 mm, 1. 7 µm) with a linear gradient elution procedure ofacetonitrile and 0. 1%( V/V) formic acid-5 mmol/L ammonium acetate in water as elution solvent. The multiple reaction monitoring( MRM) in positive mode was used for quantification by internal standard method. RESULTS: The four insecticides including imidacloprid, acetamiprid, chlorobenzamide, and indoxacarb showed good linearity in the range of 0. 20-50. 0 µg/L with coefficients( r) higher than 0. 9998. The limits of detection( LODs) varied from 0. 1 µg/kg to 0. 3 µg/kg. The recoveries of spiked tea samples in the range of 88. 4%-98. 8% at the three concentrations of 1. 0 µg/kg, 40. 0µg/kg and 80. 0 µg/kg, while the relative standard deviations( RSD) were all less than10%. CONCLUSION: The proposed method is simple, fast, sensitive and accuracy, and can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, chlorobenzamide, andindoxacarb in tea samples.

High-affinity graphene oxide-encapsulated magnetic Zr-MOF for pretreatment and rapid determination of the photosensitizers hematoporphyrin and hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether in human urine prior to UPLC-HRMS.

In this paper, a high-affinity graphene oxide-encapsulated magnetic Zr-MOF (GO-Mag@Zr-MOF) was synthesized and characterized by SEM, TEM, and XPS for its morphology, structure, and components. Subsequently, the as-prepared GO-Mag@Zr-MOF was, for the first time, employed as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for pretreatment and determination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the photosensitizers hematoporphyrin (Hp) and hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) in human urine samples coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The synthesized GO-Mag@Zr-MOF revealed excellent adsorption efficiency for Hp and HMME in urine samples. Under optimal conditions, the spiked recoveries of the developed method were in the range of 89.5-105.6% with RSDs less than 10%. The limits of detection (LODs) were found to be 0.036 and 0.042 µg/L for Hp and HMME, respectively, while limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.12 and 0.14 µg/L. The proposed method was found to be rapid, effective, sensitive, and accurate for clinical analysis. Moreover, this paper, for the first time, carefully expounded the mass spectrum cracking mechanisms of Hp and HMME. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

[Rapid determination of four phenolic environmental estrogen residues in cooking oil by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry coupled with solid-phase extraction].

A fast, sensitive and accurate method for the determination of trace bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in cooking oil samples was developed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) coupled with solid-phase extraction (SPE). Cooking oil samples were extracted by acetonitrile, then the supernatant was purified by SLC SPE cartridges. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) with a linear gradient elution procedure using 0.05% (v/v) triethanolamine aqueous solution and methanol as mobile phases. The quantification analysis was operated in a negative electrospray ion (ESI-) source mode under the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with internal standard method. The four target analytes showed good linearity with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were in the ranges of 0.03-0.11 µg/kg and 0.10-0.36 µg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the four target analytes spiked in oil samples were in the range of 86.3%-96.1% at spiked levels of 1.0, 10.0 and 80.0 µg/kg, respectively, while the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in range of 2.2%-8.8% (n=6). No significant matrix interference was found in this method. The proposed method is simple and fast. It can be applied for the rapid determination of trace BPS, BPF, BPA, and 4-NP in cooking oil samples.

Safe medication management and use of narcotics in a Joint Commission International-accredited academic medical center hospital in the People's Republic of China.

Safe medication management and use of high-alert narcotics should arouse concern. Risk management experiences in this respect in a large-scale Joint Commission International (JCI)-accredited academic medical center hospital in the People's Republic of China during 2011-2015, focusing on organizational, educational, motivational, and information technological measures in storage, prescribing, preparing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring of medication are summarized. The intensity of use of meperidine in hospitalized patients in 2015 was one-fourth that in 2011. A 100% implementation rate of standard storage of narcotics has been achieved in the hospital since December 2012. A "Plan, Do, Check, Act" cycle was efficient because the ratio of number of inappropriate narcotics prescriptions to total number of narcotics prescriptions for inpatients decreased from August 2014 to December 2014 (28.22% versus 2.96%, P=0.0000), and it was controlled below 6% from then on. During the journey to good pain management ward accreditation by the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, (April 2012-October 2012), the medical oncology ward successfully demonstrated an increase in the pain screening rate at admission from 43.5% to 100%, cancer pain control rate from 85% to 96%, and degree of satisfaction toward pain nursing from 95.4% to 100% (all P-values <0.05). Oral morphine equivalent dosage in the good pain management ward increased from 2.3 mg/patient before June 2012 to 54.74 mg/patient in 2014. From 2011 to 2015, the oral morphine equivalent dose per discharged patient increased from 8.52 mg/person to 20.36 mg/person. A 100% implementation rate of independent double-check prior to narcotics dosing has been achieved since January 2013. From 2014 to 2015, the ratio of number of narcotics-related medication errors to number of discharged patients significantly decreased (6.95% versus 0.99%, P=0.0000). Taken together, continuous quality improvements have been achieved in safe medication management and use of narcotics by an integrated multidisciplinary collaboration during the journey to JCI accreditation and in the post-JCI accreditation era.

Weight-based dosing in medication use: what should we know?

BACKGROUND: Weight-based dosing strategy is still challenging due to poor awareness and adherence. It is necessary to let clinicians know of the latest developments in this respect and the correct circumstances in which weight-based dosing is of clinical relevance. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using PubMed. RESULTS: Clinical indications, physiological factors, and types of medication may determine the applicability of weight-based dosing. In some cases, the weight effect may be minimal or the proper dosage can only be determined when weight is combined with other factors. Medications within similar therapeutic or structural class (eg, anticoagulants, antitumor necrosis factor medications, P2Y12-receptor antagonists, and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies) may exhibit differences in requirements on weight-based dosing. In some cases, weight-based dosing is superior to currently recommended fixed-dose regimen in adult patients (eg, hydrocortisone, vancomycin, linezolid, and aprotinin). On the contrary, fixed dosing is noninferior to or even better than currently recommended weight-based regimen in adult patients in some cases (eg, cyclosporine microemulsion, recombinant activated Factor VII, and epoetin α). Ideal body-weight-based dosing may be superior to the currently recommended total body-weight-based regimen (eg, atracurium and rocuronium). For dosing in pediatrics, whether weight-based dosing is better than body surface-area-based dosing is dependent on the particular medication (eg, methotrexate, prednisone, prednisolone, zidovudine, didanosine, growth hormone, and 13-cis-retinoic acid). Age-based dosing strategy is better than weight-based dosing in some cases (eg, intravenous busulfan and dalteparin). Dosing guided by pharmacogenetic testing did not show pharmacoeconomic advantage over weight-adjusted dosing of 6-mercaptopurine. The common viewpoint (ie, pediatric patients should be dosed on the basis of body weight) is not always correct. Effective weight-based dosing interventions include standardization of weight estimation, documentation and dosing determination, dosing chart, dosing protocol, order set, pharmacist participation, technological information, and educational measures. CONCLUSION: Although dosing methods are specified in prescribing information for each drug and there are no principal pros and cons to be elaborated, this review of weight-based dosing strategy will enrich the knowledge of medication administration from the perspectives of safety, efficacy, and pharmacoeconomics, and will also provide research opportunities in clinical practice. Clinicians should be familiar with dosage and administration of the medication to be prescribed as well as the latest developments.

Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on a triethylenetetramine-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide composite for the detection of ten trace phenolic environmental estrogens in environmental water.

A novel triethylenetetramine-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide composite was prepared and used as a magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the fast detection of ten trace-level phenolic environmental estrogens in environmental water. The synthesized material was carefully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to confirm the structure and components. The adsorption and desorption conditions of the adsorbent toward phenolic environmental estrogens were optimized in detailed to obtain the best extraction recovery and elution efficiency. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection of the method for ten phenolic environmental estrogens were in range of 0.15-1.5 ng/L, which was lower than the reported methods for phenolic environmental estrogens detection in literatures. This could be contributed to the unique structure and property of the as-prepared material. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of environmental water samples with recoveries ranging from 88.5 to 105.6%.

Double-sided magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer modified graphene oxide for highly efficient enrichment and fast detection of trace-level microcystins from large-volume water samples combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Microcystins (MCs), a group of cyclic heptapeptide heaptoxins and tumor promoters, are generated by cyanobacteria occurring in surface waters, such as eutrophic lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. In this present study, a novel double-sided magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer modified graphene oxide (DS-MMIP@GO) based magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method was developed for fast, effective and selective enrichment, and recognition of trace MCs in environmental water samples combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The synthesized novel DS-MMIP@GO was used as the adsorbents in this work and was carefully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectra. The adsorption and desorption conditions of DS-MMIP@GO toward MCs were optimized in detail to obtain the highest binding capacity, selectivity, and release efficiency. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors of the method for eight target MCs were found to be 2000. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) of the method for eight MCs were in range of 0.1-2.0ngL(-1). The double-sided MMIP modified structure provided DS-MMIP@GO with abundant adsorption sites and permitted it to exhibit excellent enrichment and selectivity toward trace-level MCs. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of environmental water samples with recoveries ranging from 84.1 to 98.2%. Compared to conventional methods for MCs detection reported in literatures, the one developed in this work based on DS-MMIP@GO and LC-MS/MS showed much faster, more sensitive, and more convenient.

Dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of ricinine in cooking oil.

A rapid and accurate method by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using positive electrospray was established for the determination of ricinine in cooking oils. The homogenized samples, spiked with (13)C6-labelled ricinine as an internal standard, were extracted using ethanol/water (20:80, v/v) and purified by dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) using primary-secondary amine (PSA) and C18 as adsorbents. The extract was separated in a short C18 reversed-phase column using methanol/water (25:75, v/v) as the mobile phase and detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with the absolute matrix effect of 93.2-102.2%. The alkali-metal adduct ions were discussed and the mass/mass fragmentation pathway was explained. Ricinine showed good linearity in the range of 0.5-50.0 µg/kg with the limit of quantitation 0.5 µg/kg. The recoveries were between 86.0% and 98.3% with the intra- and inter-day RSDs of 2.6-7.0%, 5.5-10.8%, respectively. This method could be applied to the rapid quantification of ricinine in cooking oils.

Simultaneous analysis of eight phenolic environmental estrogens in blood using dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction combined with ultra fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A novel, simple and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of eight phenolic environmental estrogens in blood by using the dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (d-µ-SPE) procedure combined with ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS). The excellent nanomaterials tetraethylenepentamine-functionalized magnetic polymer was used as an adsorbent, and the main factors affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated in detail. All target compounds showed good linearities in the tested range with correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.999. The mean recoveries were in the range of 85.0-105.0%. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were lower than 4.9% and 5.2%, respectively. The limits of quantification for the eight phenolic environmental estrogens were between 0.075 and 0.42 µg L(-1). The developed method can be applied to the routine analyses for the determination of the eight phenolic environmental estrogens in blood samples.