Unveiling Enigma: Navigating the Diagnostic Labyrinth of an Atypical Medial Clavicular Enchondroma.

Benign cartilaginous lesions called enchondromas usually appear in the long bones of the limbs. This case report, however, draws attention to an uncommon and unusual appearance of enchondroma near the medial end of clavicle. Because of the unusual location, the diagnostic process was very complex, which presented a challengefor the physicians. We provide the clinical, radiological and histological results that finally allowed for an accurate diagnosis. This example highlights the need of taking into account atypical location for benign lesions and highlights the necessity of a thorough diagnostic approach in unexpected clinical settings. Since the occurrence of clavicular enchondromas is a rare entity and can at times mislead the clinician, healthcare providers must be vigilant enough to guarantee a prompt and accurate diagnosis for timely intervention.

A replication competent Plasmodium falciparum parasite completely attenuated by dual gene deletion.

Vaccination with infectious Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (SPZ) administered with antimalarial drugs (PfSPZ-CVac), confers superior sterilizing protection against infection when compared to vaccination with replication-deficient, radiation-attenuated PfSPZ. However, the requirement for drug administration constitutes a major limitation for PfSPZ-CVac. To obviate this limitation, we generated late liver stage-arresting replication competent (LARC) parasites by deletion of the Mei2 and LINUP genes (mei2-/linup- or LARC2). We show that Plasmodium yoelii (Py) LARC2 sporozoites did not cause breakthrough blood stage infections and engendered durable sterilizing immunity against various infectious sporozoite challenges in diverse strains of mice. We next genetically engineered a PfLARC2 parasite strain that was devoid of extraneous DNA and produced cryopreserved PfSPZ-LARC2. PfSPZ-LARC2 liver stages replicated robustly in liver-humanized mice but displayed severe defects in late liver stage differentiation and did not form liver stage merozoites. This resulted in complete abrogation of parasite transition to viable blood stage infection. Therefore, PfSPZ-LARC2 is the next-generation vaccine strain expected to unite the safety profile of radiation-attenuated PfSPZ with the superior protective efficacy of PfSPZ-CVac.

Unveiling Neglected Pin-Site Tuberculosis: An Uncommon Encounter Due to Surgical Distal-End Radius Fracture Management With K-Wires.

In this case report, a 29-year-old man underwent surgery to treat a fracture to the left distal end of his radius using closed reduction and K-wire fixation. The patient was advised to follow up in the outpatient department after six weeks for cast and K-wire removal. Still, the patient failed to do so and was doing alternate day dressing of the K-wires. After six months he slipped and fell from his cot while sleeping, sustaining an injury to the left wrist. Initially, he developed a swelling over the wrist, which suddenly increased in size and ruptured. Thick white caseous material was leaking out from the wounds. The patient underwent debridement and K-wire removal. An intraoperative sample was sent for a bacterial culture sensitivity test, histological analysis, and cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CB-NAAT/GeneXpert). Postoperatively, anti-tuberculous treatment was started. The patient fully recovered from tuberculosis and had a complete range of movements after treatment.

A Comprehensive Review of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Its Emerging Role in Accelerating Bone Healing.

This comprehensive review delves into the emerging role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in accelerating bone healing. PRP, a blood-derived product rich in platelets and growth factors, has garnered attention for its regenerative potential. The review begins by defining PRP and providing a historical background, highlighting its significance in expediting bone healing. PRP's composition and preparation methods, including centrifugation techniques and commercial kits, are explored. Mechanistically, PRP operates by releasing growth factors, chemotaxis, and angiogenesis, elucidating its cellular effects. Applications in fracture healing and orthopaedic surgeries, such as joint arthroplasty and spinal fusion, are discussed, emphasising the promising outcomes in clinical trials. Safety considerations, patient selection criteria, and the need for PRP preparation and application standardisation are underscored. The review outlines ongoing research trends, potential technological advancements, and unexplored areas in paediatric applications and inflammatory bone disorders. The implications for clinical practice involve informed decision-making, optimised protocols, and interdisciplinary collaboration. In conclusion, the future of PRP in bone healing holds exciting prospects, with the potential for precision medicine, integration with emerging therapies, expanded applications, and enhanced technological innovations shaping its trajectory in orthopaedics and regenerative medicine.

Reconstructive Surgical Intervention for Malunited Distal End Radius and Ulna Fracture: A Case Report Demonstrating Improved Patient Outcomes.

This case report explores the efficacy of reconstructive surgical intervention in addressing malunited fractures of the distal end of the radius and ulna. The study presents a detailed analysis of a specific case, highlighting the surgical techniques employed and their impact on patient outcomes. The report emphasizes the importance of precision in addressing malunited fractures and showcases how the intervention led to improved patient outcomes. By documenting this case, the study contributes valuable insights into the field of orthopedic surgery, providing a basis for further research and enhancing the understanding of optimal approaches to managing such complex fractures.

Deep Learning Applications in Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal gastrointestinal malignancies. Despite advances in cross-sectional imaging, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical techniques, the 5-year overall survival is only 12%. With the advent and rapid adoption of AI across all industries, we present a review of applications of DL in the care of patients diagnosed with PC. A review of different DL techniques with applications across diagnosis, management, and monitoring is presented across the different pathological subtypes of pancreatic cancer. This systematic review highlights AI as an emerging technology in the care of patients with pancreatic cancer.

Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of ZY-IL1 in Three Patients with Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes.

We present the first results of the proof-of-concept phase 2a study of oral NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor in subjects with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). Three adult subjects with a confirmed diagnosis of CAPS were enrolled and administered 50 mg of ZYIL1 twice daily for 7 days. A total of 5 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in 2 subjects. All 5 TEAEs were mild in severity and considered unrelated to the study drug. At steady state, the average plasma concentration and trough concentration ranged from 2.5 to 4.2 and 1.4 to 2.5 µg/mL, respectively. Inflammatory markers and disease activity (physician and patient global assessment score) decreased notably 12 hours post-last dose.

Plasma cells in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma secrete antibodies against self-antigens.

Intratumoral B cell responses are associated with more favorable clinical outcomes in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the antigens driving these B cell responses are largely unknown. We sought to discover these antigens by using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and immunoglobulin (Ig) sequencing of tumor-infiltrating immune cells from 7 primary PDAC samples. We identified activated T and B cell responses and evidence of germinal center reactions. Ig sequencing identified plasma cell (PC) clones expressing isotype-switched and hypermutated Igs, suggesting the occurrence of T cell-dependent B cell responses. We assessed the reactivity of 41 recombinant antibodies that represented the products of 235 PCs and 12 B cells toward multiple cell lines and PDAC tissues and observed frequent staining of intracellular self-antigens. Three of these antigens were identified: the filamentous actin (F-actin), the nucleic protein RuvB like AAA ATPase 2 (RUVBL2), and the mitochondrial protein heat shock protein family D (Hsp60) member 1 (HSPD1). Antibody titers against F-actin and HSPD1 were substantially elevated in the plasma of patients with PDAC compared with healthy donors. Thus, PCs in PDAC produce autoantibodies reacting with intracellular self-antigens, which may result from promotion of preexisting, autoreactive B cell responses. These observations indicate the chronic inflammatory microenvironment of PDAC can support the adaptive immune response.

Impact of Age and Sex on Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients With Aortic Regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for aortic regurgitation (AR) recommend the same linear left ventricular (LV) dimension for intervention regardless of age and sex. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of age and sex on the degree of LV remodeling and outcomes. METHODS: We included consecutive patients with severe AR who were serially monitored by echocardiogram between 2010 and 2016. The 2 main endpoints were as follows: 1) LV end-systolic volume indexed to body surface area (LVESVi) and LV end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area; and 2) adverse events (AE). We evaluated the longitudinal rate of LV remodeling and determined the association between LV volume and AE by age and sex. RESULTS: A total of 525 adult patients (26% women) with a median echocardiogram follow-up of 2.0 years (IQR: 1.0-3.6 years) were included. At baseline, older patients (age ≥60 years) had smaller LV volumes compared with younger patients (age <60 years), eg, the mean LVESVi was 27.3 mL/m2 vs 32.3 mL/m2, respectively. Similarly, women had smaller LV volumes compared with men (mean LVESVi was 23.3 mL/m2 vs 32.4 mL/m2). On serial evaluation, older patients and women maintained smaller LV volumes compared with younger patients and men, respectively. There were 210 (40%) AE during follow-up. The optimal discriminatory threshold for AE varies by age and sex, eg, the LVESVi threshold was highest for young men (50 mL/m2), intermediate for older men (35 mL/m2), and lowest for women (27 mL/m2). CONCLUSIONS: On serial evaluation, older patients and women with chronic AR maintained smaller LV volumes than younger patients and men, respectively, and develop AE at lower LV volumes.

Presacral malakoplakia presenting as foot drop: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Malakoplakia is a rare condition characterized by inflammatory masses with specific histological characteristics. These soft tissue masses can mimic tumors and tend to develop in association with chronic or recurrent infections, typically of the urinary tract. A specific defect in innate immunity has been described. In the absence of randomized controlled trials, management is based on an understanding of the biology and on case reports. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we describe a case of presacral malakoplakia in a British Indian woman in her late 30s, presenting with complex unilateral foot drop. Four years earlier, she had suffered a protracted episode of intrapelvic sepsis following a caesarean delivery. Resection of her presacral soft tissue mass was not possible. She received empiric antibiotics, a cholinergic agonist, and ascorbic acid. She responded well to medical management both when first treated and following a recurrence of symptoms after completing an initial 8 months of therapy. Whole exome sequencing of the patient and her parents was undertaken but no clear causal variant was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Malakoplakia is uncommon but the diagnosis should be considered where soft tissue masses develop at the site of chronic or recurrent infections. Obtaining tissue for histological examination is key to making the diagnosis. This case suggests that surgical resection is not always needed to achieve a good clinical and radiological outcome.

Long-term renal function in patients undergoing surgical reconstruction for tubercular cicatrized bladder.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the long-term renal function in patients after surgical reconstruction for tuberculous contracted bladder (TBC) and determined factors associated with decreased renal function (RF) during follow up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 61 patients who underwent augmentation cystoplasty (AC) or orthotopic neobladder (ONB) for TBC between June 1994 and August 2019 in our institute. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated preoperatively at initial presentation, before augmentation and at various intervals during follow up. Renal function decrease was defined as a defined as new-onset stage-3A Chronic kidney disease(CKD) or upstaging of pre-operative CKD stage 3A in follow-up. Multivariable analysis was done to evaluate the association of clinicopathological features and postoperative complications with decreased renal function. RESULTS: We analyzed 39 patients who had a minimum follow-up of 1-year post reconstruction. At a median follow-up of 52 months (IQR 31-103 months), 16/39 patients developed RF decrease. In univariate analyses, initial eGFR, and associated ureteric stricture in contralateral renal unit were significantly associated with new-onset renal insufficiency (p < 0.001 each). On multivariable analysis, only initial presenting eGFR (p < 0.001) was an independent predictor of new-onset renal insufficiency. ROC cut-off levels for eGFR at presentation predicting the primary end point of RF decrease was 45 ml/min. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased renal function is noted in most patients during long term follow-up after surgical reconstruction for TBC. After controlling for preoperative and postoperative risk factors, patients with initial presenting GFR < 45 ml/min are at greater risk of a decline in renal function following reconstruction.

Hematuria in an Adolescent Boy With Long-Standing Prostatic Utricle Cyst-An Ominous Sign.

The prostatic utricle cyst is usually an asymptomatic enlargement of the persistent remnant of Mullerian duct in males, especially seen associated with hypospadias and usually needs no active intervention. However occasionally they can become symptomatic and can present with complaints of impotence, ejaculatory pain, difficult voiding, urinary retention and abdominal pain. Hematuria is a rare symptom in such patients and is usually due to infection. However rarely it can be a harbinger of a more sinister complication like a malignancy. Herein, we present an adolescent boy with hematuria due to malignant degeneration in a long-standing prostatic utricle cyst.

Outcomes of open transverse abdominis release for ventral hernias: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of factors affecting them.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objectives were to evaluate Surgical Site Occurrences (SSO) and Surgical Site Occurrences requiring procedural Intervention (SSOPI) after open transversus abdominis release and to study various factors affecting it. Secondary objectives were to evaluate Surgical Site Infections (SSI), recurrence rates and overall complications after transversus abdominis release (TAR) and the factors responsible for those. METHODS: We searched PUBMED, SCOPUS and Cochrane databases with keywords "transversus abdominis release" or "TAR" OR "Surgical Site Occurrences" OR "posterior component separation AND "outcomes" as per PRISMA 2020 and MOOSE guidelines. Full texts and English literature studies were included, studies mentioning outcomes for open transversus abdominis release for ventral hernia were included and studies with robotic transversus abdominis release were excluded. Percentage occurrences of SSO, SSOPI, SSI, recurrence and overall complications after TAR were evaluated. Random effect meta-analysis with restricted maximum likelihood methods was used for meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was analysed using I2 statistics. Publication bias with eager's test and funnel plots. Meta0regression analysis was done to evaluate factors affecting the heterogeneity. JASP 0.16.2 software was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies including 5284 patients who underwent TAR for ventral hernia were included in systematic review and meta-analysis. Overall pooled SSO, SSOPI, Overall Complications, SSI and recurrence rates were 21.72% [95% C.I 17.18-26.27%], 9.82% [95% C.I 7.64 -12%], 33.34% [95% C.I. 27.43-39.26%], 9.13% [95% C.I. 6.41-11.84] and 1.6% [0.78-2.44], respectively. Heterogeneity was significant in all the analysis. Age (p < 0.001), sex (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001),presence of comorbidities (p < 0.001), prior recurrence, defect size (p < 0.001) and current or past history of tobacco exposure were associated with SSO in multivariate meta-regression analysis. Defect size (p = 0.04) was associated with SSOPI. Age (p = 0.011), BMI (p = 0.013), comorbidities (p < 0.01), tobacco exposure (p = 0.018), prior recurrence (p < 0.01) and sex (p < 0.01) were associated with overall complications. CONCLUSION: Open transversus abdominis release is associated with high rates of SSO, SSOPI, SSI and overall complications but recurrence rates are low. Various preoperative factors mentioned may be responsible for heterogeneity across studies.

Comparison of Vazirani-Akinosi and Kurt-Thoma technique for mandibular anesthesia: An observational clinical study.

Introduction: Different techniques have been developed over the years for achieving mandibular nerve anesthesia. Many methods have been proposed back and forth in order to perform effective anaesthesia. Aims and Objective: The main aim of our study was to carry out comparison of clinical efficacy of mandibular nerve anaesthesia by Kurt Thoma technique with that of Vazirani-Akinosi nerve block technique. Materials and Methods: 10 adult patients requiring bilateral mandibular teeth extraction were selected randomly to receive Kurt Thoma technique and Vazirani-Akinosi technique for nerve block randomly. Results: There is no statistically difference between two techniques in terms of need of additional injection, pain, complications, onset of action. Conclusions: By this study we conclude that both the techniques are equally effective and all the oral and maxillofacial surgeons should learn these techniques so that they can use in various patients where conventional mandibular nerve block techniques are not feasible.

Pancreatic Cancer Patient-derived Organoids Can Predict Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if patient-derived organoids (PDOs) may predict response to neoadjuvant (NAT) chemotherapy in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. BACKGROUND: PDOs have been explored as a biomarker of therapy response and for personalized therapeutics in patients with pancreatic cancer. METHODS: During 2017-2021, patients were enrolled into an IRB-approved protocol and PDO cultures were established. PDOs of interest were analyzed through a translational pipeline incorporating molecular profiling and drug sensitivity testing. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-six samples, including both surgical resections and fine needle aspiration/biopsy from 117 patients with pancreatic cancer were collected. This biobank included diversity in stage, sex, age, and race, with minority populations representing 1/3 of collected cases (16% Black, 9% Asian, 7% Hispanic/Latino). Among surgical specimens, PDO generation was successful in 71% (15 of 21) of patients who had received NAT prior to sample collection and in 76% (39 of 51) of patients who were untreated with chemotherapy or radiation at the time of collection. Pathological response to NAT correlated with PDO chemotherapy response, particularly oxaliplatin. We demonstrated the feasibility of a rapid PDO drug screen and generated data within 7 days of tissue resection. CONCLUSION: Herein we report a large single-institution organoid biobank, including ethnic minority samples. The ability to establish PDOs from chemotherapy-naive and post-NAT tissue enables longitudinal PDO generation to assess dynamic chemotherapy sensitivity profiling. PDOs can be rapidly screened and further development of rapid screening may aid in the initial stratification of patients to the most active NAT regimen.

An interesting presentation of invasive bladder carcinoma as pseudo renal failure / Uma apresentação interessante do carcinoma invasivo de bexiga como pseudo insuficiência renal

Abstract Ascites and oliguria with an increasing serum creatinine level are often observed in patients with acute renal failure. However, these symptoms are also noted in individuals with intraperitoneal urinary leakage and can be mistaken for acute renal failure. This rise in creatinine in such patients is called pseudo renal failure and it happens by a process of reverse peritoneal dialysis. In literature, the most commonly described condition that leads to this clinical picture is following a spontaneous or missed bladder perforation. We, herein, report a case of carcinoma of the bladder that presented with features resembling acute renal failure, which later turned out to be pseudo renal failure due to intraperitoneal urinary extravasation from a forniceal rupture. The patient was managed with emergency with a percutaneous drain followed by a percutaneous nephrostomy, which led to normalization of creatinine. Cystoscopy revealed the bladder growth in an intact small capacity bladder and biopsy confirmed it as a muscle invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Due to advanced nature of his malignancy, he underwent a palliative ileal conduit diversion but he later developed chest metastasis and ultimately succumbed to the disease. Intraperitoneal urinary leakage due to forniceal rupture presenting as pseudo renal failure is a rare presentation of carcinoma bladder. Sudden onset abdominal discomfort, increasing ascites, hematuria, and oliguria with elevated renal parameters needs consideration and exclusion of this entity. The diagnostic dilemma associated with this rare presentation along with the management and prognosis in such patients of carcinoma bladder are discussed.

Resumo Ascite e oligúria com um nível crescente de creatinina sérica são frequentemente observadas em pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda. Entretanto, esses sintomas também são notados em indivíduos com extravasamento urinário intraperitoneal e podem ser diagnosticados como lesão renal aguda erroneamente. Este aumento de creatinina em tais pacientes é chamado de pseudo insuficiência renal e ocorre por um processo de diálise peritoneal reversa. Na literatura, a condição mais comumente descrita que leva a este quadro clínico se dá após uma perfuração vesical espontânea ou perdida. Relatamos aqui um caso de carcinoma de bexiga que apresentou características semelhantes à insuficiência renal aguda, e mais tarde se revelou uma pseudo insuficiência renal devido a extravasamento urinário intraperitoneal de uma ruptura de fórnice renal. O paciente foi tratado com emergência com um dreno percutâneo seguido por uma nefrostomia percutânea, que levou à normalização da creatinina. A cistoscopia revelou o crescimento da bexiga em uma bexiga intacta, de pequena capacidade e que a biópsia confirmou como um carcinoma escamoso invasivo muscular. Devido à natureza avançada de sua malignidade, ele foi submetido a um desvio de conduto ileal paliativo, mas posteriormente desenvolveu metástase torácica e acabou sucumbindo à doença. O vazamento urinário intraperitoneal devido à ruptura do fórnice renal que se apresenta como pseudo insuficiência renal é uma apresentação rara do carcinoma vesical. Desconforto abdominal de início súbito, ascite crescente, hematúria e oligúria com elevados parâmetros renais precisam de consideração e exclusão desta entidade. O dilema diagnóstico associado a esta rara apresentação, juntamente com o controle e prognóstico em tais pacientes de carcinoma vesicular, são discutidos.

Primary Acquired Cicatrizing Gastric Outlet Obstruction in Children.

Background: Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a very rare condition in children, when infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is excluded as a cause. Five cases of pediatric GOO were successfully managed at our institute. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated children with idiopathic GOO from 2009 to 2016. Medical records were reviewed for demographic data including age, sex, presenting symptoms, diagnostic investigations, treatment methods, complications, and long-term follow-up. Results: During 7 year period (2009-2016), 5 cases of GOO admitted to our hospital with a history of persistent vomiting. The vomiting used to occur 12-18 h after meal and vomitus contained foul-smelling undigested meal. There was no history of any caustic ingestion. Their age ranged from 2 to 10 years, with a median age of 6 years. Out of 5 cases, 2 were females and the rest were males. The diagnosis of idiopathic GOO was confirmed by history, clinical examination, contrast study, endoscopy, and endoscopic mucosal biopsy. The remarkable finding was the cicatrization causing stricture of the pyloric region in all cases. Out of 5 cases; we have done Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty in 1 case, V-Y advancement antropyloroplasty in 2 cases and Kimura's Diamond-shaped Gastroduodenostomy in 2 cases. The length of the strictured segment determined the type of surgical procedure. All cases did well postoperatively with no mortality. Conclusions: Length of the stricture determines the procedure to be done. In long and narrow stricture V-Y advancement antropyloroplasty and in small stricture Kimura's diamond-shaped Gastroduodenostomy are better procedures to be done. Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty should be avoided as it is difficult to suture transversely after vertical incision because of the presence of fibrosis in the strictured segment.

Adult-onset nephrotic syndrome following coronavirus disease vaccination.

A 22-year-old healthy man was admitted for oedema 15 days after the first injection of the COVISHIELD coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine (Oxford AstraZeneca) vaccine. Nephrotic syndrome was diagnosed and a kidney biopsy showed minimal change disease. Oral prednisolone was started at 1 mg/kg/day resulting in complete remission within 1 week.