Comparison of disposable digital single-operator cholangioscopy versus direct peroral cholangioscopy for the diagnosis of intraductal superficial lesions of the bile duct.

BACKGROUND: Disposable digital single-operator cholangioscopy (D-SOC) and direct peroral cholangioscopy (D-POC) using an ultraslim endoscope are established POC modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of various biliary diseases. We compared the usefulness of D-SOC and D-POC for the diagnosis of intraductal superficial lesions of the bile duct (ISL-Bs). METHODS: 38 consecutive patients with suspected biliary diseases who underwent both D-SOC and D-POC were enrolled. The primary outcome was ISL-B detection rate, and the secondary outcomes were technical success of POC and POC-guided forceps biopsy sampling (POC-FB), procedure time, visualization quality, and tissue adequacy. RESULTS: D-SOC had a higher technical success rate than D-POC but the difference was not statistically significant (100% vs. 92.1%, P = 0.25). D-POC had a marginally higher ISL-B detection rate (34.2% vs. 28.9%, P = 0.68) and significantly higher visualization quality (P = 0.03). The mean (SD) procedure time was significantly shorter with D-SOC (11.00 [1.33] vs. 19.03 [2.95] minutes, P<0.001). The technical success rate of POC-FB and tissue adequacy did not differ between the two techniques (D-SOC vs. D-POC: 81.8% vs. 84.6%, P = 0.69 and 77.8% vs. 90.9%, P = 0.57, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both POC systems were safe and useful for the detection, characterization, and diagnosis of minute ISL-Bs. While D-SOC displayed a shorter procedure time and a tendency for higher technical success rate, D-POC provided superior visualization quality, allowing detailed observation of the surface structure and microvascular patterns.

Impact of temperature-controlled endobiliary radiofrequency ablation for inoperable hilar cholangiocarcinoma: A propensity score-matched analysis.

Background and study aims Endobiliary radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can be an effective palliative treatment, but few studies have evaluated its outcomes for malignant obstruction in the hilar bile duct, which has a thin wall and complex duct-vascular contacts. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of temperature-controlled endobiliary RFA, which can reduce the risk of unintentional thermal injury by maintaining the temperature of the ablation segment, in the treatment of inoperable hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Patients and methods After propensity score matching, 64 patients with inoperable hilar CCA were categorized to the RFA + stent group (endobiliary RFA with stenting; n=32) or stent-only group (stenting only; n=32). The evaluated outcomes were the median time to recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs). Results Technical success was achieved in all patients. The clinical success rate was 93.8% in the RFA + stent group and 87.5% in the stent-only group ( P =0.672). The median time to RBO was 242 days in the RFA + stent group and 168 days in the stent-only group ( P =0.031). The median OS showed a non-significant tendency to be higher in the RFA + stent group (337 versus 296 days; P =0.260). Overall AE rates were comparable between the two groups (12.5% vs 9.4%, P =1.000). Conclusions Temperature-controlled endobiliary RFA resulted in favorable stent patency without increasing the rate of AEs but it did not significantly increase OS in patients with inoperable hilar CCA (Clinical trial registration number: KCT0008576).

Preliminary feasibility study of a new partially covered self-expandable metal stent with an anchoring flange for EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HPG) has a risk of serious procedural adverse events (AEs), but few dedicated devices for EUS-HPG are available. We evaluated the feasibility of a new partially covered self-expandable metal stent (PCSEMS) with an anchoring flange for EUS-HPG. METHODS: The feasibility of a stent featuring a proximal radiopaque uncovered portion 1.5 cm in length and a distal anchoring flange 20 mm in diameter was evaluated in consecutive patients undergoing EUS-HPG for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction. Primary outcomes were the technical and clinical success of EUS-HPG, and secondary outcomes were AEs, recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO), reintervention for RBO, and the technical feasibility of peroral cholangioscopy (POC) through the stent in situ. RESULTS: EUS-HPG was performed in 24 patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction. The technical and clinical success rates of EUS-HPG were 100% (24/24) and 91.7% (22/24), respectively. AEs developed after EUS-HPG in 8.3% of patients (2/24, cholangitis). RBO developed in 29.2% of patients (7/24), with a median cumulative time to RBO of 6.7 months. The causes of RBO were sludge formation (n = 4), hyperplasia at an uncovered portion (n = 2), and nonocclusive cholangitis (n = 1). Reintervention for RBO had a 100% success rate (7/7), and POC through the stent in situ was technically feasible in 7 of 8 patients with a stent diameter of 10 mm. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-HPG with a new PCSEMS can alleviate malignant biliary obstruction after failed ERCP. The novel stent evaluated in this study may prevent stent-related AEs, including stent migration, and allow advanced endoscopic interventions through the HPG route.

Efficacy Analysis of Suprapapillary versus Transpapillary Self-Expandable Metal Stents According to the Level of Obstruction in Malignant Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction.

Background/Aims: The use of a self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) is recommended for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). Stent-related adverse events might differ according to the position of the stent through the ampulla of Vater (AOV). We retrospectively evaluated SEMS patency and adverse events according to the position of the SEMS. Methods: In total, 280 patients who underwent endoscopic SEMS placement due to malignant distal biliary obstruction were analyzed retrospectively. Suprapapillary and transpapillary SEMS insertions were performed on 51 patients and 229 patients, respectively. Results: Between the suprapapillary group (SPG) and transpapillary group (TPG), the stent patency period was not significantly different (median [95% confidence interval]: 107 days [82.3 to 131.7] vs 120 days [99.3 to 140.7], p=0.559). There was also no significant difference in the rate of adverse events. In subgroup analysis, the stent patency for an MBO located within 2 cm from the AOV was found to be significantly shorter than that for an MBO located more than 2 cm from the AOV in the SPG (64 days [0 to 160.4] vs 127 days [82.0 to 171.9], p<0.001) and TPG (87 days [52.5 to 121.5] vs 130 [97.0 to 162.9], p<0.001). Patients with an MBO located within 2 cm from the AOV in both groups had a higher percentage of duodenal invasion (SPG: 40.0% vs 4.9%, p=0.002; TPG: 28.6% vs 2.9%, p<0.001) than patients with an MBO located more than 2 cm from the AOV. Conclusions: The SPG and TPG showed similar results in terms of stent patency and rate of adverse events. However, patients with an MBO located within 2 cm from the AOV had a higher percentage of duodenal invasion with shorter stent patency than those with an MBO located more than 2 cm from the AOV, regardless of stent position.

Detection and endoscopic classification of intraductal neoplasms of the bile duct by peroral cholangioscopy with narrow-band imaging (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Indirect diagnostic modalities are unsatisfactory for detecting intraductal neoplasm of the bile duct (IN-B), which can be detected by peroral cholangioscopy (POC) with narrow-band imaging (NBI). We investigated the POC findings of IN-B and developed a feasible endoscopic classification system. METHODS: Four hundred seventy-one patients who underwent direct POC from April 2008 to July 2020 were enrolled. Intraductal superficial lesions of the bile duct (ISL-Bs) were classified according to surface structure and microvascular pattern on POC with NBI and correlated to histologic findings after POC-guided forceps biopsy sampling (POC-FB) or surgery. The primary outcome was the detection rate of IN-Bs, and the secondary outcomes were the associations of POC findings with IN-B, technical success rates of POC and POC-FB, and adverse events. RESULTS: Direct POC was successful in 458 of 471 patients (97.2%). Among the patients, 131 (27.8%) exhibited ISL-Bs. The technical success rate of POC-FB was 94.7% (124/131). Among the 124 patients who underwent POC-FB, IN-B was revealed in 54 (43.5%), for a detection rate of 11.8% (54/458). Papillary lesions (P = .041), nodular lesions (P = .044), and irregularly or regularly dilated and tortuous vessels (P = .004 and P = .006, respectively) were POC findings associated with IN-B. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of the novel classification system was .899. CONCLUSIONS: POC with NBI can be useful for the detection of IN-Bs. Our novel classification system based on both surface structure and microvascular pattern may allow differentiation of IN-B from ISL-Bs.

Feasibility of Cholangioscopy Using Multibending Ultra-Slim Endoscope Through a Lumen-Apposing Metal Stent for Choledochoduodenostomy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided choledochoduodenostomy using a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) allows access to the biliary system with a sufficiently large diameter stent. However, an appropriate endoscope for this purpose is required. We evaluated the feasibility of per-oral cholangioscopy (POC) using a multibending ultra-slim endoscope through a LAMS for EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy. METHODS: Twelve patients who underwent EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy, followed by POC via a LAMS, were enrolled. POC was performed with an multibending ultra-slim endoscope. The primary outcome was technical success, defined as examination of both hepatic ducts and either the distal common bile duct or stricture site within 10 min. The types of intervention and adverse events were also assessed. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in all cases with the multibending ultra-slim endoscope. Narrow-band imaging endoscopy was performed in five cases (41.7%) and POC-guided targeted biopsy was performed in three cases (25.0%). Stone extraction during POC was performed in two patients (16.7%) and foreign body removal from the intrahepatic duct was performed in one patient. One patient underwent additional metal stent insertion under direct visualization. After POC, no stent migration or severe adverse events were seen in any case. CONCLUSIONS: POC using a multibending ultra-slim endoscope for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes can be performed effectively and safely through a LAMS after EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy.

A novel bipolar electrocautery-enhanced delivery system with a lumen-apposing metal stent for EUS-guided drainage: A porcine study.

BACKGROUND: An electrocautery-enhanced delivery system with a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) is available for one-step endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage (EUS-TD). Bipolar electrosurgery has several potential clinical advantages, including reduced collateral thermal damage, enhanced hemostasis, and no requirement for a return electrode plate. In this study, we compared the technical feasibility and safety of a newly developed bipolar electrocautery-enhanced delivery system with a conventional delivery system for EUS-TD using a LAMS in a porcine model. METHOD: Ten days before the study, 12 mini pigs underwent common bile duct ligation for EUS-guided gallbladder drainage. Transenteric puncture was performed, followed by placement of a guidewire. In six pigs, a bipolar electrocautery-enhanced delivery system with LAMS (Hot SPAXUS) was inserted over the guidewire and advanced into the gallbladder, without prior dilation of the tract, by applying a bipolar cut current. In the remaining six pigs, a conventional delivery system with LAMS (Cold SPAXUS) was inserted after tract dilatation using a cystotome. The stent was removed after 4 weeks. RESULTS: In all pigs, the stent was successfully inserted and deployed in the gallbladder without adverse events. The mean procedure time of EUS-TD was significantly lower in the Hot SPAXUS group than that of the Cold SPAXUS group (mean ± standard deviation: 188.7 ± 5.2 vs 449.5 ± 97.5 s, P = .0019). Stent migration was not observed, and all stents were removed successfully. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage using a bipolar electrocautery-enhanced LAMS is feasible for reducing the procedure time while maintaining the high success rate and safety of conventional LAMS.

Efficacy and safety of direct peroral cholangioscopy using a new multibending ultra-slim endoscope for the management of biliary diseases.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Compared with currently available duodenoscopy-assisted systems, direct peroral cholangioscopy (DPOC) using an ultra-slim endoscope is limited by technical difficulties. The multibending (MB) ultra-slim endoscope was introduced as a dedicated cholangioscope for DPOC to challenge the technical problem. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical utility of DPOC using an MB endoscope with free-hand insertion into the bile duct in patients with biliary diseases. METHODS: A total of 145 patients who underwent DPOC using an MB endoscope were analyzed. The primary outcome was the technical success rate of DPOC using the free-hand insertion of the MB endoscope. The secondary outcomes were the technical success rates of DPOC-guided diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, the diagnostic accuracy of DPOC-guided target biopsy, and adverse events related to DPOC. RESULTS: Free-hand biliary insertion of a MB endoscope for DPOC was technically successful in 133 patients (91.7%). DPOC-guided target biopsy was successful in 36 of 38 patients (94.7%) and had a diagnostic accuracy of 91.7% (95% confidence interval, 82.6-100). Sixty-nine therapeutic interventions were performed; technical success was achieved in 65 (94.2%). No severe adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The MB ultra-slim endoscope was technically effective to perform a DPOC including various diagnosis and therapeutic interventions without device assistance. MB endoscope is considered to contribute to expanding a role of DPOC in diagnosis and treatment of diverse biliary tract diseases.

Efficacy of narrow-band imaging during peroral cholangioscopy for predicting malignancy of indeterminate biliary strictures (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Direct peroral cholangioscopy (POC) can be useful when combined with narrow-band imaging (NBI) to explore the etiologies of indeterminate biliary strictures. We evaluated the efficacy of NBI compared with that of conventional white-light imaging (WLI) during POC diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures. METHODS: Consecutive patients with indeterminate biliary strictures were enrolled from 2016 to 2019. The primary outcome was diagnostic accuracy, and secondary outcomes were technical success, adverse events, and visualization quality when predicting malignancy. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients underwent direct POC under NBI during targeted biopsy sampling. The strictures were successfully explored and adequate biopsy samples obtained in 67 of 71 patients (94.4%). In terms of visual impression, WLI and NBI afforded 75.0% and 87.5% sensitivity, 82.9 and 91.4% specificity, and 82.8 and 91.3% accuracy, respectively. The areas under the WLI and NBI receiver-operating characteristic curves were .80 and .96 (P = .01). Under NBI, the visualization quality of surface structures, microvessels, and lesional margins was higher than that under conventional WLI (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Direct POC under NBI effectively and accurately predicts malignancies of indeterminate biliary strictures. NBI effectively illuminated surface structures, microvessels, and lesional margins.

Utility of Direct Peroral Cholangioscopy Using a Multibending Ultraslim Endoscope for Difficult Common Bile Duct Stones.

Background/Aims: Treatment options for difficult bile duct stones are limited. Direct peroral cholangioscopy (POC)-guided lithotripsy may be an option. A newly developed multibending (MB) ultraslim endoscope has several structural features optimized for direct POC. We evaluated the utility of direct POC using an MB ultraslim endoscope for lithotripsy in patients with difficult bile duct stones. Methods: Twenty patients with difficult bile duct stones, in whom stone removal using conventional endoscopic methods, including mechanical lithotripsy, had failed were enrolled from March 2018 to August 2019. Direct POC-guided lithotripsy was performed by electrohydraulic lithotripsy or laser lithotripsy. The primary outcome was complete ductal clearance, defined as the retrieval of all bile duct stones after lithotripsy confirmed by balloon-occluded cholangiography and/or direct POC. Results: The technical success rate of direct POC was 100% (20/20), and the free-hand insertion rate was 95% (19/20). Direct POC-guided lithotripsy, attempted by electrohydraulic lithotripsy in nine patients (45%) and laser lithotripsy in 11 patients (55%), was successful in 95% (19/20) of the patients. Complete ductal clearance after direct POC-guided lithotripsy was achieved in 95% (19/20) of patients. Patients required a median of 2 (range, 1-3) endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography sessions for complete stone removal. Adverse event was observed in one patient (5%) with hemobilia and was treated conservatively. Conclusions: Direct POC using an MB ultraslim endoscope was safe and effective for lithotripsy in patients with difficult bile duct stones.

Endoscopic Bilateral Stent-in-Stent Versus Stent-by-Stent Deployment in Advanced Malignant Hilar Obstruction: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: There is no clear data to compare the effectiveness and safety of bilateral stent-in-stent (SIS) or stent-by-stent (SBS) deployment for advanced malignant hilar obstruction (MHO). This meta-analysis was done to investigate clinical outcomes of these deployment methods. METHODS: We did a literature search to identify studies that reported the clinical outcomes of bilateral metal stents in patients with advanced MHO. Weighed pooled rates (WPR) along with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated in order to compare outcomes including technical and clinical success, adverse events, and stent occlusion between the two groups. We conducted a meta-analysis using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Five comparative studies with 250 patients, and 20 single-arm studies for the SIS or SBS method were eligible for the meta-analysis and systematic review. The bilateral SIS deployment had a significantly higher technical success rate than did SBS deployment (OR 6.43; 95% CI 1.08-38.09). There was no difference in the clinical success (OR 1.23; 95% CI 0.45-3.38), overall adverse events rates (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.15-1.18), or overall occlusion rate (OR 1.55; 95% CI 0.89-2.70). As a single-armed group, WPR of technical success of the SIS and SBS groups was 96.4% and 89.6%, respectively. Clinical success was 97.5% and 98.3%. Overall, adverse events were 35.9% and 22.6%. Occlusion rates were 27.7% and 37.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was a lack of quality data and heterogeneity, bilateral SIS deployment had a higher technical feasibility than did the SBS method in patients with advanced MHO, without differences in terms of clinical success, adverse events, or occlusion rates.

Modified non-flared fully covered self-expandable metal stent for preoperative biliary drainage in pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Durable biliary drainage is essential in patients with pancreatic cancer in the era of effective neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Plastic stent (PS) tends to occlude easily, and current metal stents are designed for nonresectable cancer. We evaluated the efficacy of a modified non-flared fully covered self-expandable metal stent (M-FCSEMS) during the perioperative period in patients with resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Consecutive patients with resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma had a 12-mm M-FCSEMS (M-FCSEMS group) or 7-Fr PS (PS group) placed for biliary decompression before NACT or curative-intent surgery. The primary outcome was the re-intervention rate, and secondary outcomes were technical success, stent patency, and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Endoscopic stent placement was technically successful in all 60 patients. Twenty-three patients underwent surgery and 37 NACT before surgery. Re-intervention was performed in 10.0% (3/30) of patients in the M-FCSEMS group and 36.7% (11/30) of patients in the PS group (P = 0.030). The stent patency at 180 days was 89.8% (95% confidence interval, 77.3-100.0%) in the M-FCSEMS group and 30.2% (95% confidence interval, 11.4-80.0%) in the PS group (P < 0.0001). Stent-related AEs occurred in 10.0% (3/30) in the M-FCSEMS group and 40.0% (12/30) in the PS group (P = 0.015). Surgery-related AEs occurred in 10.5% (2/19) and 14.3% (3/21) in the M-FCSEMS and PS groups (P = 0.549). CONCLUSIONS: Modified non-flared fully covered self-expandable metal stents are effective and safe for durable biliary drainage in patients with resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer during the perioperative period.

Peroral cholecystoscopy using a multibending ultraslim endoscope through a lumen-apposing metal stent for endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) using a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) has rendered endoscopic gallbladder assessment through a stent possible, but an appropriate endoscope is required. We assessed the feasibility of peroral cholecystoscopy (POCC) using a multibending ultraslim endoscope passed through a LAMS after EUS-GBD. METHODS: 14 patients with a LAMS for EUS-GBD who consecutively underwent POCC were included. POCC was performed using a multibending endoscope inserted through the LAMS. The primary outcome was the technical success rate, defined as complete endoscopic examination of the gallbladder from the orifice of the cystic duct to the fundus. The types of intervention and adverse events were recorded. RESULTS: 17 POCCs were performed in 14 patients. Of the 17 POCCs, 15 (88.2 %) were technically successful. Narrow-band imaging endoscopy was performed in 12 procedures (70.6 %), and cholecystoscopy-guided target biopsies were obtained in six. Gallstone extraction was performed in two patients. After POCC, all LAMSs remained stable and no adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: POCC using a multibending ultraslim endoscope can be effectively and safely performed through a LAMS after EUS-GBD.

[A Recent Update on Endoscopic Drainage of Advanced Malignant Hilar Obstruction].

Malignant hilar obstruction (MHO) is considered an aggressive perihilar obstruction caused by cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, or metastatic malignancies and has a poor prognosis. Although surgical resection is the only curative treatment method, the majority of patients with MHO do not undergo surgery due to an advanced inoperable state at presentation. Currently, effective biliary drainage provides the necessary palliation for symptomatic improvement. Among the drainage methods, percutaneous access may be preferred, especially for advanced MHO because of the technical difficulty involved with other techniques. Recently, primary endoscopic palliation using plastic or metal stents has been shown to have higher technical feasibility and clinical success without increasing adverse events even in patients with high-degree MHO. The development of various accessories, endoscopic ultrasonography, and advances in techniques have facilitated primary endoscopic intervention. However, some aspects continue to be debated such as the palliation methods, appropriate stents, the number of stents, the deployment methods, and additional local ablation therapies. Therefore, this review discusses the current optimal endoscopic treatment methods for advanced MHO based on reported literature.

Predicting Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer by Integrating Bone Marrow FDG Uptake and Radiomic Features of Primary Tumor in PET/CT.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of FDG uptake of bone marrow (BM SUV) and to investigate its role combined with radiomic features of primary tumors in improving the prediction of overall survival (OS) in patients with pancreatic cancer. We retrospectively enrolled 65 pancreatic cancer patients with staging FDG PET/CT. BM SUV and conventional imaging parameters of primary tumors including total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were measured. First-order and higher-order textural features of primary cancer were extracted using PET textural analysis. Associations of PET/CT parameters of bone marrow (BM) and primary cancer with OS were assessed. BM SUV as well as TLG and first-order entropy of pancreatic cancer were significant independent predictors of OS in multivariable analysis. A PET/CT scoring system based on the cumulative scores of these three independent predictors enabled patient stratification into three distinct prognostic groups. The scoring system yielded a good prognostic stratification based on subgroup analysis irrespective of tumor stage and treatment modality. BM SUV was an independent predictor of OS in pancreatic cancer patients. The PET/CT scoring system that integrated PET/CT parameters of primary tumors and BM can provide prognostic information in pancreatic cancer independent of tumor stage and treatment.

Use of peroral cholangioscopy to screen for neoplastic bile duct lesions in patients with bile duct stones (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) can be diagnosed using several modalities, the detection of early-stage cancers remains unsatisfactory. We explored whether peroral cholangioscopy (POC) could be used to screen for neoplastic bile duct lesions including CCAs in patients with bile duct stones. METHODS: Two hundred seven patients who underwent endoscopic removal of bile duct stones were enrolled between August 2010 and July 2018. The primary outcome was the detection rate of intraductal neoplastic biliary lesions by direct POC. Secondary outcomes were the technical success rates of direct POC and POC-guided forceps biopsy sampling (POC-FB), the diagnostic accuracy of the direct POC findings, adverse events, and the number needed to screen to detect a neoplastic bile duct lesion. RESULTS: Direct POC was successful in 199 of 207 patients (96.1%). Mild cholangitis developed in 2 patients (1.0%) and was treated conservatively. Of the 199 successfully performed POCs, 31 patients (15.6%) exhibited abnormal intraductal mucosal lesions. The technical success rate of POC-FB was 90.3% (28/31 patients). The pathologic diagnoses after POC-FB were CCAs (n = 4), intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct (IPN-B) (n = 2), an adenoma with dysplasia (n = 1), and benign lesions (n = 21). Direct POC correctly distinguished non-neoplastic from neoplastic bile duct lesions in 91.6% of patients. Curative surgical resection was performed for the 5 patients with CCAs or IPN-B. The number needed to screen to detect a neoplastic bile duct lesion was 29.6. CONCLUSIONS: Direct POC using a dedicated, ultraslim upper endoscope usefully screens for neoplastic bile duct lesions including CCAs in selected patients with bile duct stones.

Efficacy of a modified short fully covered self-expandable metal stent for perihilar benign biliary strictures.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic management of a benign biliary stricture (BBS) on the hilum is complicated and challenging. Although the placement of a fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) is possible to increase effectiveness, stent migration and stent-induced adverse events are problematic. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of a modified short FCSEMS with a long lasso in patients with a difficult perihilar BBS. METHODS: Patients with perihilar BBS within 2 cm from the hilar confluence that failed initially with plastic stents were enrolled. A modified short FCSEMS was deployed and then removed 5-6 months later. The primary outcome was clinical success. Other technical success, adverse events, endoscopic success of stent removal, and recurrence of stricture during the follow-up period were measured. RESULTS: Endoscopic intraductal placement was technically successful in all patients (n = 19). Combined contralateral plastic stent placement was performed in 13 patients (68.4%). The median duration of stent placement was 163 days (range, 138-196 days). Endoscopic stent removal was successful in all patients except one spontaneous distal migration. Stricture resolution without de novo focal stricture occurrence was 100%. Endoscopic stone removal after stricture improvement was successful in all 13 patients with bile duct stones above the stricture. During a follow-up period (median 635 days) after stent removal, only one recurrence developed. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary placement of a modified intraductal short FCSEMS with or without a contralateral plastic stent improved perihilar BBS in patients that primarily failed by plastic stents. Combined biliary stones were also successfully removed after stricture resolution.

Risk stratification of patients with gastric lesions indefinite for dysplasia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There are no definite guidelines for the management of gastric lesions diagnosed as indefinite for dysplasia (IND) by endoscopic forceps biopsy (EFB). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of gastric IND and predictive factors for gastric neoplasm. METHODS: This study included 457 patients with a first diagnosis of gastric IND by EFB between January 2005 and December 2013. Patient characteristics and endoscopic and pathological data were reviewed and compared. RESULTS: Of the 457 gastric IND patients, 128 (28%) were diagnosed with invasive carcinoma, 21 (4.6%) with high-grade dysplasia, 31 (6.8%) with low-grade dysplasia, and 277 (60.6%) as negative for dysplasia. Of lesions observed, 180 (39.4%) showed upgraded histology. Multivariate analysis revealed that surface erythema (odds ratio [OR], 2.804; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.741 to 4.516), spontaneous bleeding (OR, 2.618; 95% CI, 1.298 to 5.279), lesion size ≥ 1 cm (OR, 5.762; 95% CI, 3.459 to 9.597), and depressed morphology (OR, 2.183; 95% CI, 1.155 to 4.124) were significant risk factors for high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. The ORs associated with 2 and ≥ 3 risk factors were 7.131 and 34.86, respectively. CONCLUSION: Precautions should be taken in the management of gastric IND patients, especially when risk factors, including surface erythema, spontaneous bleeding, lesion size ≥ 1 cm, and depressed morphology are present. Considering the combined effect of the presence of multiple risk factors on the incidence of high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma, endoscopic resection should be recommended if a gastric IND patient has at two or more of these factors.

Can prophylactic argon plasma coagulation reduce delayed post-papillectomy bleeding? A prospective multicenter trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic post-papillectomy bleeding occurs in 3% to 20% of the cases, and delayed bleeding is also problematic. However, there is no consensus on how to reduce delayed post-papillectomy bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic argon plasma coagulation (APC) to minimize delayed bleeding and reduce the persistence of residual tumors after endoscopic papillectomy. METHODS: In a prospective pilot study of patients with benign ampullary tumors, the prophylactic APC group underwent APC at the resection margin following a conventional snaring papillectomy. Then, 24 h later after the papillectomy, all patients underwent a follow-up duodenoscopy to identify post-papillectomy bleeding and were followed up until 12 months. The main outcomes were the delayed (≥24 h) post-papillectomy bleeding rate and the tumor persistence rate. RESULTS: The delayed post-papillectomy bleeding rate was 30.8% (8/26) in the prophylactic APC group and 21.4% (6/28) in the non-APC group (P = 0.434). The post-procedure pancreatitis rates were 23.1% (6/26) and 35.7% (10/28), respectively (P = 0.310). The rate of tumor persistence did not differ between the two groups at 1 month (12.5% vs 7.4%, P = 0.656), 3 months (4.2% vs 3.7%, P = 1.00), 6 months (8.3% vs 3.7%, P = 0.595), and 12 months (0% vs 3.7%, P = 1.00). There were no procedure-related mortalities or serious complications. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic APC may not be effective in reducing delayed post-papillectomy bleeding or remnant tumor ablation immediately after conventional papillectomy (Clinical trial registration-cris.nih.go.kr; KCT0001955).

Endoscopic revision efficacy after clinically successful bilateral metal stenting for advanced malignant hilar obstruction.

BACKGROUNDS AND AIM: Multiple insertions of self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) for advanced malignant hilar obstruction (MHO) are now considered to be an effective palliative method for adequate drainage of liver volume. However, the efficacy of endoscopic reintervention in technically and clinically successful bilateral SEMS is limited. This study investigated the endoscopic revision efficacy in patients who underwent bilateral SEMS in MHO. METHODS: Primary endoscopic revision using plastic or metal stents or an alternative percutaneous approach followed by secondary endoscopic revision was performed in patients who underwent clinically successful deployment of bilateral SEMS. The primary outcome was a technical success. Secondary outcomes were clinical success, adverse events, and patency duration after reintervention. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients (83.3%) out of 66 enrolled patients underwent reintervention: primary endoscopic reintervention (n = 47) and secondary endoscopic revision following percutaneous drainage (n = 8). Intended technical success rates of primary and secondary endoscopic reintervention were 93.6% (44/47) and 87.5% (7/8), respectively (P = 0.47). Clinical success rates were 72.3% and 50%, respectively (P = 0.23). Stent malfunction rate after reintervention was 48.9% (23/47) and 37.5% (3/8) (P = 0.70) during follow up, and median cumulative stent patency duration was 119 and 55 days, respectively (log-rank P = 0.68). Stent patent rate after reintervention was not different according to the time interval. In univariate and multivariate analysis for stent patency duration-related factors after reintervention, there were no meaningful factors. CONCLUSION: Primary endoscopic reintervention for bilateral SEMS in MHO was feasible technically and clinically. However, there were no statistically meaningful factors for stent patency duration after reintervention.