[Ten years of the prefrontal symptoms inventory (PSI). A systematic review]. / Diez años del inventario de síntomas prefrontales (ISP). Una revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Ten years ago, Revista de Neurologia published the validation of a new free tool: the Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory (PSI), from which an abbreviated version (PSI-20) was subsequently extracted. Over this decade, authors have demonstrated its excellent psychometric properties and clinical usefulness. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement, aims to analyse the body of research that has used the PSI or PSI-20 in order to assess its relevance in other research teams, other clinical populations and even other cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was conducted to find articles written in Spanish, English, French and Portuguese that have used the inventory to carry out empirical research. Finally, 56 articles were selected. RESULTS: The results show that the PSI and the PSI-20 have been widely used in Spain as well as in other Spanish-speaking countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador or Venezuela) and employed to a moderate extent in non-Spanish-speaking countries (Belgium, Brazil, Sweden or Switzerland). The clinical populations in which they have been used range from acquired brain injury and degenerative dementias to chronic pain, fibromyalgia, addictive behaviours or personality disorders. Given their versatility, they have also been used with the general population, including prison inmates, women in rural areas, university students or to study cognitive reserve. CONCLUSIONS: The PSI and PSI-20 are useful instruments for research and clinical use, and the next challenge is to validate an English version, which is currently being worked on.

TITLE: Diez años del inventario de síntomas prefrontales (ISP). Una revisión sistemática.Introducción. Hace 10 años, Revista de Neurología publicaba la validación de una nueva herramienta gratuita: el inventario de síntomas prefrontales (ISP), de la que posteriormente se extrajo su versión abreviada (ISP-20). Durante esta década, los autores han acreditado sus excelentes propiedades psicométricas y su utilidad clínica. La presente revisión sistemática, sometida a la declaración PRISMA, tiene el objetivo de analizar el corpus de investigación que ha utilizado el ISP o el ISP-20, para valorar su trascendencia en otros equipos de investigación, en otras poblaciones clínicas e incluso en otras culturas. Materiales y métodos. Se buscaron artículos que hayan utilizado el inventario para realizar trabajos empíricos, en español, inglés, francés y portugués. Finalmente, se seleccionaron 56 trabajos. Resultados. Los resultados muestran que el ISP y el ISP-20 han tenido un uso elevado en España, así como en otros países de habla hispana (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador o Venezuela), y un uso moderado en países de habla no hispana (Bélgica, Brasil, Suecia o Suiza). Las poblaciones clínicas en las que se han utilizado abarcan desde el daño cerebral adquirido y las demencias degenerativas hasta el dolor crónico, la fibromialgia, las conductas adictivas o los trastornos de la personalidad. Dada su versatilidad, también se han usado con población general, incluyendo población reclusa, mujeres en entorno rural, estudiantes universitarios o para el estudio de la reserva cognitiva. Conclusiones. El ISP y el ISP-20 son instrumentos útiles para la investigación y la clínica, cuyo siguiente desafío es la validación de una versión en inglés, en la que se está trabajando.

Prefrontal symptomatology in People with Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis: Clinical Utility and Psychometric Properties of Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory (PSI)

The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a multisystemic disorder. It is considered a neuromuscular disease but also involves cognitive (executive functions, social cognition, attention, memory and language), emotional or behavior changes in over 50% of the reported cases and to of frontotemporal diagnosis lobar degeneration of behavioral variant in up to 15% of the cases. For this reason, the presence of cognitive and motivational problems was analysed in a Spanish sample of ALS patients through the prefrontal symptoms inventory (PSI) to determine applicability in this disease STI. A sample of 31 patients with a potential ALS or definitive diagnostic criteria according to El Escorial was used. Obtained results ISP were compared with a sample of 31 healthy people in the same proportions of gender, age and education level. Obtained results showed a not significant difference between the two populations in the motivational factor problems, related to the depression symptomatology frequently associated with ALS. A significant positive correlation between age at diagnosis and the scale of the motivational problems was observed, with a not significant trend related to problems in the executive control and in social the behavior control and with the age at diagnosis, in the same sense with age at diagnosis. Therefore, it can be concluded that, despite the results obtained, emotional and behavioral deficits in ALS patients and symptoms related to frontotemporal dementia (among others, anosognosia or lack of consciousness symptoms) could have interfered in patient perception about their symptomatology

[Neurocognitive screening in substance addicts: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment]. / Cribado neurocognitivo en adictos a sustancias: la evaluacion cognitiva de Montreal.

INTRODUCTION: The detection of neurocognitive disorders in addicts would allow subjects with functional impairment to be assigned to cognitive rehabilitation programmes. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a screening test that can be a valuable aid with this kind of patient. AIMS: To use the MoCA with a sample of subjects with addictions who are receiving treatment and to compare the results with the criteria proposed for the general population, mild cognitive impairment and early dementias. It also intends to examine the concurrent validity with global execution tests and the relationship with socio-demographic variables and others related to addiction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The MoCA and the Allen Cognitive Level Screen-5 (ACLS-5) test were administered to a sample of 79 patients with addiction who were beginning treatment in a specific centre. RESULTS: Only 29.1% of the participants presented normal performance in terms of the criteria proposed by the authors. The others achieved scores below the cut-off point, many of them displaying an alarmingly low score, even when compared with criteria for mild cognitive impairment and early dementias. The MoCA showed concurrent validity with the ACLS-5 and correlation with academic level, but not with variables related to addiction. CONCLUSIONS: The MoCA is a test that is quick and simple to administer and correct. It allows the detection of subjects with extremely low cognitive performance that require neuropsychological and occupational interventions for cognitive rehabilitation, which increases treatment compliance and the benefits to be gained from other interventions with important cognitive demands, such as relapse prevention psychotherapy.