Association between modifiable lifestyle pattern and periodontitis: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis can be avoided with a healthy lifestyle. However, studies have only looked at one lifestyle, ignoring the connection between lifestyle patterns and periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to look at the association between modifiable lifestyle patterns and periodontitis. METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. Smoke, drink, exercise, sleep duration, oral exams, and self-rated oral health were all lifestyle factors. The CDC/AAP classification/case definition was used to evaluate periodontitis. Drawing upon latent class analysis, distinct patterns of lifestyle were identified, with each participant exclusively affiliated with a single pattern. The association between lifestyle classes and periodontitis was then examined using ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: 4686 (52%) of the total 9034 participants, with a mean age of 54.08, were women. Three lifestyle latent classes were found by fitting 2-10 models: "Class 1" (52%), " Class 2" (13%), and " Class 3" (35%). The "Class 1" displayed a prevalence of oral examination (75%), favorable self-rated oral health (92%), and engagement in physical activity (50%). The 'Class 2' exhibited the lowest alcohol consumption (64%) and smoking rates (73%) but the highest prevalence of physical inactivity (98%). The 'Class 3' showed a tendency for smoking (72%), alcohol consumption (78%), shorter sleep duration (50%), absence of oral examinations (75%), and suboptimal self-rated oral health (68%). The influencing variables for the latent classes of lifestyle were age, education, and poverty level. Periodontitis risk may rise by 24% for each additional unhealthy lifestyle practiced by participants (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.18-1.31). The 'Class 3' (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.52-2.13) had a greater risk of periodontitis compared to the 'Class 1'. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis revealed that unhealthy lifestyle patterns are associated with periodontitis. These different lifestyle patterns need to be taken into account when developing public health interventions and clinical care.

Polyphasic Characterization and Genomic Insights into an Aerobic Denitrifying Bacterium, Shewanella zhuhaiensis sp. nov., Isolated from a Tidal Flat Sediment.

A new, facultatively anaerobic, light-yellow, and rod-shaped bacterium designated as 3B26T isolated from Qi'ao Island's tidal flat sediment was identified. Strain 3B26T can hydrolyze gelatin, aesculin, and skim milk. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0, referred to as summed feature 3, and C16:0; the polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phospholipid; and the quinones contained Q-7, Q-8, MK-7, and MMK7. The genomic size of strain 3B26T was 4,682,650 bp, and its genomic DNA G + C content was 54.8%. While a 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis confirmed that strain 3B26T belongs to the genus Shewanella, both phylogenomic inference and genomic comparison revealed that strain 3B26T is distinguishable from its relatives, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of 24.4-62.6% and average nucleotide identities (ANIs) of 83.5-95.6% between them were below the 70% dDDH and 96% ANI thresholds for bacterial species delineation. Genomic functional analysis demonstrated that strain 3B26T possesses complete gene clusters of eicosapentaenoic acid biosynthesis and denitrification. Based on the evidence above, strain 3B26T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Shewanella, and the name Shewanella zhuhaiensis sp. nov. (type strain 3B26T = GDMCC 1.2057T = KCTC 82339T) is proposed.

Gimibacter soli gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from mangrove soil and insight into its ecological distribution and metabolic potential.

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as 6D33T, was isolated from mangrove soil. Growth was found to occur at 15-32 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum, pH 7) and in 0-3 % NaCl (optimum, 1 %, w/v). The results of 16S rRNA gene-based analysis showed that strain 6D33T belonged to the family Temperatibacteraceae, sharing 93.1-94.4 % identity with its close neighbours within the genus Kordiimonas. The phylogenomic results indicated that strain 6D33T formed an independent branch distinct from type strains of the genus Kordiimonas. The overall genome relatedness indices of digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and amino acid identity values showed that strain 6D33T represents a novel species of a novel genus. The results of chemotaxonomic characterization indicated that the major cellular fatty acids of strain 6D33T were summed feature 9 (C16 : 0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17 : 1 ω9c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) and iso-C15 : 0; the polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid and three unidentified lipids; the only respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The genomic size and DNA G+C contents were 3.59 Mbp and 60.84 mol%, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence reads abundance profiles revealed that the rare taxon is prevalent in marine environments, especially in sediments. Genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of strain 6D33T revealed a heterotrophic lifestyle and many pathways responsible for the degradation of aromatic compounds, suggesting application potential in aromatic hydrocarbon removal. Based on its genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strain 6D33T is concluded to represent a novel species of the novel genus in the family Temperatibacteraceae, for which the name Gimibacter soli gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is 6D33T (=GDMCC 1.1959T=KCTC 82335T).

Tsuneonella litorea sp. nov., a novel carotenoid-producing bacterium isolated from coastal sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and pleomorphic bacterium designated as YG55T was isolated from a coastal sediment sample. Growth was found to occur at 10-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum, pH 8) and in 0-6 % NaCl (optimum, 1 %). The results of 16S rRNA gene-based analysis showed that strain YG55T was related to the members of the genus Tsuneonella and shared the highest identity of 99.4 % with Tsuneonella dongtanensis GDMCC 1.2307T, followed by Tsuneonella troitsensis JCM 17037T (98.4 %). The phylogenomic results indicated that strain YG55T formed an independent branch distinct from the reference type strains. The 22.7 and 21.8 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values and 83.0 and 81.8 % average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain YG55T and the two relatives were below the species definition thresholds of 70 % (dDDH) and 95-96 % (ANI), indicating that the strain represents a novel genospecies. The results of chemotaxonomic characterization indicated that the major cellular fatty acids of strain YG55T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c), C14 : 0 2OH and C16 : 0; the main polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and sphingoglycolipid; the respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The genomic size and DNA G+C contents were 3.03 Mbp and 66.98 %. The strain contained carotenoid biosynthesis genes and could produce carotenoids. Based on its genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strain YG55T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Tsuneonella, for which the name Tsuneonella litorea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YG55T (=GDMCC 1.2590 T=KCTC 82812T).

Ideonella alba sp. nov. and Ideonella aquatica sp. nov. isolated from an aquaculture farm.

The three novel bacterial strains designated as 3Y2T, 4Y16 and 4Y11T were isolated from an aquaculture farm and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. These strains were determined to be catalase- and oxidase-positive and to hydrolyze gelatin and aesculin. The results of 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that the three strains were related to members of the genus Ideonella. The phylogenomic results further indicated that the three strains formed two independent branches distinct from reference type strains within this genus. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), average nucleotide identity (ANI) and average amino acid identity (AAI) values between the three strains and their relatives were far below the thresholds of 70 % dDDH, 95-96 % ANI and 95 % AAI for species definition, respectively, indicating that the three strains represent two novel genospecies. The results of chemotaxonomic characterization indicated that the major cellular fatty acids of the three strains were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) and C16 : 0; the common main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol; the respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The genomic DNA G+C contents of the three strains were 70.2, 70.1 and 69.7%, respectively. On the basis of the different genotypes and distinctive phenotypes such as the phosphatidylcholine and glycolipid only in 3Y2T and the utilization of malic acid and trisodium citrate only in 4Y11T, strains 3Y2T and 4Y11T are concluded to represent two novel species of the genus Ideonella, for which the names Ideonella alba sp. nov. (type strain 3Y2T = GDMCC 1.2584T = KCTC 82813T) and Ideonella aquatica sp. nov. (type strain 4Y11T = GDMCC 1.1935T = JCM 34285T) are proposed.

Ruegeria alba sp. nov., Isolated from a Tidal Flat Sediment.

A novel Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, and white-colored bacterium designated as 1NDH52CT was isolated from a tidal flat sediment and its taxonomic position was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The microorganism was found to grow at 10-37 °C, pH 6.0-9.0, and in the presence of 0-2% (w/v) NaCl, and to hydrolyze gelatin and aesculin. The major cellular fatty acid of strain 1NDH52CT was summed feature 8 (C19:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c); the polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an aminolipid, and a lipid; the respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis showed that strain 1NDH52CT was closely related to members of the genus Ruegeria with the identity of 98.2% to the type strain Ruegeria pomeroyi DSM 15711T. The genome DNA G + C content of strain 1NDH52CT was 63.6%. The phylogenomic analysis indicated that strain 1NDH52CT formed an independent branch distinct from reference type strains of species within this genus. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain 1NDH52CT and reference strains were, respectively, 19.1-41.5% and 78.3-91.3%, which are far below the thresholds of 70% and 95-96% for species definition, respectively, indicating that strain 1NDH52CT represents a novel genospecies of the genus Ruegeria. Based on phenotypic and genotypic data, strain 1NDH52CT is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Ruegeria, for which the name Ruegeria alba sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of the species is 1NDH52CT (= GDMCC 1.2382T = KCTC 82664T).

Comparative Genomics Reveals Genetic Diversity and Metabolic Potentials of the Genus Qipengyuania and Suggests Fifteen Novel Species.

Members of the genus Qipengyuania are heterotrophic bacteria frequently isolated from marine environments with great application potential in areas such as carotenoid production. However, the genomic diversity, metabolic function, and adaption of this genus remain largely unclear. Here, 16 isolates related to the genus Qipengyuania were recovered from coastal samples and their genomes were sequenced. The phylogenetic inference of these isolates and reference type strains of this genus indicated that the 16S rRNA gene was insufficient to distinguish them at the species level; instead, the phylogenomic reconstruction could provide the reliable phylogenetic relationships and confirm 15 new well-supported branches, representing 15 putative novel genospecies corroborated by the digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity analyses. Comparative genomics revealed that the genus Qipengyuania had an open pangenome and possessed multiple conserved genes and pathways related to metabolic functions and environmental adaptation, despite the presence of divergent genomic features and specific metabolic potential. Genetic analysis and pigment detection showed that the members of this genus were identified as carotenoid producers, while some proved to be potentially aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophs. Collectively, the first insight into the genetic diversity and metabolic potentials of the genus Qipengyuania will contribute to better understanding of the speciation and adaptive evolution in natural environments. IMPORTANCE The deciphering of the phylogenetic diversity and metabolic features of the abundant bacterial taxa is critical for exploring their ecological importance and application potential. Qipengyuania is a genus of frequently isolated heterotrophic microorganisms with great industrial application potential. Numerous strains related to the genus Qipengyuania have been isolated from diverse environments, but their genomic diversity and metabolic functions remain unclear. Our study revealed a high degree of genetic diversity, metabolic versatility, and environmental adaptation of the genus Qipengyuania using comparative genomics. Fifteen novel species of this genus have been established using a polyphasic taxonomic approach, expanding the number of described species to almost double. This study provided an overall view of the genus Qipengyuania at the genomic level and will enable us to better uncover its ecological roles and evolutionary history.

Flavobacterium proteolyticum sp. nov., isolated from aquaculture water.

A novel aerobic, yellow, and rod-shaped bacterial isolate, designated as 1Y8AT, was isolated from aquaculture water sampled in Jiangmen, Guangdong province, P. R. China. Here, the taxonomic position of strain 1Y8AT was conducted based on phenotypic, genomic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics. Strain 1Y8AT was observed to grow at 10-37 °C (optimum 28 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum 7.0) and in 0-2% NaCl (optimum 1%, w/v). The 16S rRNA gene-based analysis showed that strain 1Y8AT was closely related to "Flavobacterium sasangense" YC6274T (99.3%), Flavobacterium aquaticum JC164T (98.4%), Flavobacterium cucumis R2A45-3T (98.0%), Flavobacterium celericrescens TWA-26T (98.0%), and Flavobacterium cheniae NJ-26T (97.2%). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain 1Y8AT and reference strains above were far below the recognized thresholds of 70% dDDH and 95-96% ANI for species definition, implying that the strain represents a novel genospecies. The phylogenomic analysis indicated that strain 1Y8AT formed an independent branch distinct from known species. The major cellular fatty acids of strain 1Y8AT were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G and C15:0; the polar lipids comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, glycolipid, and two lipids; the respiratory quinone was MK-6. The G + C content of genomic DNA was 32.5%. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics such as the utilization of D-glucose and casein hydrolysis, strain 1Y8AT is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium proteolyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is 1Y8AT (= GDMCC 1.1933T = KACC 22081T).

Croceicoccus gelatinilyticus sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment.

A novel Gram-staining-negative and short-rod-shaped bacterial strain designated as 1NDH52T was isolated from a tidal flat sediment and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain 1NDH52T were summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c) and C14:0 2-OH; the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid; the major respiratory quinone was Q-10. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 1NDH52T was closely related to type strains Croceicoccus sediminis S2-4-2 T (98.9%), Croceicoccus bisphenolivorans H4T (98.9%) and Croceicoccus pelagius Ery9T (98.7%). Phylogenomic analysis indicated that strain 1NDH52T formed an independent branch distinct from all type strains of this genus. The overall genome related indices including the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values, average nucleotide identities and average amino acid identities between strain 1NDH52T and the three close relatives above indicated that strain 1NDH52T should represent a novel genospecies. The genomic DNA G + C content was 62.6%. Strain 1NDH52T could produce carotenoids and its genome contained the complete carotenoids biosynthetic gene cluster. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain 1NDH52T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Croceicoccus, for which the name Croceicoccus gelatinilyticus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of the species is 1NDH52T (= GDMCC 1.2381 T = KCTC 82668 T).

Salipiger mangrovisoli sp. nov., isolated from mangrove soil and the proposal for the reclassification of Paraphaeobacter pallidus as Salipiger pallidus comb. nov.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated as 6D45AT was isolated from mangrove soil and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain 6D45AT was found to grow at 10-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, 7.0) and in 0-5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 6D45AT fell into the genus Salipiger and shared 99.1 % identity with the closest type strain Salipiger pacificus CGMCC 1.3455T and less than 97.2 % identity with other type strains of this genus. The 34.8 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and 88.3 % average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain 6D45AT and the closest relative above were well below recognized thresholds of 70 % DDH and 95-96 % ANI for species definition, implying that strain 6D45AT should represent a novel genospecies. The phylogenomic analysis indicated that strain 6D45AT formed an independent branch distinct from reference strains. The predominant cellular fatty acid of strain 6D45AT was summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c, 66.9 %); the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified glycolipids and an unknown lipid; the respiratory quinone was Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content was 66.5 mol %. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain 6D45AT is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Salipiger, for which the name Salipiger mangrovisoli sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of the species is 6D45AT (=GDMCC 1.1960T=KCTC 82334T). We also propose the reclassification of Paraphaeobacter pallidus as Salipiger pallidus comb. nov. and 'Pelagibaca abyssi' as a species of the genus Salipiger.

Chitinilyticum piscinae sp. nov., isolated from aquaculture water.

A novel Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated as 4Y14T, was isolated from aquaculture water and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain 4Y14T was found to grow at 10-40 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum, 7.0-8.0) and with 0-2 % NaCl (optimum, 1 %, w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 4Y14T belonged to the genus Chitinilyticum with high levels of similarity to Chitinilyticum litopenaei c1T (97.8 %) and Chitinilyticum aquatile c14T (97.2 %). Phylogenomic analysis indicated that strain 4Y14T formed an independent branch distinct from the two type strains above. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain 4Y14T and the two type strains were, respectively, 25.3 and 25.0 %, and 81.2 and 80.3 %, which were well below the thresholds of 70 % DDH and 95-96 % ANI for species definition, implying that strain 4Y14T should represent a novel genospecies. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain 4Y14T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and iso-C16 : 0; the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine; and the sole respiratory quinone was Q-8. The genomic DNA G+C content was 60.1 mol%. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic analyses, strain 4Y14T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Chitinilyticum, for which the name Chitinilyticum piscinae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is 4Y14T (=GDMCC 1.1934T=KACC 22080T).

Qipengyuania soli sp. nov., Isolated from Mangrove Soil.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated as 6D36T, was isolated from mangrove soil and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain 6D36T was found to grow at 10-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, 7.0) and in 0-8% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3%). The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain 6D36T were summed feature 8 (C19:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c) and C17:1 ω6c; the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and sphingoglycolipid; the sole respiratory quinone was Q-10. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 6D36T fell into the genus Qipengyuania and was closely related to "Erythrobacter mangrovi" MCCC 1K03690T (98.5%), Qipengyuania citrea CGMCC 1.8703T (97.6%), and Qipengyuania pelagi JCM 17468T (97.4%). The phylogenomic analysis indicated that strain 6D36T formed an independent branch distinct from reference-type strains of species within this genus. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain 6D36T and the three type strains above were, respectively, 20.2-21.3% and 79.5-81.5%, of which were far below their respective threshold for species definition, implying that the strain represents a novel genospecies. The genomic DNA G + C content was 63.3%. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain 6D36T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Qipengyuania, for which the name Qipengyuania soli sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of the species is 6D36T (= GDMCC 1.1977T = KCTC 82333T).

Inhella proteolytica sp. nov. and Inhella gelatinilytica sp. nov., two novel species of the genus Inhella isolated from aquaculture water.

The two novel bacterial strains designated 1Y17T and 4Y10T from aquaculture water were characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains 1Y17T and 4Y10T belonged to the genus Inhella and were close to Inhella crocodyli CCP-18T, Inhella inkyongensis IMCC1713T and Inhella fonticola TNR-25T. Strains 1Y17T and 4Y10T shared 98.6% identity with each other and less than 99.0% identity with their relatives above. The phylogenomic analysis indicated that the two strains formed two independent branches distinct from their relatives. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between the two strains were 21.3 and 80.9% below the two thresholds of 70% dDDH and 95-96% ANI for species definition; those between the two novel strains and their relatives were far below thresholds for species definition, implying that they represent two novel genospecies. The predominant fatty acids of the two strains were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) and C16:0; the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol; the major quinone and polyamine were Q-8 and putrescine. Their genomic DNA G + C contents were 69.3 and 65.0%. The two novel strains can produce poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate, matching with the presence of the three synthetic related genes of the phaC-phaA-phaB in their genomes. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics such as aesculin and gelatin hydrolysis, strains 1Y17T and 4Y10T are concluded to represent two novel species of the genus Inhella, for which the names Inhella proteolytica sp. nov. (type strain 1Y17T = GDMCC 1.1830T = KACC 21948T) and Inhella gelatinilytica sp. (type strain 4Y10T = GDMCC 1.1829T = KCTC 82338T) are proposed.

Comparative genomic analysis of the genus Novosphingobium and the description of two novel species Novosphingobium aerophilum sp. nov. and Novosphingobium jiangmenense sp. nov.

Members of the genus Novosphingobium are well known for their metabolically versatile and great application potential in pollution elimination. The three novel bacterial strains, designated 4Y4T, 4Y9, and 1Y9AT, were isolated from aquaculture water and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequences phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three strains belonged to the genus Novosphingobium. The phylogenomic analysis indicated that the three strains formed two independent and robust branches distinct from all reference strains. The analyses of dDDH values and ANIs between the three strains and their relatives further demonstrated that the three strains represented two different novel genospecies. Comparative genomic analysis of the three isolates and 32 type strains of the genus Novosphingobium showed that the most important central metabolic pathways of these strains appeared to be similar, while specific and specialized metabolic pathways were flexible and variable among these strains. Chemotaxonomic characterization exhibited that the predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8, summed feature 3, and C14:0 2OH; the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and sphingoglycolipid; the major respiratory quinone and polyamine were Q-10 and spermidine. The DNA G + C contents were 67.6 and 64.7 %. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strains 4Y4T and 1Y9AT are concluded to represent two novel species of the genus Novosphingobium, for which the names Novosphingobium aerophilum sp. nov. (type strain 4Y4T = GDMCC 1.1828 T = KACC 21946 T) and Novosphingobium jiangmenense sp. nov. (type strain 1Y9AT = GDMCC 1.1936 T = KACC 22085 T) are proposed.

Horizontally acquired antibacterial genes associated with adaptive radiation of ladybird beetles.

BACKGROUND: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been documented in many herbivorous insects, conferring the ability to digest plant material and promoting their remarkable ecological diversification. Previous reports suggest HGT of antibacterial enzymes may have contributed to the insect immune response and limit bacterial growth. Carnivorous insects also display many evolutionary successful lineages, but in contrast to the plant feeders, the potential role of HGTs has been less well-studied. RESULTS: Using genomic and transcriptomic data from 38 species of ladybird beetles, we identified a set of bacterial cell wall hydrolase (cwh) genes acquired by this group of beetles. Infection with Bacillus subtilis led to upregulated expression of these ladybird cwh genes, and their recombinantly produced proteins limited bacterial proliferation. Moreover, RNAi-mediated cwh knockdown led to downregulation of other antibacterial genes, indicating a role in antibacterial immune defense. cwh genes are rare in eukaryotes, but have been maintained in all tested Coccinellinae species, suggesting that this putative immune-related HGT event played a role in the evolution of this speciose subfamily of predominant predatory ladybirds. CONCLUSION: Our work demonstrates that, in a manner analogous to HGT-facilitated plant feeding, enhanced immunity through HGT might have played a key role in the prey adaptation and niche expansion that promoted the diversification of carnivorous beetle lineages. We believe that this represents the first example of immune-related HGT in carnivorous insects with an association with a subsequent successful species radiation.

Roseibium litorale sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment and proposal for the reclassification of Labrenzia polysiphoniae as Roseibium polysiphoniae comb. nov.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterial strain, designated as 4C16AT, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain 4C16AT was found to grow at 10-40 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0) and in 0-6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 4C16AT fell into the genus Roseibium, and shared the highest identity of 98.9 % with the closest type strain Roseibium suaedae KACC 13772T and less than 98.0 % identity with other type strains of recognized species within this genus. The phylogenomic analysis indicated that strain 4C16AT formed an independent branch within this genus. The 28.6 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate and 85.0 % average nucleotide identity between strains 4C16AT and R. suaedae KACC 13772T were the highest, but still far below their respective threshold for species definition, implying that strain 4C16AT should represent a novel genospecies. The predominant cellular fatty acid was summed feature 8; the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine; the respiratory quinones were Q-9 and Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content was 59.8mol %. Based on phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain 4C16AT is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Roseibium, for which the name Roseibium litorale sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is 4C16AT (=GDMCC 1.1932T=KACC 22078T). We also propose the reclassification of Labrenzia polysiphoniae as Roseibium polysiphoniae comb. nov. and 'Labrenzia callyspongiae' as Roseibium callyspongiae sp. nov.

[Human papillomavirus infection in men with condyloma acuminatum: Genotype analysis of 70 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of the gene subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) in male patients with condyloma acuminatum (CA) and analyze the characteristics of the gene subtypes. METHODS: We extracted genomic DNA of the HPV virus from the genital tissue of 70 male CA patients, detected the DNA subtypes of HPV using the PCR-reverse dot hybridization technique, and analyzed the rates of different subtypes identified and their characteristics of distribution in different age groups. RESULTS: The male HPV-positive patients were mainly infected at the age of 20－39 years, primarily with high- and low-risk mixed infection of various subtypes, which accounted for 61.54% in the 20- to 29-year-olds and 42.86% in the 30- to 39-year-olds. Among the 70 CA patients, 22 HPV subtypes were identified, the top five subtypes including HPV 11 (21.08%), HPV 6 (19.46%), HPV 42 (6.49%), HPV 59 (6.49%) and HPV 53 (5.95%); 20 infected with a single subtype (28.57%), 19 with two subtypes (27.14%) and 31 with three or more (44.29%); and 30 infected with a low-risk single subtype (42.86%) and 40 with both high- and low-risk multiple subtypes (57.14%). CONCLUSIONS: Male patients with CA are mainly infected with HPV 11 and HPV 6, with a significantly higher rate of multi-subtype than single-subtype infection, and the multi-subtype patients chiefly with high- and low-risk mixed infection. Men aged 20－39 years old are most commonly affected by CA.

[Psychological care combined with enhanced recovery after surgery management in perioperative nursing care of andrological patients: A randomized controlled study].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of psychological care combined with enhanced recovery after surgery (PC+ERAS) management in perioperative nursing care of andrological patients. METHODS: A total of 300 male patients undergoing andrological surgery were included in this study, 150 given PC+ERAS and the other 150 receiving routine nursing care as controls. We evaluated anxiety and depression of all the patients on admission and discharge using Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and compared post-operative hospital days, off-bed time, first passage of flatus, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score and satisfaction with nursing care between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: On discharge, significant improvement was observed in SAS and SDS scores in the PC+ERAS group compared with the baseline, even more significant than in the control group (P < 0.01), but no obvious improvement was seen in the controls (P > 0.05). The patients in the PC+ERAS group also achieved a significantly shorter post-operative hospital stay, earlier post-operative off-bed time and passage of flatus, lower VAS score, and higher satisfaction with nursing care than those in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Psychological care combined with ERAS management deserves wide application in the perioperative nursing care of andrological patients, which can significantly improve the patients' anxiety and depression, shorten post-operative hospital stay, reduce VAS score, and increase their satisfaction with nursing care.

Proposal for transfer of Defluviimonas alba to the genus Frigidibacter as Frigidibacter mobilis nom. nov.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was undertaken to clarify the exact position of the type strain cai42T of the species Defluviimonas alba Pan et al. 2015. The results of the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the two sequences from cai42T shared 99.6 and 99.7 % similarity to that of the type strain SP32T of the species Frigidibacter albus and formed a coherent clade in the phylogenetic tree. Whole genomic comparison between cai42T and SP32T yielded a digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate of 36.3 %, an average nucleotide identity of 88.8 % and an average amino acid identity of 89.8 %, clearly indicating that the two strains should belong to two genospecies of the same genus. The close relationship between the two strains was underpinned by the results of genome-based phylogenetic analysis. Although cai42T and SP32T shared similar physiological and biochemical properties, some striking differences, such as mobility, the temperature range for growth and the polar lipid components, could distinguish them as separate species. Therefore, the comparative phenotypic and genotypic analyses supported the incorporation of Defluviimonas alba into the genus Frigidibacter as Frigidibacter mobilis nom. nov. with the type strain cai42T (=CGMCC 1.12518T=LMG 27406T).

[Risk and protection of fertility in male cancer patients].

Gonad damage is one of the major complications of chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery in male cancer patients. For those who wish for childbearing after treatment, it is of great significance how to protect the reproductive function of the cancer patients. The main strategy for fertility protection is to optimize the treatment protocol, hormone therapy, antioxidant therapy, and the preservation of sperm and testicular tissue. This article presents an overview on the pathogenesis of gonadal damage induced by different treatments and protection of the reproductive function of the patient.