RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Penile cancer is one of the most aggressive male tumors. Although it is preventable, the main etiologic causes are lifestyle behaviors and viral infection, such as human papillomavirus (HPV). Long-term epigenetic changes due to environmental factors change cell fate and promote carcinogenesis, being an important marker of prognosis. We evaluated epidemiological aspects of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the prevalence of HPV infection using high-risk HPV (hrHPV) and p16INK4A expression of 224 participants. Global DNA methylation was evaluated through 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). RESULTS: The incidence of HPV was 53.2% for hrHPV and 22.32% for p16INK4a. hrHPV was not related to systemic or lymph node metastasis and locoregional recurrence, nor influenced the survival rate. P16INK4a seems to be a protective factor for death, which does not affect metastasis or tumor recurrence. Lymph node and systemic metastases and locoregional recurrence increase the risk of death. An increased 5mC mark was observed in penile SCC regardless of HPV infection. However, there is a reduction of the 5hmC mark for p16INK4a + (P = 0.024). Increased 5mC/5hmC ratio (> 1) was observed in 94.2% of penile SCC, irrespective of HPV infection. Despite the increase in 5mC, it seems not to affect the survival rate (HR = 1.06; 95% CI 0.33-3.38). CONCLUSIONS: P16INK4a seems to be a good prognosis marker for penile SCC and the increase in 5mC, an epigenetic mark of genomic stability, may support tumor progression leading to poor prognosis.
Assuntos
Alphapapillomavirus , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Neoplasias Penianas , Masculino , Humanos , Neoplasias Penianas/genética , Neoplasias Penianas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Penianas/patologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Prognóstico , 5-Metilcitosina , Metilação de DNA , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Papillomaviridae/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Alphapapillomavirus/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , DNA ViralRESUMO
Objetivo: realizar um levantamento sistemático da literatura no que tange ao uso de peptídeos antimicrobianos contra periodontopatógenos e indicar quais os peptídeos e micro-organismos mais estudados, com o objetivo final de traçar um perfil das publicações na área. Material e métodos: a busca por artigos ocorreu na base de dados Pubmed, com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: publicação nos últimos dez anos; palavras-chave "Antimicrobial Peptide" and "Periodontal" and "Bacteria", publicados em inglês e disponíveis gratuitamente na íntegra para leitura. Um total de dez artigos foram selecionados após o refinamento dos dados. Resultados: apesar do pequeno número de estudos encontrados, evidencia-se o potencial uso de peptídeos antimicrobianos no controle das principais bactérias periodontopatogênicas. Além disso, os peptídeos produzidos por células da mucosa oral (Defensinas, LL-37 e Histatinas), bem como os micro-organismos Porphyromonas gingivalis e Fusobacterium nucleatum, foram os mais estudados. Conclusão: é possível concluir que o uso de peptídeos antimicrobianos como potencial ferramenta no controle microbiano tem uma importância crescente, provavelmente devido à sua ampla aplicabilidade, mecanismos de ação e baixos índices de resistência. Contudo, estudos relacionados à sua toxicidade sobre células humanas, modo de aplicação e ensaios clínicos precisam ser realizados.
Objectives: to perform a systematic review of the literature regarding the use of antimicrobial peptides against periodontopathogens and indicate the most studied peptides and microorganisms, with the final objective of outlining a profile of publications in the area. Material and methods: the search for articles occurred in Pubmed database with the following inclusion criteria: publication in the last 10 years; Keywords "Antimicrobial Peptide" and "Periodontal" and "Bacteria", published in English and freely available for reading. Results: a total of 10 articles were selected after refi ning the data. Despite the small number of studies found, it is evident the potential use of antimicrobial peptides in the control of the main periodontopathogenic bacteria. In addition, the peptides produced by oral mucosa cells (Defensins, LL-37 and Histatins) as well as the microorganisms Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum were the most studied. Conclusion: it is possible to conclude that the use of antimicrobial peptides as a tool in microbial control is of increasing importance, probably due to their wide applicability, mechanisms of action and low resistance indices. However, studies related to its toxicity on human cells, mode of application and clinical trials still need to be performed.