Effects of Tryptophan and Physical Exercise on the Modulation of Mechanical Hypersensitivity in a Fibromyalgia-like Model in Female Rats.

Though the mechanisms are not fully understood, tryptophan (Trp) and physical exercise seem to regulate mechanical hypersensitivity in fibromyalgia. Here, we tested the impact of Trp supplementation and continuous low-intensity aerobic exercise on the modulation of mechanical hypersensitivity in a fibromyalgia-like model induced by acid saline in female rats. Twelve-month-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups: [control (n = 6); acid saline (n = 6); acid saline + exercise (n = 6); acid saline + Trp (n = 6); and acid saline + exercise + Trp (n = 6)]. Hypersensitivity was caused using two intramuscular jabs of acid saline (20 µL; pH 4.0; right gastrocnemius), 3 days apart. The tryptophan-supplemented diet contained 7.6 g/hg of Trp. The three-week exercise consisted of progressive (30-45 min) treadmill running at 50 to 60% intensity, five times (Monday to Friday) per week. We found that acid saline induced contralateral mechanical hypersensitivity without changing the levels of Trp, serotonin (5-HT), and kynurenine (KYN) in the brain. Hypersensitivity was reduced by exercise (~150%), Trp (~67%), and its combination (~160%). The Trp supplementation increased the levels of Trp and KYN in the brain, and the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and decreased the ratio 5-HT:KYN. Exercise did not impact the assessed metabolites. Combining the treatments reduced neither hypersensitivity nor the levels of serotonin and Trp in the brain. In conclusion, mechanical hypersensitivity induced by acid saline in a fibromyalgia-like model in female rats is modulated by Trp supplementation, which increases IDO activity and leads to improved Trp metabolism via the KYN pathway. In contrast, physical exercise does not affect mechanical hypersensitivity through brain Trp metabolism via either the KYN or serotonin pathways. Because this is a short study, generalizing its findings warrants caution.

Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) supplementation increases butyrate synthesis and reduces inflammatory cells, attenuating the formation of aberrant crypt foci in BALB/c mice induced to pre-neoplastic lesions.

The development of colorectal cancer involves some morphological changes, and in the initial stage, pre-neoplastic lesions called aberrant crypt foci (ACF) appear. Thus, an intervention with sources of bioactive compounds such as Hibiscus sabdariffa L., rich in phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, could attenuate the risk of developing these lesions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 5% and 10% supplementation of dehydrated H. sabdariffa calyces (DHSC) during the development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced preneoplastic lesions in male BALB/c mice. The characterization of DHSC was carried out. The in vivo experiment lasted 12 weeks, and the animals were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: the control group (CON) and the supplemented groups with 5% DHSC and 10% DHSC. The activities of liver enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were determined. In addition, ACF, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), presence of inflammatory infiltrates, goblet cells and leukocytes in the colonic mucosa were quantified. There was a significant reduction in ACF and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in the colon of animals in groups 5DHSC and 10DHSC. In addition, the 10DHSC group showed an increase in the activity of the catalse enzyme, in the production of butyrate and in the presence of NK cells in the colon, in addition to more hypertrophied goblet cells. Based on these findings, it is suggested that DHSC supplementation may be recommended to attenuate cellular responses in the early stage of preneoplastic lesions.

Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (hmb) and resistance training on body fat and lipid metabolism signaling pathways

ABSTRACT Excess body fat is a serious problem for increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as obesity, compromising the health and quality of life of the population. In this sense, resistance training (RT) is type of physical exercise which improves body composition by increasing lean mass and reducing fat mass. RT in combination with nutrition (i.e. protein supplementation) is a key intervention to improve body fat metabolism and reducing obesity. Concerning protein supplementation, the β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine that has demonstrated positive effects on body fat reduction. However, the effects of combining HMB supplementation with RT related to adipose tissue metabolic activity are controversial and warrant further investigation. This study analyzed the effects of HMB supplementation associated with RT on body fat concentration and lipid metabolism signaling pathways.

RESUMEN El exceso de grasa corporal es un problema grave que aumenta tu riesgo de enfermedades y problemas de salud, tales como enfermedad cardíaca, diabetes, presión arterial alta y ciertos tipos de cáncer. En este sentido, y dentro del ejercicio físico, el entrenamiento de resistencia (ER) es un tipo de entrenamiento con pesos que mejora la composición corporal aumentando la masa magra y perdiendo masa grasa. El ER asociado con la nutrición (ej. suplementación proteica) es una excelente intervención para mejorar el metabolismo de los lípidos al reducir la grasa corporal. En relación con la suplementación proteica el β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato (HMB) es un metabolito del aminoácido de cadena ramificada esencial leucina que ha demostrado efectos positivos en la reducción de grasa corporal. Sin embargo, los efectos de la suplementación con HMB asociados con TR relacionados con la actividad metabólica del tejido adiposo son controvertidos y necesita la realización de investigaciones adicionales. Este estudio analizó los efectos de la suplementación con HMB asociados con TR en la concentración de grasa corporal y en las vías de señalización que participan en la regulación del metabolismo de los lípidos.

Evaluation of the efficacy of probiotic VSL#3 and synbiotic VSL#3 and yacon-based product in reducing oxidative stress and intestinal permeability in mice induced to colorectal carcinogenesis.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic VSL#3 isolated or associated with a yacon-based product (synbiotic) on oxidative stress modulation and intestinal permeability in an experimental model of colorectal carcinogenesis. Forty-five C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: control (standard diet AIN-93 M); probiotic (standard diet AIN-93 M and multispecies probiotic VSL#3, 2.25 × 109 CFU), and synbiotic (standard diet AIN-93 M with yacon-based product, 6% fructooligosaccharides and inulin, and probiotic VSL#3, 2.25 × 109 CFU). The experimental diets were provided for 13 weeks. The probiotic and the yacon-based product showed antioxidant activity, with the percentage of DPPH radical scavenging equal to 69.7 ± 0.4% and 74.3 ± 0.1%, respectively. These findings contributed to reduce hepatic oxidative stress: the control group showed higher concentration of malondialdehyde (1.8-fold, p = 0.007 and 1.5-fold, p = 0.035) and carbonylated protein (2-fold, p = 0.008 and 5.6-fold, p = 0.000) compared to the probiotic and synbiotic groups, respectively. Catalase enzyme activity increased 1.43-fold (p = 0.014) in synbiotic group. The crypt depth increased 1.2-fold and 1.4-fold with the use of probiotic and synbiotic, respectively, compared to the control diet (p = 0.000). These findings corroborate the reduction in intestinal permeability in the probiotic and synbiotic groups, as measured by the percentage of urinary lactulose excretion (CON: 0.93 ± 0.62% × PRO: 0.44 ± 0.05%, p = 0.048; and CON: 0.93 ± 0.62% × SYN: 0.41 ± 0.12%, p = 0.043). In conclusion, the probiotic and synbiotic showed antioxidant activity, which contributed to the reduction of oxidative stress markers. In addition, they protected the mucosa from damage caused by chemical carcinogen and reduced intestinal permeability. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The relationship between intestinal health and the occurrence of various organic disorders has been demonstrated in many studies. The use of probiotics and prebiotics is currently one of the main targets for modulation of intestinal health. We demonstrated that the use of a commercial mix of probiotic bacteria (VSL#3) isolated or associated with a yacon-based prebiotic, rich in fructooligosaccharides and inulin, is able to reduce the oxidative stress and intestinal permeability in a colorectal carcinogenesis model. These compounds have great potential to be used as a food supplement, or as ingredients in the development of food products.

Use of the synbiotic VSL#3 and yacon-based concentrate attenuates intestinal damage and reduces the abundance of Candidatus Saccharimonas in a colitis-associated carcinogenesis model.

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease are at high risk of developing colitis-associated cancer; thus, strategies to inhibit disease progression should be investigated. The study aimed to explore the role of the synbiotic (probiotic VSL#3® and yacon-based concentrate) in a colitis-associated carcinogenesis model. IL-10-/- mice were induced to carcinogenesis with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and divided into two experimental groups: control and synbiotic. Manifestations of colitis, colon histology, expression of antioxidant enzymes, production of organic acids and intestinal microbiota were evaluated. The use of the synbiotic showed benefits, such as the preservation of intestinal architecture, increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and the concentration of organic acids, especially butyrate. It was also observed different microbial community profiles between the groups during the study. Together, these factors contributed to mitigate the manifestations of colitis and improve intestinal integrity, suggesting the potential benefit of the synbiotic in intestinal diseases.

"A mesa que encolheu": a perspectiva alimentar das mães que perderam filhos / "The table that shrank": the food perspective of mothers who have lost children

Resumo Este artigo descreve a relação de mães enlutadas com a alimentação, com base na fenomenologia existencial, considerando que o espaço familiar alimentar, protagonizado pela matriarca, pode ser perturbado com a perda de um filho. Foram realizadas entrevistas com quinze mães frequentadoras de Organizações Não Governamentais de apoio ao luto, com idade entre 40 e 61 anos. Da análise emergiram quatro eixos temáticos que indicam como a mãe enlutada se comporta no contexto da alimentação: a ausência de fome e do prazer em se alimentar; o ato de compartilhar refeições versus o luto materno; o confronto com a "cadeira vazia"; reações e sentimentos diante da culinária que simboliza a memória do filho. A influência que o luto exerce na relação das mães com a alimentação foi evidenciada de diversas maneiras, seja na ausência de fome, na alteração do peso e na falta do(a) filho(a) nas interações sociais durante as refeições compartilhadas, representando os desafios da mãe perante uma "mesa que encolheu", exigindo das mesmas novas significações frente à alimentação. Compreende-se que a relação da enlutada com a alimentação é permeada de conflitos que a expõe a risco de desvios nutricionais e demanda apoio com profissionais sensíveis e esclarecidos sobre essa condição.

Abstract This article describes the relationship of bereaved mothers with eating habits, based on the existential phenomenology considering that the family food space, led by the matriarch, can be disturbed due to the loss of a child. Interviews were conducted with fifteen women attending non-governmental bereavement support groups, aged between 40 and 61 years of age. Based on the analysis of the interviews, four thematic categories emerged revealing how grieving mothers behave: loss of appetite and pleasure in eating food; the action of sharing meals versus maternal mourning; the confrontation with the "empty chair"; and reactions due to the culinary act that symbolizes the memory of the child. The influence of grief on the relationship between mothers and food was verified in several ways, either in the loss of appetite, the body weight change or in the absence of the child in the social interactions during shared meals, which represent the challenges of the mother facing the "table that shrank," calling for the mothers to find new meanings for eating. It is understood that the relationship of the bereaved mother with food is surrounded by conflicts that expose the mother to nutritional risks and demands support from professionals who are both sensitive and well informed about this condition.

Preclinical Evidence of Probiotics in Colorectal Carcinogenesis: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer, the second major cause of cancer deaths, imposes a major health burden worldwide. There is growing evidence that supports that the use of probiotics is effective against various diseases, especially in gastrointestinal diseases, including the colorectal cancer, but the differences between the strains, dose, and frequency used are not yet clear. AIMS: To perform a systematic review to compile the results of studies carried out in animal models and investigated the effect of probiotics on colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS: Studies were selected in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Search filters were developed using three parameters: probiotics, colorectal cancer, and animal model. RESULTS: From a structured search, we discovered 34 original articles and submitted them to a risk of bias analysis using SYRCLE's tool. The studies show a great diversity of models, most were conducted in rats (55.8%) and used 1,2 dimethylhydrazine as the drug to induce colorectal carcinogenesis (61.7%). The vast majority of trials investigated Lactobacillus (64%) and Bifidobacterium (29.4%) strains. Twenty-six (86.6%) studies found significant reduction in lesions or tumors in the animals that received probiotics. The main methodological limitation was the insufficient amount of information for the adequate reproducibility of the trials, which indicated a high risk of bias due to incomplete characterization of the experimental design. CONCLUSIONS: The different probiotics' strains showed anti-carcinogenic effect, reduced the development of lesions and intestinal tumors, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity, and reduced fecal bacterial enzymes.

Food Iodine Content Table compiled from international databases / Tabela do Conteúdo de Iodo de Alimentos compilada de bancos de dados internacionais

ABSATRCT In Brazil, there are no data on the iodine content of foods, making it difficult for the population to assess their consumption of iodine. Such information is necessary for public policies aimed at establishing nutritional goals. The objective this article is to construct a table of the iodine content of foods. For the construction of the table, databases from 14 countries were used. The foods used were those listed in the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey, except those containing added salt, and the doubts about whether or not the food was submitted to any kind of preparation. The compilation of international databases of iodine content resulted in 266 foods, which were grouped into 15 groups. Iodine was also quantified by food group and iodized salt. Data were presented as median, minimum, and maximum. A broad variation in the iodine content of foods was found between countries and inter- and intra-food groups. Those with the highest content were fish and seafood, and dairy products. Regarding salt iodization, these countries followed the recommendation of the World Health Organization, except for Spain, Norway and Turkey. The Food Iodine Content Table can be a useful tool for assessing iodine intake, being important in research on nutritional status, food guidance, and public health programs.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é construir uma tabela de conteúdo de iodo de alimentos visto que tais informações são necessárias para que políticas públicas possam estabelecer metas nutricionais e no Brasil não existem dados do conteúdo de iodo dos alimentos, dificultando a avaliação do consumo pela população. Na construção da tabela utilizou-se bancos de dados de 14 países. Os alimentos utilizados foram aqueles listados na Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008-2009, exceto aqueles que continham sal de adição e os que suscitaram dúvidas em relação à existência de submissão ou não a algum preparo. A compilação dos bancos de dados internacionais do conteúdo de iodo resultou em 266 alimentos, os quais foram reunidos em 15 grupos. Foi realizada também a quantificação de iodo por grupo de alimentos e no sal iodado. Os dados foram apresentados como mediana, mínimo e máximo. Foi encontrada grande variação no conteúdo de iodo dos alimentos entre os países e inter e intra grupos de alimentos. Os que apresentaram maiores conteúdos foram o dos pescados e frutos do mar e dos laticínios. Em relação à iodação do sal, os países seguiram a recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde, exceto, Espanha, Noruega e Turquia. A tabela do conteúdo de iodo de alimentos poderá ser um instrumento útil para avaliação da ingestão de iodo, sendo importante em pesquisa do estado nutricional, orientação alimentar e programas de saúde pública.

Intestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer: changes in the intestinal microenvironment and their relation to the disease.

Tools that predict the risk of colorectal cancer are important for early diagnosis, given the high mortality rate for this cancer. The composition of the intestinal microbiota is now considered to be a risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer. This discovery has motivated a growing number of studies to identify the micro-organisms responsible for the onset and/or progression of colorectal cancer. With this in mind, this review discusses the relationship between the composition of the intestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer risk. Prospective and case-control studies indicate that the intestinal microbiota of individuals with colorectal cancer usually contains a greater proportion of bacteria responsible for gastrointestinal tract inflammatory diseases, as well as bacteria that produce toxins and carcinogenic metabolites. In contrast, there tends to be a reduced presence of butyric acid-producing bacteria, probiotic bacteria and potentially probiotic bacteria. Despite these differences, the onset and development of colorectal cancer cannot be attributed to a specific micro-organism. Thus, studies focused on the formation of the intestinal microbiota and factors that modulate its composition are important for the development of approaches for colorectal cancer prevention.

Anthocyanins/anthocyanidins and colorectal cancer: What is behind the scenes?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cause of cancer death. Phytochemicals, especially anthocyanins/anthocyanidins (A/A), have gathered attention of the scientific community owing to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cancer-inhibitory properties. In this review, we discussed the possible mechanisms whereby A/A exhibit intestinal anticarcinogenic characteristics. Anthocyanins/anthocyanidins inhibit the pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway, attenuate Wnt signaling and suppress abnormal epithelial cell proliferation. In addition, A/A induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and downregulate Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway. Furthermore, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) also contributes to the anti-carcinogenic effects of A/A. Finally, downregulation of metalloproteinases (MMPs) by A/A inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis. In conclusion, A/A exert their anti-tumor effects against colorectal carcinogenesis via multiple mechanisms, providing insights into the use of A/A as a natural chemopreventive intervention on major colorectal carcinogenesis.

Eating approach of bereaved individuals: A protocol proposal / Abordagem alimentar de enlutados: uma proposta de protocolo

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this manuscript was to discuss the care inherent to the methodological procedures for food research in bereavement situations, proposing the use of a conduct protocol. Methods The protocol for food research in bereavement is presented, based on the critical review of literature and the experience with food surveys applied to bereaved people. Results The conduct protocol is divided into three moments corresponding to the meetings and the steps of approach are discussed in these care services. This research seeks to problematize this investigation, outlining the phases of coping with bereavement that involve greater adherence, from these individuals, to food surveys. Conclusion The conduct protocol guiding the investigation of eating habits of bereaved individuals provides information that allows the professional to evaluate the influence of bereavement on food in addition to allowing a greater adherence of these individuals to the survey.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste manuscrito é discutir os cuidados inerentes aos procedimentos metodológicos para pesquisa em alimentos em situações de luto, propondo o uso de um protocolo de conduta. Métodos Apresenta-se o protocolo para a investigação alimentar em situações de luto, desenvolvido com base na revisão crítica da literatura e na vivência com inquéritos alimentares aplicados a enlutados. Resultados O protocolo de conduta é dividido em três momentos, correspondentes aos encontros nos quais se discutem as etapas de abordagem. Busca-se problematizar essa investigação, delineando as fases de enfrentamento do luto que comportam maior adesão dos enlutados aos inquéritos alimentares. Conclusão O estudo conclui que o protocolo de condutas para conduzir a investigação alimentar de enlutados fornece informações que permitem ao profissional avaliar a influência do luto na alimentação, bem como atende à maior aderência desses indivíduos ao inquérito.

Anthropometric profile, body composition and body image perception of adolescents with positive screening for eating disorders / Perfil antropométrico, composición corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal en adolescentes con detección positiva para los trastornos alimentarios

ABSTRACT Our aim was to associate anthropometric profile, body composition and body image perception with a positive screening for eating disorders in adolescents aged 10 to 14 years. The screening for eating disorders was carried out using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) and Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh (BITE). Weight, height and percentage of body fat were measured, the latter by a vertical bipolar bioimpedance. Body image perception was assessed using the Brazilian Silhouette Scale. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Research of the Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 1,300 adolescents were evaluated. The prevalence of screening for eating disorders was 5.5% (n= 71), overweight was 26.1% (n= 339) and high body fat percentage was 38.5% (n= 500). Body distortion was present in 56.9% (n= 740) of adolescents and body dissatisfaction was 79.3% (n= 1,031). Body Mass Index, the percentage of body fat and body dissatisfaction were considered risk factors for positive screening for eating disorders. It is important to evaluate the physical changes in adolescence and their implications on body dissatisfaction, the main risk factor for the development of eating disorders.

RESUMEN El objetivo de ese estudio fue asociar el perfil antropométrico, la composición corporal y la percepción de la imagen corporal con un screening positivo de los trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes de 10 a 14 años. Se realizó la aplicación del Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) y Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburg (BITE) para evaluar la detección de trastornos alimentarios. Se midió el peso, la talla, porcentaje de grasa corporal y la percepción de la imagen corporal. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética para la Investigación Humana de la Universidad Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se evaluó a 1.300 adolescentes y la prevalencia de detección de trastornos alimentarios fue del 5,5% (n= 71). La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue de 26,1% (n= 339) y porcentaje de grasa corporal alto fue 38,5% (n= 500). La distorsión corporal estuvo presente en el 56,9% (n= 740) de los adolescentes, y la insatisfacción corporal fue de 79,3% (n= 1,031). El Índice de Masa Corporal real, el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la insatisfacción corporal fueron considerados factores de riesgo para la detección positiva de trastornos alimentarios. Es importante evaluar los cambios físicos en la adolescencia y sus implicaciones en la insatisfacción corporal, factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de trastornos alimentarios.

Difference in fatty acids composition of breast adipose tissue in women with breast cancer and benign breast disease.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world, and the most frequent cancer among women. Moreover, there are factors that influence the risk for breast cancer including the age, genetic and endocrine factors, and lifestyle. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the consumption of fatty acids; compare the fatty acids composition in the breast adipose tissue of women with breast cancer and benign breast disease as well as potential risk factors; and describe the genotypic frequency of the Pro12Ala PPARγ polymorphism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted including incident cases (n= 38 breast cancer; n= 75 benign breast disease; n= 166 control). Lifestyle features, socioeconomic issues, dietary intake, anthropometry, and blood and tissue data were assessed. RESULTS: No differences were observed for fatty acids intake. Interestingly, lauric acid (p = 0.001), myristic acid (p = 0.036), stearic acid (p = 0.031), and total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (p = 0.048) had lower concentrations in BC than in BBD women, while palmitoleic acid (p = 0.022), erucic acid (p = 0.002), total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (p = 0.039) and oleic acid/stearic acid ratio (p = 0.015) increased. There was no significant association between PPARγ polymorphism and studied groups (p = 0.977). The age at first full pregnancy (p = 0.004) was significantly associated with the development BC, whereas BMI (p = 0.005); percentage of body fat (p = 0.024); physical activity (p = 0.036); and age at menarche (p = 0.008), at first full pregnancy (p < 0.001), and of first mammogram (p = 0.018) were significantly associated with the development of BBD. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a different fatty acids composition of breast adipose tissue, a biomarker of long-term dietary intake, particularly for SFAs, MUFA and 18: 1 n-9/18: 00 ratio. Our findings also show that are differences in the factors related to the development of BC and BBC.

Lifestyle and vitamin D dosage in women with breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The prevention strategy of breast cancer is still the key factor for early diagnosis and the most effective method for tracking the disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the association vitamin D level with breast cancer in women. METHODS: This hospital case-control study was conducted with 181 women with breast cancer and 197 healthy controls. Vitamin D status, calcium, phosphorus and PTH serum dosage and data collection related to lifestyle and patient's history, besides anthropometric measurements were performed. Univariate analysis (Chi-square and raw odds ratio) and multivariate analysis were performed through multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: This study shows a higher value of vitamin D in health controls (26.9 mg/dL) than in breast cancer women (24.8 mg/dL). Higher numbers of women with sufficient vitamin D status (34.85%) were found in control group than cancer group. Using the multiple logistic regression model, the family history of breast cancer (OR 36.37, 95%CI 4.75-278.50) and menopause (OR 5.17, 95% CI 2.72-9.80) had a direct association with breast cancer, while the level of vitamin D (OR 0.95, 95%CI 0.91-0.99) and moderate physical activity (OR 0.31, 95%CI 0.10-0.93) maintained the inverse associations with the disease. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D status and the practice of moderate physical activity were considered protective factors for breast cancer. However, menopause and family history of breast cancer were considered a risk factor for breast cancer.

Euterpe edulis Extract but Not Oil Enhances Antioxidant Defenses and Protects against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by a High-Fat Diet in Rats.

We investigated the effects of E. edulis bioproducts (lyophilized pulp [LEE], defatted lyophilized pulp [LDEE], and oil [EO]) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in rats. All products were chemically analyzed. In vivo, 42 rats were equally randomized into seven groups receiving standard diet, HFD alone or combined with EO, LEE, or LDEE. After NAFLD induction, LEE, LDEE, or EO was added to the animals' diet for 4 weeks. LEE was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. From LEE degreasing, LDEE presented higher levels of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity in vitro. Dietary intake of LEE and especially LDEE, but not EO, attenuated diet-induced NAFLD, reducing inflammatory infiltrate, steatosis, and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue. Although both E. edulis bioproducts were not hepatotoxic, only LDEE presented sufficient benefits to treat NAFLD in rats, possibly by its low lipid content and high amount of phenols and anthocyanins.

EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON CARDIOMETABOLIC MARKERS IN ADOLESCENTS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW / EFEITO DA ATIVIDADE FÍSICA SOBRE OS MARCADORES CARDIOMETABÓLICOS EM ADOLESCENTES: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA / EFECTO DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA SOBRE LOS MARCADORES CARDIOMETABÓLICOS EN ADOLESCENTES: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA

ABSTRACT The accumulation of body fat is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases. Obesity can be considered a chronic systemic inflammatory disease in adults and younger people. The control of subclinical inflammation process through the practice of physical activity (PA) can mitigate the effects of risk factors that trigger atherosclerosis that worsens with advancing age. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the influence of physical activity and/or exercise on cardiometabolic markers and othrer risk factors of cardiovascular disease in adolescents. A systematic review was conducted in electronic databases Scopus, Pubmed, Conchrane Collection and SciELO. The terms used in the search were "cardiovascular diseases AND inflammation AND adolescents AND physical activity OR exercise". A total of 24 original articles were evaluated, being 14 longitudinal and 10 cross-sectional studies. Overall, 16 articles (66.66%) showed that PA, exercise and/or sedentary behavior may have influenced or have been related to the concentration of cardiometabolic markers. All studies that examined lifestyle changes showed reduction of cardiometabolic markers. Some limitations were observed: reduced samples, lack of dietary prescription, evaluation and control of volume and intensity of exercise. Most of the studies analyzed showed that the physical activity could influence and decrease the concentrations of cardiometabolic markers in adolescents. However, studies with representative sample size and precise control in assessing the level of physical activity and/or exercise are required to determine accurately the changes that the more active lifestyle can bring on inflammatory process, as well as other risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in adolescents.

RESUMO O acúmulo de gordura corporal é um dos principais fatores de risco de doenças cardiometabólicas. A obesidade pode ser considerada uma doença inflamatória sistêmica crônica em adultos e em pessoas mais jovens. O controle do processo de inflamação subclínica por meio da prática de atividade física (AF) pode atenuar os efeitos dos fatores de risco que desencadeiam a aterosclerose que se agrava com a idade. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre a influência da atividade física e/ou do exercício sobre marcadores cardiometabólicos e outros fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares em adolescentes. A revisão sistemática foi realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas Scopus, Pubmed, Conchrane Collection e SciELO. Os termos usados para a busca foram "cardiovascular diseases AND inflammation AND adolescents AND physical activity OR exercise". Foram avaliados 24 artigos originais, 14 estudos longitudinais e 10 transversais. No geral, 16 artigos (66,66%) mostraram que a AF, o exercício físico e/ou comportamento sedentário influenciaram ou se relacionaram com a concentração de marcadores cardiometabólicos. Todos os estudos que analisaram mudanças do estilo de vida mostraram redução dos marcadores cardiometabólicos. Algumas limitações foram observadas: amostras pequenas, falta de prescrição dietética, controle e avaliação de volume e intensidade do exercício físico. A maioria dos estudos analisados mostrou que a atividade física pode influenciar e diminuir as concentrações dos marcadores cardiometabólicos em adolescentes. No entanto, estudos com tamanho amostral representativo e com controle da avaliação do nível de atividade e/ou exercício físico são necessários para verificar com acurácia as alterações que o estilo de vida mais ativo pode apresentar no processo de inflamação, assim como em outros fatores de risco de doenças cardiometabólicas em adolescentes.

RESUMEN La acumulación de grasa corporal es uno de los principales factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiometabólicas. La obesidad puede ser considerada como una enfermedad inflamatoria sistémica crónica en adultos y en los jóvenes. El control del proceso de inflamación subclínica a través de la práctica de actividad física (AF) puede mitigar los efectos de los factores de riesgo que desencadenan la aterosclerosis, que empeora con la edad. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los efectos de la actividad física y/o ejercicio sobre los marcadores cardiometabólicos y otros factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en adolescentes. La revisión sistemática se realizó en las bases de datos electrónicas Scopus, Pubmed, Conchrane Collection y SciELO. Los términos utilizados en la búsqueda fueron "cardiovascular diseases AND inflammation AND adolescents AND physical activity OR exercise". Fueron evaluados 24 artículos originales, 14 estudios longitudinales y 10 transversales. En general, 16 artículos (66,66%) mostraron que la AF, el ejercicio y/o el comportamiento sedentario han influenciado o se relacionado con la concentración de los marcadores cardiometabólicos. Todos los estudios que examinaron el cambio de estilo de vida mostraron una reducción de los marcadores cardiometabólicos. Se observaron algunas limitaciones: muestras pequeñas; falta de prescripción dietética; control y evaluación del volumen y de la intensidad del ejercicio. La mayoría de los estudios analizados demostraran que la actividad física puede influenciar y disminuir las concentraciones de marcadores cardiometabólicos en los adolescentes. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios con tamaño representativo demuestra y que avalúen el control del nivel de actividad física y/o ejercicio para determinar con precisión los cambios que el estilo de vida más activo puede presentar en el proceso de inflamación, así como otros factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiometabólicas en adolescentes.

Ingestão de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e metabolismo lipídico / Monounsaturated fatty acid intake and lipid metabolism

Esta revisão teve como objetivo apresentar e discutir os achados mais recentes do efeito dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGMI) sobre marcadores plasmáticos do metabolismo lipídico em estudos pós-prandiais e de intervenção clínica nutricional. Realizou-se busca em diferentes bases de dados entre 2010 e 2014, usando os seguintes termos de indexação: MUFA, Lipemia, Lipid Metabolism, Triglycerides e Postprandial. O consumo de refeição com alto conteúdo de AGMI tem demonstrado efeito benéfico na resposta lipidêmica pós-prandial, mas se essa resposta pode ser alterada em indivíduos com excesso de peso e/ou outras doenças crônicas após consumo de AGMI, ainda não está totalmente elucidado. De modo geral, após a intervenção com AGMI, os fatores de risco cardiovascular diminuíram, além de haver melhora no perfil lipídico. Em conclusão, os estudos recentes têm demonstrado um efeito benéfico do consumo de AGMI em curto e longo prazos, mediante aumento/manutenção das concentrações de HDL colesterol e diminuição do LDL colesterol.

The objective of this review is to present and discuss the most recent findings related to the effects of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on plasma markers of lipid metabolism observed in postprandial studies and clinical nutritional intervention studies. Searches were conducted on several different databases for publications from 2010 to 2014 using the following keywords: MUFA, Lipemia, Lipid Metabolism, Triglycerides and Postprandial. High-MUFA meal has presented beneficial effect on postprandial lipidemia response, but it is not yet completely clear whether this response to MUFA intake may be different in people with excess weight and/or other chronic diseases. In general, cardiovascular risk factors were reduced and lipid profiles improved after interventions with MUFA. In conclusion, recent studies have demonstrated that consuming MUFA has beneficial effects at short and long time by increasing/maintaining HDL-cholesterol concentrations and reducing levels of LDL cholesterol.

Extract of the Bark of Bathysa cuspidataAttenuates the Development of Chemically-Induced Preneoplastic Colorectal Lesions in Rats

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the bark extractBathysa cuspidata on chemically induced preneoplastic colorectal lesions in Wistar rats. Forty male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 each): saline (control group, oral administration of saline solution 0.9%); dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, vehicle control), B200 (treated with 200 mg/kg bark extract ofB. cuspidata), and B400 (treated with 400 mg/kg bark extract ofB. cuspidata). Administration of treatments was carried out by the gavage. The animals received four subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 40 mg/kg) in the initial two weeks of the experiment to induce preneoplastic colorectal lesions. After 15 weeks, the animals were euthanized and the presence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), body weight, biochemical analyses, and oxidative stress markers were measured. The extract ofB. cuspidata decreased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), but did not influence the levels of catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide or protein carbonyl, compared with the saline group. The animals supplemented with a more concentratedB. cuspidata extract (B400) showed a significant reduction in the number of ACF in all the portions of the intestinal mucosa. The study demonstrated that the bark extract ofB. cuspidata at 400 mg/kg reduced the preneoplastic colorectal lesions in an animal model of colon cancer and that the effect could be dose-dependent.

Anthropometric indices to identify metabolic syndrome and hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype: a comparison between the three stages of adolescence / Indicadores antropométricos para identificar síndrome metabólica e fenótipo cintura hipertrigliceridêmica: uma comparação entre as três fases da adolescência

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HW) in a representative adolescent sample; as well as to establish which anthropometric indicator better identifies MS and HW, according to gender and adolescent age. METHODS: This cross sectional study had the participation of 800 adolescents (414 girls) from 10-19 years old. Anthropometric indicators (body mass index, waist perimeter, waist/stature ratio, waist/hip ratio, and central/peripheral skinfolds) were determined by standard protocols. For diagnosis of MS, the criteria proposed by de Ferranti et al. (2004) were used. HW was defined by the simultaneous presence of increased waist perimeter (>75th percentile for age and sex) and high triglycerides (>100 mg/dL). The ability of anthropometric indicators was evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was identical to HW (6.4%), without differences between genders and the adolescence phases. The waist perimeter showed higher area under the curve for the diagnosis of MS, except for boys with 17-19 years old, for whom the waist/stature ratio exhibited better performance. For diagnosing HW, waist perimeter also showed higher area under the curve, except for boys in initial and final phases, in which the waist/stature ratio obtained larger area under the curve. The central/peripheral skinfolds had the lowest area under the curve for the presence of both MS and HW phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The waist perimeter and the waist/stature showed a better performance to identify MS and HW in both genders and in all three phases of adolescence.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a ocorrência de síndrome metabólica (SM) e do fenótipo cintura hipertrigliceridêmica (CH) em amostra de adolescentes e estabelecer qual indicador antropométrico melhor identifica SM e CH, de acordo com gênero e fase da adolescência. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 800 adolescentes (414 meninas) de 10-19 anos. Indicadores antropométricos (índice de massa corporal, perímetro da cintura, relação cintura/estatura, relação cintura/quadril e relação pregas cutâneas centrais/periféricas) foram determinados por protocolos padronizados. Para diagnóstico da SM, foi usada a proposta de Ferranti et al. (2004). A CH foi definida pela presença simultânea de perímetro da cintura aumentado (>75 percentil por idade e sexo) e triglicerídeos elevados (>100 mg/dL). O desempenho dos indicadores antropométricos foi avaliado por meio da curva Receiver Operating Characteristic. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de SM foi idêntica à de CH (6,4%), sem diferenças entre os gêneros e entre as fases da adolescência. O perímetro da cintura apresentou maior área abaixo da curva no diagnóstico da SM, exceto para meninos entre 17-19 anos, para os quais a relação cintura/estatura exibiu melhor desempenho. No diagnóstico da CH, a cintura isolada apresentou maior área abaixo da curva, exceto para os meninos nas fases inicial e final da adolescência, nos quais a relação cintura/estatura obteve maior área. A relação entre as pregas cutâneas apresentou pior desempenho para identificar SM e CH. CONCLUSÕES: O perímetro da cintura e a relação cintura/estatura mostraram o melhor desempenho para identificar SM e CH em ambos os sexos e nas três fases da adolescência.

Defatted flaxseed meal prevents the appearance of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of mice increasing the gene expression of p53.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of defatted flaxseed meal on the appearance of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: ACF were induced by intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg body weight of DMH for 8 weeks. The animals were divided into three treatments (n=8): AIN93M diet without fibers + DMH (C-); AIN93M diet with defatted flaxseed meal (LIN); and AIN93M diet with defatted flaxseed meal + DMH (LINCA), for 15 weeks. The technique RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of p16, p21, p53, cyclin D1, and cyclin E in the distal colon. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of CD4 and CD8 spleen cells, the quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in stool, the quantification of Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp. in feces. RESULTS: LIN and LINCA showed increased Bifidobacterium spp. compared with control (C-). In relation to the weight of the organs, the groups LIN and LINCA showed higher values for the liver and kidney compared with control (C-). Regarding ACF, the group LINCA presented fewer ACF in the middle and distal colon compared with control (C-). When we analyzed ACF with more than three crypts the group LIN and LINCA did not present ACF in the middle and distal segments. LINCA presented increased p53 gene expression. CONCLUSION: This finding suggests that defatted flaxseed meal reduces ACF by increasing the expression of p53 and increase Bifidobacterium spp.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of defatted flaxseed meal on the appearance of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: ACF were induced by intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg body weight of DMH for 8 weeks. The animals were divided into three treatments (n=8): AIN93M diet without fibers + DMH (C-); AIN93M diet with defatted flaxseed meal (LIN); and AIN93M diet with defatted flaxseed meal + DMH (LINCA), for 15 weeks. The technique RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of p16, p21, p53, cyclin D1, and cyclin E in the distal colon. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of CD4 and CD8 spleen cells, the quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in stool, the quantification of Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp. in feces. RESULTS: LIN and LINCA showed increased Bifidobacterium spp. compared with control (C-). In relation to the weight of the organs, the groups LIN and LINCA showed higher values for the liver and kidney compared with control (C-). Regarding ACF, the group LINCA presented fewer ACF in the middle and distal colon compared with control (C-). When we analyzed ACF with more than three crypts the group LIN and LINCA did not present ACF in the middle and distal segments. LINCA presented increased p53 gene expression. CONCLUSION: This finding suggests that defatted flaxseed meal reduces ACF by increasing the expression of p53 and increase Bifidobacterium spp.