Biochemical changes and macrophage polarization of a silane-based endodontic irrigant in an animal model.

Silane-based/fully hydrolyzed, endodontic irrigant exhibiting antimicrobial properties, is prepared, and is hypothesized to control macrophage polarization for tissue repair. Albino wistar rats were injected with 0.1 ml root canal irrigant, and bone marrow cells procured. Cellular mitochondria were stained with MitoTracker green along with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) performed for macrophage extracellular vesicle. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were induced for M1 and M2 polarization and Raman spectroscopy with scratch assay performed. Cell counting was used to measure cytotoxicity, and fluorescence microscopy performed for CD163. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate interaction of irrigants with Enterococcus faecalis. K21 specimens exhibited reduction in epithelium thickness and more mitochondrial mass. EVs showed differences between all groups with decrease and increase in IL-6 and IL-10 respectively. 0.5%k21 enhanced wound healing with more fibroblastic growth inside scratch analysis along with increased inflammation-related genes (ICAM-1, CXCL10, CXCL11, VCAM-1, CCL2, and CXCL8; tissue remodelling-related genes, collagen 1, EGFR and TIMP-2 in q-PCR analysis. Sharp bands at 1643 cm-1 existed in all with variable intensities. 0.5%k21 had a survival rate of BMSCs comparable to control group. Bacteria treated with 0.5%k21/1%k21, displayed damage. Antimicrobial and reparative efficacy of k21 disinfectant is a proof of concept for enhanced killing of bacteria across root dentin acquiring functional type M2 polarization for ethnopharmacological effects.

Factors associated with the technical quality of root canal fillings performed by undergraduate dental students in a Malaysian dental school

Aim: A retrospective clinical audit was carried out on records of endodontic treatment performed bydental undergraduates. The audit was performed to evaluate the technical quality of root canal fillingsperformed by dental undergraduates and determine the associated factors. Methods: 140 records ofpatients who had received root canal treatment by dental undergraduates were evaluated throughperiapical radiographs by two examiners (ê=0.74). The root canal fillings had their quality evaluatedaccording to extent, condensation and presence of procedural mishap. Possible factors associatedwith technical quality such as tooth type, canal curvature, student level and quality of record keepingwere evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-square test (p<0.05). Results: Amongthe 140 root-filled teeth, acceptable extent, condensation and no-mishap were observed in 72.1%,66.4% and 77.9% cases respectively. Overall, the technical quality of 68 (48.6%) root-filled teethwas considered acceptable. Overall, non-acceptable root canal fillings were significantly morelikely to be observed in molars (69.2%), moderately and severely curved canals (71.4%) and juniorstudents (61.5%). There was no association between acceptable root canal fillings and quality ofrecord keeping. Conclusions: The technical quality of root canal fillings was acceptable in 48.6%cases and it was associated with tooth type, degree of canal curvature and student seniority.

Brazilian red propolis: phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and effect against cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of new public healthcare models that stimulate the use of natural products from traditional medicine, as a so-called integrated medicine, refers to an approach that use best of both conventional medicine and traditional medicine. Propolis is a widely used natural product by different ancient cultures and known to exhibit biological activities beneficial for health. The large number of studies conducted with propolis had shown that its chemical composition differs as a function of the climate, plant diversity and bee species and plays an important role on its therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to analyse the phytochemical profile of the ethanolic extract of red propolis (EEP) and its fractionation, antioxidant action of EEP and its fractions hexane, cloroform and ethyl acetate and cytotoxic activity of EEP on human tumour cell lines SF-295 (glioblastoma), OVCAR-8 (ovary) and HCT-116 (colon). METHODS: EEP was obtained by maceration with absolute ethanol, then it was concentrated in rotaevaporator up to complete evaporation of the solvent. The crude extract was fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol and they were subjected to phytochemical screening and total phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity of EEP and fractions was done by means of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Biomarkers of red propolis were identified by LC-Orbitrap-FTMS. To assess cytotoxic activity of the extract, cells were exposed to EEP over 72 h. Cell viability was assessed by means of MTT assay. The percentage of cell growth inhibition (IC50) was analysed by means of non-linear regression, and the absorbance values of the various investigated concentrations were subjected to one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's or Tamhane's tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The results obtained using phytochemical screening and LC-Orbitrap-FTMS indicated the presence of phlobaphene tannins, catechins, chalcones, aurones, flavonones, flavonols, xanthones, pentacyclic triterpenoids and guttiferones in Brazilian red propolis. EEP and its hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions obtained by liquid-liquid partitioning exhibited satisfactory antioxidant percentages. EEP (IC50 < 34.27 µg/mL) exhibited high levels of cytotoxicity on all human tumour cell lines tested when compared to negative control. CONCLUSIONS: C-Orbitrap-FTMS was useful to establish the chemical profile of the red propolis. Brazilian red propolis has antioxidant properties and decreases substantially the percentage of cell survival of human tumour cells; thus, it has potential to serve as an anticancer drug.

Endodontic management of dilacerated and bayonet shaped roots / Tratamento endodôntico de raízes dilaceradas e em forma de baioneta

Successful root canal therapy requires a thorough knowledge of root anatomy and root canal morphology which may be quiet variable. The significance of internal root canal morphology has been emphasized by studies demonstrating that variations in canal morphology may affect the endodontic outcome. Consequently, in treating each tooth the clinician must assume that complex anatomy occurs often enough to be considered normal. Root dilaceration is one of the variations that may complicate the endodontic therapy. It is important for a clinician to have complete knowledge of internal anatomy relationships, careful interpretation of radiographs; proper access preparationand a detailed exploration of the interior of the tooth to achieve a successful treatment outcome. This paper reports successful endodontictherapy of severe dilaceration of the root of mandibular first molar and bayonet shaped root of maxillary first premolar and highlights theclinical considerations to be followed during the endodontic procedures to get the successful outcome.

Um tratamento de canal bem sucedido requer conhecimento profundo da anatomia da raiz dentária e morfologia do canal radicular, que pode ser variável. A importância da morfologia interna do canal radicular tem sido enfatizada por estudos que demonstram que as variações na morfologia do canal podem afetar o resultado do tratamento endodôntico. Consequentemente, no tratamento de cada dente, o clínico deve assumir que uma anatomia complexa ocorre com frequência suficiente para ser considerada normal. A dilaceração da raiz dentária é uma das variações que podem complicar o tratamento endodôntico. É importante para o clínico ter conhecimento completo das relações da anatomia interna, fazer uma interpretação cuidadosa de radiografias; preparar adequadamente o acesso e realizar uma exploração detalhada do interior do dente para conseguir um resultado de tratamento bem sucedido. Este artigo relata casos de terapia endodôntica bem sucedida de dilaceração severa da raiz do primeiro molar inferior e de raiz em forma de baioneta de um primeiro pré-molar superior e destaca as considerações clínicas a serem seguidas durante os procedimentos endodônticos para se obter êxito no tratamento.

Endodontic management of hypo-, meso- and hypertaurodontism: case reports.

Taurodontism is a morpho-anatomical developmental anomaly rarely seen in teeth. It is characterised by lack of constriction at the level of cementoenamel junction with elongated pulp chambers and apical displacement of bifurcation or trifurcation of roots. This gives the tooth a rectangular or cylindrical appearance. This paper reports successful endodontic therapy of cases with hypo-, meso- and hypertaurodontism in healthy individuals with no associated syndrome or anomaly.