Potency dependent activity of homeopathic nanomedicine- classical and quantum electrodynamical approach

The effect of homeopathic medicine on biological and physical system is directly related to its potency [1]. However, from physico-chemical point of view it is difficult to explain this effect at such high dilution, as then the existence of even trace amount of particle is questionable. It has been reported that during the process of potentization, a large amount of mechanical energy gets transferred to the medium due to succussion [2]. This energy in all probability reduces the size of the drug aggregates. The drug then penetrates easily through the membrane barrier, and thereby gives rise to enhanced activity of the medicine. It has been experimentally proved by us and supported by others that indeed a reduction of size of the aggregates takes place with increase in potency [3]. Using five different homeopathic medicines, their sizes at three different potencies have been estimated and a general mathematical expression relating the size of the particle (Y) and the corresponding potency (X) has been derived as follows Y = a X -n. (AU)

Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI).

To evaluate the biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome in case of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients this case control study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College in collaboration with Department of Cardiology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2012 to June 2013. To assess of serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, to estimate of serum glucose and to establish the association of age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, waist hip ratio and blood pressure of myocardial infarction patients. A total of 120 subjects were included in the study. Among them 60 were subjects of AMI cases and another 60 subjects of non AMI patients as controls. Serum total cholesterol, serum triacylglycerol, serum LDL-Cholesterol & serum HDL-Cholesterol were estimated in each sample. All values were expressed as Mean±SD. Statistical significance of difference between case and control were evaluated by using student's unpaired 't' test. All statistical analysis was done by using SPSS windows package. Past history of diabetes Mellitus and hypertension were more common in cases compared to those in control (p<0.001) which was statistically highly significant. There was no significant difference in the history of smoking between case and control. Statistical mean values of serum triacylglycerol, serum FBS, serum total cholesterol were highly significant in AMI patients in comparison to control (p<0.001). Statistical mean value of HDL-C was significantly decreased in AMI patients in contrast to control (p<0.001). In this study systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly increased in AMI patients in comparison to control (p<0.05). Waist circumference was highly significant in AMI patients in comparison to control (p<0.001). Analyzing the findings of the present study there were significant alteration in lipid profile, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar & WC. These findings reaffirm the clinical importance of the metabolic syndrome as a significant risk factor for AMI. So it may be recommended that estimation of these parameters may help pivotal for better management of AMI.

Sexual and urinary outcome after surgical treatment for low rectal cancer.

Carcinoma involving the lower part of the rectum is now successfully managed by sphincter saving surgery with less morbidity and uneventful recovery. This study was designed to observe the sexual and urinary dysfunction in both sexes of the patients suffering from cancer of the lower third of the rectum managed by surgical intervention with preservation of sphincter. A comparative study was carried out on 54 patients with low rectal cancer who underwent ultra-low anterior resection in the department of surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from January, 2009 to December, 2010. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the tumor distance from anal verge. Thirty one (57%) patients were in Group A (Experimental) where tumor distance was 5cm from anal verge and upper 1cm of anal sphincter was sacrificed during surgical intervention. Twenty three (43%) patients were in Group B (Control) where tumor distance was 6cm from anal verge and whole length (4cm) of anal sphincter was preserved during surgical intervention. The mean±SD age of the patients was 45.96±14.41 years. During surgery, ultra low anterior resection was performed to remove the tumor in all patients and for anastomosis double stapling technique was performed in 52(96%) patients and hand sewn technique was performed in 2(4%) patients irrespective of tumor distance from anal verge. Covering ileostomy was fashioned in all but one patient. During post-operative follow up Sexual activity in both groups of male patients (Potency, P=0.17; ejaculation; satisfaction and loss of libido, P=0.15) and in female patients (Satisfaction and loss of libido, P=0.15) was not significantly hampered following surgery. Urinary function was assessed by incontinence, increased frequency (P=0.54) and retention (n=0) which were not impaired significantly following surgery. Sexual and urinary function was not significantly impaired in both sexes after low rectal cancer surgery. Sphincter saving surgery can be performed in a very low rectal cancer with preservation of anal sphincter.

Evaluation of transurethral ethanol ablation of prostate for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Evaluating short-term (03 months) efficacy and safety of transurethral intraprostatic injection of absolute ethanol to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This intervention study was conducted to evaluate 30 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia treated by transurethral injection of dehydrated ethanol. Mean age was 69.96 years. Endoscopic injection of 6-13.5 ml ethanol was carried out at 4-8 sites in the prostate. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), maximum flow rate, prostate volume, postvoid residual and side effects or complications were measured postoperatively. Mean IPSS (SD) improved significantly from 18.43 ± 2.38 preoperatively to 6.80 ± 1.34 at 03 months of follow-up, mean peak urinary flow rate increased from 7.33 ± 1.19 ml/s to 16.31 ± 1.69 ml/s after 3 months, mean residual urine volume had decreased from 54.16 ± 30.93 ml to 17.01 ± 9.59 ml after 3 months (p<0.05). The prostate volume decreased from 44.66 ± 9.52 gm preoperatively to 32.46 ± 7.78 gm after 3 months (statistically significant at 5% level). There were no intra-operative complications but post-operative haematuria occurred in two patients, urinary retention occurred in two patients after removal of the catheter. Urinary tract infection developed in one patient. Transurethral ethanol ablation of prostate appears to be safe and cost effective. No occurrence of retrograde ejaculation was detected. The short-term effects of ethanol injection at prostate were satisfactory and acceptable as a minimally invasive therapeutic modality in selected patients.

Comparative study of total prostate specific antigen and free to total prostate specific antigen ratio in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

This descriptive study was done to compare total Prostate Specific Antigen (tPSA) and the Free to Total Prostate Specific Antigen [(F/T) PSA] ratio measurements for prostate cancer detection. This study included a total of 43 patients with suspected prostate cancer observed over a period of 12 months. Out of 43 consecutive male patients (mean age 69±9.39 years, range 48-100 years), 32 had benign disease (74%) and 11 had prostate carcinoma patients (26%), who had histologically proven prostate cancer. The mean total PSA was 67.9 ng/ml and 12.4 ng/ml in patients with carcinoma prostate and nodular hyperplasia of prostate (NHP) respectively (p<0.05). The mean free PSA in carcinoma patients was 7.4±9.8 ng/ml and in NHP patients it was 2.3±4.1 ng/ml. The difference in mean free PSA concentration was significant (p<0.05). The free to total PSA ratio in two groups was significantly different (p<0.01) from each other. In carcinoma patients, mean F/T PSA ratio was 0.144±0.152 as compared 0.328±0.076 in patients with benign disease. The sensitivity and specificity of the test was calculated at different F/T PSA ratio cutoff. At 0.1 cut off value, sensitivity of the test was 64% and specificity was 84%. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 58% and negative predictive value (NPV) was 87%. From cutoff value of 0.12 to 0.16, sensitivity was increased from 64% to 91% but specificity was reduced from 84% to 59%. The PPV did not show much change and NPV was increased from 89% to 95%. Increasing the cut off value thereafter showed no change in sensitivity but specificity was further reduced to 41%. Therefore in this patient, F/T PSA ratio cut off of 0.15 was found to be the appropriate cutoff value. In 43 men who were biopsied, 11(26%) prostatic carcinoma were identified. Only one patient (9.1%) had F/T PSA ratio above 0.15 and diagnosed by biopsied. Out of 32 patients who were negative for malignancy, 13 patients had F/T PSA ratio more than 0.15 and 19 patients had F/T PSA ratio less than 0.15. The validity of tPSA and F/T PSA ratio in the diagnosis of prostate cancer was identified by calculating their sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV. In case of F/T PSA ratio the sensitivity was 91% and in conventional tPSA the sensitivity was 82%. Specificity was low in both the cases. But in tPSA the specificity was only 13% compare to 59% in F/T PSA. Positive predictive value (PPV) for tPSA was 25% and in F/T PSA it was 44%. Negative predictive value (NPV) for t PSA was 67% and for F/T PSA was 95% which was very high. The effectiveness of F/T PSA ratio at 0.15 cut off value with corresponding tPSA>10ng/ml shows sensitivity 83% in prostate cancer and 50% in NHP patient.