RESUMO
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a major complication of the percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV). Despite high technical expertise and cumulative experience with the procedure, the incidence rate of severe MR has not decreased. Although some of MR can be anticipated by echocardiographic analysis; leaflet tearing, which leads to the most dreaded type of MR, remains unpredictable. Irregular valvular collagen remodeling is likely to compromise tissue architecture and increase the tearing risk during PMV balloon inflation. In this study, we evaluated histological and molecular characteristics of excised mitral valves from patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) who underwent emergency surgery after PMV due to severe MR caused by leaflet tear. Those findings were compared with patients who underwent elective mitral valve replacement surgery owing to severe MS, in whom PMV was not indicated. In vitro assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells was performed to better understand the impact of the cellular and molecular alterations identified in leaflet tear mitral valve specimens. Our analysis showed that focal infiltration of inflammatory cells contributes to accumulation of MMP-1 and IFN-γ in valve leaflets. Moreover, we showed that IFN-γ increase the expression of MMP-1 in CD14+ cells (monocytes) in vitro. Thus, inflammatory cells contribute to unevenly remodel collagen resulting in variable thickening causing abnormalities in leaflet architecture making them more susceptible to laceration.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rheumatic heart disease remains a major health problem in developing countries. Several factors contribute to valve-related morbidity after cardiac surgery, but the role of rheumatic etiology of valve disease is not well defined. This study was designed to determine the additional value of rheumatic valve disease in predicting morbidity after cardiac surgery in the current era of heart valve disease treatment. METHOD: This study prospectively included 164 patients for cardiac surgery from June 2010 to June 2011. The outcome was prolonged length of stay, defined as a length of stay greater than or equal to the 75th percentile for length of stay for each operation, including the day of discharge. RESULTS: Rheumatic heart disease was present in 32 patients (20%) and all rheumatic patients underwent valve replacement. Rheumatic heart disease patients were younger with less comorbidities compared to non-rheumatic patients, with most (63%) having had previous surgery. Forty-one patients were classified as having a prolonged hospital length of stay; 11 (34%) patients with rheumatic and 30 (23%) non-rheumatic fever. Rheumatic heart disease was not associated with prolonged hospital stay in the univariate analysis; however, after adjustment for other factors including infectious endocarditis, surgery duration, mechanical ventilation time, EuroSCORE, and postoperative pneumonia, it was found to be a predictor of prolonged hospitalization. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that rheumatic heart disease was an important factor associated with prolonged hospital, after adjustment for well-known risk factors of morbidity after cardiac surgery. Rheumatic fever is still prevalent among the patients who underwent to cardiac surgery in the current age, contributing to increase the postoperative morbidity.
OBJETIVO: A doença cardíaca reumática continua a ser um problema grave de saúde nos países em desenvolvimento. Vários fatores contribuem para a morbidade relacionada com a cirurgia valvar cardíaca, mas o papel da etiologia reumática das valvopatias não está bem definido. Este estudo foi desenhado para determinar participação adicional de valvopatias reumáticas na previsão de morbidade após cirurgia cardíaca na era atual de tratamento da doença. MÉTODOS: Este estudo incluiu prospectivamente 164 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca, entre junho de 2010 a junho de 2011. O resultado medido foi a duração da estadia prolongada, definido como tempo de permanência maior ou igual ao percentil 75 para a duração da estada para cada operação, incluindo a dia da alta. RESULTADOS: A cardiopatia reumática esteve presente em 32 pacientes (20%) e em todos os pacientes submetidos à substituição da válvula. Pacientes com doenças cardíacas reumáticas eram mais jovens e com menos comorbidades comparados com pacientes não-reumáticos; a maioria deles (63%) tinha tido cirurgia prévia. Quarenta e um pacientes foram classificados como tendo um tempo de permanência hospitalar prolongado; 11 (34%) pacientes com doenças reumáticas e 30 (23%) com doenças não-reumáticas. A doença reumática não se apresentou associada com período de internação prolongado, na análise univariada; No entanto, após o ajuste para outros fatores, incluindo endocardite infecciosa, duração da cirurgia, tempo de ventilação mecânica, EuroSCORE, e pneumonia no pós-operatório, a doença reumática revelou-se um preditor de hospitalização prolongada. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo demonstra que a doença cardíaca reumática é um importante fator associado com internação prolongada, após o ajuste para fatores de risco bem conhecidos de morbidade após cirurgia cardíaca. A febre reumática ainda é prevalente entre os pacientes que se submeteram à cirurgia cardíaca na época atual, contribuindo para aumentar a morbidade pós-operatória.