Microstructure and Texture Characterization of Duplex Stainless Steel Joints Welded by Alternating Magnetic Field-Assisted Hybrid Laser-GMAW Welding.

In this study, 2205 duplex stainless steel with 12 mm thickness was welded by alternating magnetic field-assisted laser arc hybrid welding. The effect of an alternating magnetic field on the proportion distribution of two phases of the welded joint was investigated. The texture distribution, grain boundary misorientation, and grain size of welded joints were analyzed and characterized. The uniform distribution of alloying elements in the two phases was improved by a 20 mT alternating magnetic field. The diffusion dissolution of Ni and N elements into the γ phase was promoted, which was conducive to the transition from the α to γ phase and reduced the precipitation of Cr2N, such that the ratio of γ to α was 43.4:56.6. The ratio of the two phases of the weld was balanced by the alternating magnetic field of 30 mT, such that the ratio of γ and α was 44.6:55.4 and the texture dispersion was weakened. The Σ3 twinning boundary of the austenite phase in the weld was transformed to HABs, the ferrite phase underwent dynamic recrystallization, and the austenite phase had a cube texture, copper texture, and goss texture.

CMKLR1 deficiency maintains ovarian steroid production in mice treated chronically with dihydrotestosterone.

Elevated serum chemerin levels correlate with increased severity of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the role of CMKLR1 signaling in ovarian biology under conditions of excess DHT remains unclear. In this study we compared the effects of continuous 90-day high dose DHT exposure (83.3 □g/day) on wild type and CMKLR1-deficient mice. DHT induced PCOS-like clinical signs in wild type mice as well as significant changes in the expression of hormone receptors, steroid synthesis enzymes, and BMPs and their receptors. In contrast, CMKLR1-deficient mice significantly attenuated DHT-induced clinical signs of PCOS and alterations in ovarian gene expression. To determine whether the BMP4 signaling pathway was involved in the pathogenic effects of CMKLR1 signaling in DHT-induced ovarian steroidogenesis, antral follicles were isolated from wild type and CMKLR1 knockout (KO) mice and treated in vitro with combinations of hCG, DHT, and BMP4 inhibitors. BMP4 inhibition attenuated the induction effects of hCG and DHT on estrogen and progesterone secretion in CMKLR1 KO mice, but not in WT mice, implicating the BMP4 signaling pathway in the CMKLR1-dependent response to DHT. In conclusion, CMKLR1 gene deletion attenuates the effects of chronic DHT treatment on ovarian function in experimental PCOS, likely via BMP4 signaling.