Ethnobotanical knowledge of herbalists about medicinal plants from the semiarid region in northeastern Brazil / Conocimiento etnobotánico de herbolarios sobre plantas medicinales de la región semiárida del noreste de Brasil

Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times to treat illnesses. This study aimed to identify through questionnaire the medicinal plants most frequently sold on public and street markets in some municipalities of Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil, and the knowledge of herbalists about their therapeutic indications and forms of use. The sample consisted of 28 herbalists. Fifteen plants with a dental indication were identified, including barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva), gengibre (Zingiber officinale), romã (Punica granatum), cajueiro-roxo (Anacardium occidentale), mulungu (Erythrina velutina) and quixaba (Sideroxylon obtusfolium), as well as 21 plants used for the treatment of general diseases, including barbatimão (S. adstringens), aroeira (M. urundeuva), cajueiro-roxo (A. occidentale), quixaba (S. obtusfolium), boldo (Peumus boldus) and erva doce (Pimpinella anisum). Bottled preparations ("garrafadas")and teas were the most frequently indicated forms of use. The results suggest that herbalists have a vast traditional knowledge of the therapeutic potential of commercialized plants.

Las plantas medicinales se han utilizado desde la antigüedad para tratar enfermedades. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar a través de cuestionario las plantas medicinales más vendidas en mercados públicos y callejeros en algunos municipios del estado de Paraíba, noreste de Brasil, y el conocimiento de los herbolarios sobre sus indicaciones terapéuticas y formas de uso. La muestra estuvo formada por 28 herbolarios. Se identificaron quince plantas con indicación dental, entre las que se encuentran barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva), jenjibre (Zingiber officinale), romã (Punica granatum), cajueiro-roxo (Anacardium occidentale), mulungu (Erythrina velutina) y quixaba (Sideroxylon obtusfolium), así como 21 plantas utilizadas para el tratamiento de enfermedades generales, incluidas barbatimão (S. adstringens), aroeira (M. urundeuva), cajueiro-roxo (A. occidentale), quixaba (S. obtusfolium), boldo (Peumus boldus) y erva doce (Pimpinella anisum). Las preparaciones embotelladas ("garrafadas") y los tés fueron las formas de uso más frecuentemente indicadas. Los resultados sugieren que los herbolarios tienen un vasto conocimiento tradicional del potencial terapéutico de las plantas comercializadas.

Phytochemical composition, antifungal activity, in vitro and in vivo toxicity of Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels leaves extract / Composición fitoquímica, actividad antifúngica, toxicidad in vitro e in vivo del extracto de hojas de Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels

This study determined phytochemical composition, antifungal activity and toxicity in vitro and in vivo of Syzygium cumini leaves extract (Sc). Thus, was characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and submitted to determination of Minimum Inhibitory (MIC) and Fungicidal concentrations (MFC) on reference and clinical strains of Candida spp. and by growth kinetics assays. Toxicity was verified using in vitro assays of hemolysis, osmotic fragility, oxidant and antioxidant activity in human erythrocytes and by in vivo acute systemic toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae. Fourteen different compounds were identified in Sc, which showed antifungal activity (MIC between 31.25-125µg/mL) with fungistatic effect on Candida. At antifungal concentrations, it demonstrated low cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and neglible in vivotoxicity. Thus, Sc demonstrated a promising antifungal potential, with low toxicity, indicating that this extract can be a safe and effective alternative antifungal agent.

Este estudio determinó la composición fitoquímica, la actividad antifúngica y la toxicidad in vitro e in vivo del extracto de hojas de Syzygium cumini (Sc). Así, se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas y se sometió a determinación de Concentraciones Mínimas Inhibitorias (CMI) y Fungicidas (MFC) sobre cepas de referencia y clínicas de Candida spp. y mediante ensayos de cinética de crecimiento. La toxicidad se verificó mediante ensayos in vitro de hemólisis, fragilidad osmótica, actividad oxidante y antioxidante en eritrocitos humanos y por toxicidad sistémica aguda in vivo en larvas de Galleria mellonella. Se identificaron catorce compuestos diferentes en Sc, que mostraron actividad antifúngica (CMI entre 31.25-125 µg/mL) con efecto fungistático sobre Candida. En concentraciones antifúngicas, demostró baja citotoxicidad, actividad antioxidante y toxicidad in vivo insignificante. Por lo tanto, Sc demostró un potencial antifúngico prometedor, con baja toxicidad, lo que indica que este extracto puede ser un agente antifúngico alternativo seguro y eficaz.

Screwed and cement implant prosthesis: current clinical considerations / Prótese sobre implante cimentada e parafusada: considerações clínicas atuais

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is no consensus as to which cemented or screwed retention system is best to avoid bone loss around the implant from a fixed implant-supported restoration. Objective: To evaluate the prosthesis retention systems on screw and cemented implants, regarding: bone loss, survival and failure rate, biological complications and microbiological analysis. Methods: A search was made for scientific articles that contemplated the subject through the databases Pubmed and SciELO, without period restriction. The titles, abstracts and then access to the full text has been verified. Results: It was found that excess cement may play an important role in the development of peri-implant disease. Technical failures are most seen in prosthesis retained by screws, and biological complications in cemented crowns. The success rate for both restraint systems is high, and retention-independent implant prosthesis treatment provides predictability. Conclusion: The appropriate retention system for the patient depends on several factors, including indication, advantages and disadvantages, retention provided, aesthetics and clinical performance.

RESUMO Introdução: Não há consenso sobre qual sistema de retenção, cimentado ou parafusado, é o melhor para evitar perda óssea ao redor do implante de uma restauração fixa implanto-suportada. Objetivo: Avaliar os sistemas de retenção de próteses sobre implantes parafusadas e cimentadas, quanto aos fatores: perda óssea, taxa de sobrevivência e de falhas, complicações biológicas e análises microbiológicas. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca por artigos científicos que contemplassem o tema através das bases de dados Pubmed e SciELO, sem restrição de período. Os títulos, resumos e em seguida o acesso ao texto completo foi verificado. Resultados: Foi observado que o excesso de cimento pode desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento da doença peri-implantar. Falhas técnicas são mais observadas em próteses retidas por parafusos e complicações biológicas em coroas cimentadas. A taxa de sucesso para os dois sistemas de retenção é alta e o tratamento com próteses sobre implantes independente da retenção oferece previsibilidade ao caso. Conclusão: O sistema de retenção apropriado para o paciente depende de diversos fatores, incluindo a indicação, vantagens e desvantagens, retenção fornecida, estética e desempenho clínico.

Modified Micromarsupialization as Treatment of Ranula in a Pediatric Patient.

Ranulas are mucoceles located on the floor of the mouth. The main form of treatment for these lesions is surgical excision, but this can lead to complications such as hemorrhage, recurrence of the lesion, and damage to the lingual nerve. Thus, other therapeutic modalities are indicated, such as modified micromarsupialization, which is a simple technique and not associated with recurrences, and without the need of a new intervention in the postoperative period. An 11-year-old female child, nonwhite, presented with bubble-shaped lesion located on floor of the mouth, on the left side, with exophytic growth, sessile base, bluish coloration, measuring about 4.0 cm in diameter, showing well-defined limits, well-delimited contours and borders, smooth surface, and softened consistency. Under the diagnostic hypothesis of the ranula, a modified micromarsupialization was performed. After 90 days of observation, complete regression and repair of the lesion were observed, without recurrence. Modified micromarsupialization is a simple therapeutic modality, low cost, and well-tolerated by the patient, mainly the pediatric one, being considered very effective in the treatment of lesions of difficult clinical management, as the ranula.

Pleomorphic adenoma of buccal mucosa: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland neoplasms are rare, accounting for 3% to 5% of all head and neck tumors, and involvement of the minor salivary glands is uncommon. Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign neoplasm, which mainly affects the parotid gland. However, involvement of the cheek mucosa is very rare. OBJECTIVE: This study reports a case of PA in the cheek mucosa. In addition, the etiopathogenesis, clinical and morphological features and differential diagnoses of PA are discussed, emphasizing the importance of knowledge about the characteristics of this tumor for a correct diagnosis. CASE REPORT: A 50-year-old woman presented with a nodular lesion of endophytic growth in the left cheek mucosa. The lesion was small and well-delimited and had a normal mucosa color and intact surface. An excisional biopsy of the lesion was performed, and the diagnosis was PA. CONCLUSION: Although the occurrence of PA in the minor salivary glands of the cheek mucosa is uncommon, the early establishment of a correct diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment are important because they permit effective management of the condition and improvement in the prognosis of patients.

Use of erythrocytes in cytotoxicity and toxicity assays of medicinal plant extracts: analysis of their application and bibliometric study / Utilización de eritrocitos en ensayos de citotoxicidad y toxidez de extractos de plantas medicinales: análisis de su aplicación y estudio bibliométrico

Plant species have been used for therapeutic purposes since ancient times and are still in use today since these products represent a source of raw material for the production of phytotherapeutic formulations. Screening and investigation of plants with pharmacological potential require the evaluation of characteristics related to their action, efficacy and safety in different steps. Among these steps, pre- clinical trials are used to evaluate the properties of the test product in in vitro experiments, such as cytotoxicity assays. Within this context, this study consists of a bibliometric analysis of some in vitro cytotoxicity and toxicity assays in erythrocytes used during bioprospecting of medicinal plants. The results demonstrated the wide application of erythrocytes to evaluate the biological effects of medicinal plant extracts. The methods were found to be valid and effective for the preliminary investigation of the in vitro cytotoxicity and toxicity of plant products.

El uso de especies vegetales para fines terapéuticos es una práctica histórica y todavía bastante actual, ya que estos productos pueden representar una fuente de materia prima para la producción de formulaciones fitoterápicas. En investigación de plantas con potencial farmacológico requiere la evaluación de su acción, eficacia y seguridad, a través de diferentes etapas. Entre estas, en los ensayos preclínicos se evalúan las propiedades del producto-prueba en experimentos in vitro, tales como ensayos de citotoxicidad, entre otros. En este aspecto, el presente estudio consiste en un análisis bibliométrico acerca de algunas pruebas de citotoxicidad y toxicidad in vitro en eritrocitos realizados en los ensayos de bioprospección de plantas medicinales. Los resultados evidencian la amplia utilización de eritrocitos para la evaluación de los efectos biológicos de extractos de plantas medicinales, apuntándolos como métodos válidos y eficaces para la investigación preliminar de la citotoxicidad y toxicidad in vitro de productos vegetales.

In vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential of Salvia officinalis L. against Oral Pathogens / Avaliação in vitro do Potencial Antimicrobiano da Salvia officinalis L. Frente a Patógenos Orais

The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains to antibiotics has motivated the search for new substances with antimicrobial activity, especially those derived from medicinal plants. Salvia officinalis L. is a medicinal plant that arouses scientific interest due to being associated with multiple therapeutic effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of S. officinalis L. against pathogens in the oral cavity. The antimicrobial potential of the ethanol extract of leaf of S. officinalis L was evaluated by broth microdilution, with determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal/Fungicide concentration (MBC / MFC), against the species Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guillermond, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. The extract showed moderate antifungal potential before Candida species (MIC = 1 mg/mL). And for the species of Streptococcus, the antimicrobial activity was from moderate to strong whose MIC ranged from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL. In this study, the extract from the leaves of S. officinalis L. presented oral cavity antimicrobial activity against pathogens. These results point to S. officinalis as a possible source of active ingredients in the development of formulations with antimicrobial activity of dental use. (AU).

O surgimento de cepas multirresistentes a antibióticos tem motivado a busca de novas substâncias com atividade antimicrobiana, especialmente aquelas oriundas de plantas medicinais. A Salvia officinalis L. é uma planta medicinal que desperta interesse científico por estar associada a múltiplos efeitos terapêuticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano in vitro da S. officinalis L. frente a patógenos da cavidade bucal. O potencial antimicrobiano do extrato etanólico da folha da S. officinalis L foi avaliado por meio da microdiluição em caldo, com determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida/Fungicida Mínima (CBM/CFM), frente as espécies Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guillermond, Candida krusei e Candida tropicalis. O extrato apresentou moderado potencial antifúngico frente às espécies de Candida (CIM = 1 mg/mL). Para as espécies de Streptococcus, o potencial antimicrobiano foi considerado forte a moderado, com valores de CIM variando entre 0,25 a 1 mg/mL. Neste estudo, o extrato da folha de S. officinalis L. apresentou potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos da cavidade bucal. Esses resultados apontam a S. officinalis como uma possível fonte de princípios ativos no desenvolvimento de formulações com atividade antimicrobiana de uso odontológico. (AU).

Clinical and histopathological study of the oral multifocal melanoacanthoma: A case report.

Melanoacanthoma is a blackened mucocutaneous lesion, mainly affecting individuals with dark skin and exhibiting rapid development. Differential diagnosis includes nevus, amalgam tattoo and melanoma. This article reports a case of a 53-year-old white woman, who exhibited multiple blackened lesions on the gingiva and upper lip. After incisional biopsy, the presence of numerous melanin-containing dendritic cells distributed throughout the epithelial thickness, which were S-100 (+), were observed microscopically. Final diagnosis was multifocal oral melanoacanthoma. Follow-up for 28 months has shown appearing of more lesions in gingiva and upper lip. Therefore, the importance of differential diagnosis of oral melanoma with the group of oral pigmented lesions, and possible associated systemic diseases were evaluated. Key words:Melanocytes, pigmentation, oral mucosa, gingiva, differential diagnosis.

Anadenanthera Colubrina vell Brenan: anti-Candida and antibiofilm activities, toxicity and therapeutical action

Abstract: We evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of bark from Anadenanthera colubrina (vell.) Brenan, known as Angico, against Candida spp. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the microdilution technique through the Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicide Concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was tested in mature biofilms formed by Candida species and analyzed through the counting of CFU/mL and scanning electron micrograph (SEM). In vivo toxicity and therapeutic action was evaluated in the Galleria mellonella model. The treatment with the extract, in low doses, was able to reduce the growth of planktonic cells of Candida species. MIC values range between 19.5 and 39 µg/mL and MFC values range between 79 and 625 µg/mL. In addition was able to reduce the number of CFU/mL in biofilms and to cause structural alteration and cellular destruction, observed via SEM. A. colubrina showed low toxicity in the in vivo assay, having not affected the viability of the larvae at doses below 100mg/kg and high potential in the treatment of C. albicans infection. Considering its high antifungal potential, its low toxicity and potential to treatment of infections in in vivo model, A. colubrina extract is a strong candidate for development of a new agent for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Effects of associations of tannins from Anacardium occidentale and Anadenanthera colubrina with cephalosporin against bovine Staphylococcus aureus isolates / Efeitos da associação de taninos de Anacardium occidentale e Anadenanthera colubrina à cefalosporina sobre Staphylococcus aureus isolados de bovinos

The association of natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants with conventional antibiotics, both with similar mechanisms of action, have become a viable alternative strategy to overcome the problem of drug resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of tannic substances present in the bark of Anacardium occidentale and Anadenanthera colubrina against samples of Staphylococcus aureus when in combination with cephalexin. These combinations were evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). For this purpose, tannins and cephalexin were serially dissolved in distilled water at concentrations ranging from 0.976 mg/mL to 500 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL to 512 mg/mL, respectively. When combined, the compounds inhibited S. aureus growth forming halos ranging from 0.9 to 46 mm with an MIC of 7.8 mg/mL (tannins) and 4 µg/mL (cephalexin). The resulting effect of the combination of natural and synthetic substances with similar mechanisms of action presented better results than when tested alone. Thus, the conclusion is that both the tannins and cephalexin had their antimicrobial action enhanced when used in combination, enabling the use of lower concentrations while maintaining their antibacterial effect against strains of S. aureus.(AU)

A associação de compostos naturais, isolados de plantas medicinais, com antibióticos convencionais, com mecanismos de ação semelhantes, torna-se uma estratégia alternativa e viável para superar o problema da resistência. Assim, nosso objetivo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de substâncias tânicas presentes na casca de Anacardium occidentale e Anadenanthera colubrina associadas à cefalexina, sobre amostras de Staphylococcus aureus. Avaliamos essa associação por meio da determinação da concentração mínima inibitória. Dessa forma, taninos e a cefalexina foram dissolvidos de forma seriada em água destilada em concentrações variando de 0,976 mg/mL a 500 mg/mL e 2 µg/mL a 512 µg/mL, respectivamente. Quando associados, inibiram o crescimento de S. aureus formando halos que variaram de 0,9 a 46 mm com concentração mínima inibitória de 7,8 mg/mL (taninos)/ 4 µg/mL (cefalexina). O efeito resultante da associação de substâncias, natural e sintética, com mecanismos de ação semelhantes, apresentou resultados superiores aos observados quando testados isoladamente. Podemos concluir que os taninos e a cefalexina tiveram sua ação antimicrobiana potencializada quando utilizados em associação, permitindo o uso de uma menor concentração, mantendo seu efeito antibacteriano sobre cepas de S. aureus.(AU)

Punica granatum Linn. prevention of oral candidiasis in patients undergoing anticancer treatment / Punica granatum Linn. na prevenção da candídiase oral em pacientes que se submetem a tratamento antineoplásico

Introduction: Oral candidiasis is considered one of the complications of antineoplastic therapy of head and neck. Studies show that herbal medicine has proven to be a promising alternative for the treatment of candidiasis. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the gel Punica granatum Linn. in the prevention of oral candidiasis in patients undergoing radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and adverse effects associated with its use. Material and method: It was performed a clinical trial, double blind, in the period 2012-2013, with patients seen at a referral hospital for cancer treatment. The sample consisted of 17 patients who did not have signs nor symptoms of oral candidiasis. These patients were divided into two groups: experimental (n=11): composed of patients who used the gel Punica granatum Linn. 6.25% since the beginning of the anticancer treatment and completed a week after the end of the treatment regimen; control (n=6): for patients who used the gel Miconazol 2%, following the same guidelines of the previous group. Data were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test and calculation of continuing Yates correction (p<0.05). Result: There was no oral candidiasis in 63.6% of patients in the experimental group and in none of the control group patients. Conclusion: Most patients who used the experimental gel showed no clinical signs of fungal infection, and there was no association of adverse effects.

Introdução: A candidíase oral é considerada uma das complicações da terapia antineoplásica de cabeça e pescoço. Estudos revelam que a fitoterapia vem se mostrando uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento da candidíase. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade do gel de Punica granatum Linn. na prevenção da candidíase oral, em pacientes submetidos à radioterapia associada ou não a quimioterapia para tratamento de carcinoma de células escamosas na região de cabeça e pescoço, e efeitos adversos associados ao seu uso. Material e método: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico, duplo cego, no período de 2012 a 2013, com pacientes atendidos em um Hospital de referência para tratamento oncológico. A amostra foi composta por 17 pacientes que não apresentavam os sinais e sintomas de candidíase oral, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: experimental (n=11): composto por pacientes que utilizaram o gel de Punica granatum Linn. 6,25%, desde o inicio do tratamento antineoplásico e concluído uma semana após o término do esquema terapêutico; controle (n=6): por pacientes que utilizaram o gel de Miconazol 2%, seguindo as mesmas orientações do grupo anterior. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e usado os testes Qui-quadrado e Cálculo da Correção Continuada de Yates (p<0,05). Resultado: Não se observou a candidíase oral em 63,6% dos pacientes do grupo experimental, e em nenhum paciente do grupo controle. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes que fizeram uso do gel experimental não apresentaram os sinais clínicos da infecção fúngica, e não houve a associação de efeitos adversos.

Antimicrobial and Anti-Adherent in vitro Activity of Tannins Isolated from Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Cashew) on Dental Biolfilm Bacteria

Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial and ant-adherent in vitro activity of tannins isolated from Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Cashew) on dental biofilm bacteria. Material and Methods:Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Streptococcus mitis ATCC 903, Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 15300, Streptococcus oralis ATCC 10557, Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 7073 and Lactobacillus casei ATCC 9595 samples were used in this study. The tests were performed by the solid medium dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Adherence (MICA) of bacteria to glass was determined in the presence of 5% sucrose. As a positive control, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate was used. The substances were tested at concentrations of 1:1 (pure solution) up to 1:512. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the SPSS software,version 15.0. Results:Tannins isolated from Anacardium occidentale Linn. (cashew) formed inhibition halos ranging from 11 to 17 mm in diameter and were capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria tested at concentrations of 1:4 (S mutans), 1:16 (S mitis), 1:8 (Ssanguis), 1:4 (S oralis), 1:8 (S salivarius) and 1:2 (L casei). The tannin solution was effective in inhibiting the adherence of microorganisms to glass, and its effect on Streptococcus sanguis (1:512) and Lactobacillus casei (1:512) stood out, showing ant-adherent effect at all concentrations tested. Conclusion:Tannin isolates produced in vitro antimicrobial and ant-adherent activity on dental biofilm-forming bacteria and can be considered as an alternative treatment in infectious processes in clinical dentistry

Antifungal potential of Sideroxylon obtusifolium and Syzygium cumini and their mode of action against Candida albicans.

Context The emergence of resistant pathogens and toxicity of antifungals have encouraged an active search for novel candidates to manage Candida biofilms. Objective In this study, the little known species Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn (Sapotacea) and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), from the Caatinga biome in Brazil were chemically characterized and explored for their antifungal potential against C. albicans. Materials and methods We determined the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts/fractions upon fungal growth (minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations, MIC/MFC), biofilm morphology (scanning electron microscopy) and viability (confocal laser scanning microscopy), proposed their mode of action (sorbitol and ergosterol assays), and finally investigated their effects against macrophage and keratinocyte cells in a cell-based assay. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-test (α = 0.05). Results The n-butanol (Nb) fraction from S. obtusifolium and S. cumini extract (Sc) showed flavonoids (39.11 ± 6.62 mg/g) and saponins (820.35 ± 225.38 mg/g), respectively, in their chemical composition and demonstrated antifungal activity, with MICs of 62.5 and 125 µg/mL, respectively. Nb and Sc may complex with ergosterol as there was a 4-16-fold increase in MICs in the presence of exogenous ergosterol, leading to disrupted permeability of cell membrane. Deleterious effects were observed on morphology and viability of treated biofilms from concentrations as low as their MICs and higher. Sc was not toxic to macrophages and keratinocytes at these concentrations (p > 0.05), unlike Nb. Conclusions Nb and Sc demonstrated considerable antifungal activity and should be further investigated as potential alternative candidates to treat Candida biofilms.

Avaliação do grau de higiene bucal e condição periodontal de escolares

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência e a severidade da gengivite em escolares com higiene bucal deficiente, na faixa etária de 9 a 12 anos, e sua relação com possíveis fatores de risco locais. Sujeitos e método: foi realizado um estudo descritivo de corte transversal para avaliar as condições gengivais em escolares de duas escolas da rede pública de ensino, sendo a amostra composta por 36 escolares. Os índices aplicados foram: Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado (IHO-S), Índice de Sangramento à Sondagem e Índice de Placa. O nível socioeconômico foi determinado pela classe socioeconômica a que pertencia a família. Os dados foram registrados no software SPSS para Windows®, versão 20.0, e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Na análise bivariada, utilizou-se teste t de Student e a Análise de Variância (ANOVA). Resultados: foi observada uma prevalência de 100% de gengivite em todos os escolares, sendo a forma leve (97,2%) a mais frequente, havendo uma correlação positiva entre o IHO-S e o número de superfícies sangrantes. Conclusão: os escolares apresentaram elevada prevalência de gengivite na forma leve, relacionada à higiene bucal deficiente, o que evidencia a necessidade de realização de atividades preventivas que motivem a prática diária de higiene bucal efetiva.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the retromolar region: report of a clinical case / Carcinoma mucoepidermoide em região retromolar: descrição de um caso clínico

Although the number of reported cases is low, mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant salivary gland neoplasm in the oral cavity. Its etiology is unknown. Clinically, it is described as a painful or painless swelling most often seen in the palate. Due to its great biological diversity, treatment and prognosis depend on the histological grade, location, and tumor stage. The objective of the present study was to describe a clinical case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a Brown female patient aged 45 years. Intraoral physical examination revealed a 1.0 cm diameter, bluish bubble with clear boundaries in the left retromolar region. The bubble had been there for roughly four months. An excisional biopsy was performed to confirm the clinical diagnosis of mucocele. Yellowish mucous leaked during the excision. The anatomical-pathological result was mucoepidermoid carcinoma, after which the patient was referred to a head and neck surgeon. Hence, we emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and proper management of this disease. Even when its clinical appearance is not suggestive of malignancy, mucoepidermoid carcinoma diagnosis should be considered in cases of proliferative oral lesions.

Embora apresente uma casuística baixa, o Carcinoma Mucoepidermoide é a neoplasia maligna de glândula salivar mais observada na cavidade oral. Possui etiopatogenia desconhecida e, clinicamente, apresenta-se como tumefação sintomática ou não, sendo o palato, o sítio de predileção. Em decorrência da sua grande diversidade biológica, o tratamento e prognóstico dependem do grau histológico, da localização e do estágio clínico do tumor. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo descrever um caso clínico de carcinoma mucoepidermoide de uma paciente do gênero feminino, 45 anos de idade, feoderma. O exame físico intraoral evidenciou, em região retromolar esquerda, bolha de limites nítidos, medindo cerca de 1,0 cm de diâmetro, coloração azulada, presente há aproximadamente quatro meses. Diante do diagnóstico clínico de mucocele, foi realizada a biopsia excisional; durante a execução da mesma, observou-se extravasamento de muco amarelado. Após o resultado anatomopatológico de carcinoma mucoepiderrmoide, a paciente foi encaminhada ao cirurgião de cabeça e pescoço. Desta forma, enfatiza-se a importância do diagnóstico precoce e correto manejo desta patologia, que, mesmo quando sua aparência clínica não sugerir malignidade, deve ser considerada como hipótese diagnóstica em lesões proliferativas da boca.

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among patients with diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2

BACKGROUND: Patients with diabetes mellitus have been associated with a number of changes in the oral cavity, such as gingivitis, periodontitis, mucosal diseases, salivary dysfunction, altered taste, and burning mouth. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study between August and October 2012 with a convenience sampling was performed for 51 patients with diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2). The study consisted of two phases: 1) a questionnaire application; 2) intraoral clinical examination. For the analysis of data, we used descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test in bivariate analysis (significance level of 0.05), and Poisson Regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of oral lesions was 78.4%. Traumatic ulcers (16.4%) and actinic cheilitis (12.7%) were the most prevalent lesions. The lips (35.3%) and tongue (23.5%) were the most common location. The bivariate analysis showed an association with the type of diabetes, and two variables (age and comorbidity) were quite close to the significance level. In the Poisson Regression analysis, only diabetes type 2 remained significant after adjusting the model. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show a high prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in diabetic patients. The oral mucosal lesions are mostly associated with diabetes type 2. .

A randomized, controlled clinical trial on the clinical and microbiological efficacy of punica granatum linn mouthwash

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a mouthwash containing Punica granatumL as compared to 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate on the control of dental biofilm and gingival inflammation.Material and Methods:A randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial was carried out comprising a sample of 35 students aged nine to twelve years having Simplified Oral Hygiene Index value equal to or higher than 1.6, with at least 20 teeth. The sample was divided into two groups: group A, administration of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash twice a day for 14 days; and group B, administration of Punica granatum mouthwash (6.25%) following the same protocol described above. The Plaque Index (PI) and Bleeding on Probing Index (BPI) were used to evaluate biofilm control and gingival inflammation on days 0, 7 and 14. Counting of oral streptococci from saliva samples was also performed on days 0 and 14. The data were analyzed using Student‟s t test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).Results:The findings showed that P. granatum mouthwash reduced the mean values of PI and BPI, but with no significant difference. However, there was a significant reduction in the counting of oral streptococci. In the control group, all variables were found to be significantly reduced.Conclusion:Punica granatum mouthwash was not effective for the control of dental biofilm and gingival inflammation, but it was effective in reducing the counting of oral streptococci...

Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Potential of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan.

The aim of the present study was to perform an in vitro analysis of the antimicrobial and antiproliferative potential of an extract from Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan (angico) and chemically characterize the crude extract. Antimicrobial action was evaluated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration, and the inhibition of formation to oral biofilm. Cell morphology was determined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Six strains of tumor cells were used for the determination of antiproliferative potential. The extract demonstrated strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 18804 (MIC = 0.031 mg/mL), with similar activity found regarding the ethyl acetate fraction. The extract and active fraction also demonstrated the capacity to inhibit the formation of Candida albicans to oral biofilm after 48 hours, with median values equal to or greater than the control group, but the difference did not achieve statistical significance (P > 0.05). SEM revealed alterations in the cell morphology of the yeast. Regarding antiproliferative activity, the extract demonstrated cytostatic potential in all strains tested. The present findings suggest strong antifungal potential for Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan as well as a tendency toward diminishing the growth of human tumor cells.

Aspectos demográficos e manifestações clínicas bucais de pacientes soropositivos para o HIV/Aids / Demographic and clinical manifestations of oral in patients seropositive for HIV /SIDA

Introdução: As lesões bucais e peribucais são comuns nos pacientes infectados pelo vírus HIV e podem representar os primeiros sinais da doença, antes mesmo das manifestações sistêmicas. Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência de manifestações bucais em indivíduos soropositivos para o HIV, considerando aspectos sociodemográficos, imunológicos e terapêuticos. Material e Método: Foi realizado um estudo de natureza clínico-epidemiológica transversal, entre outubro de 2007 e abril de 2008, com amostra composta por 40 pacientes. Utilizou-se a técnica de observação direta intensiva por meio de exame clínico apropriado. Os dados foram registrados em fichas pré-elaboradas e analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultado: Verificou-se a prevalência do gênero feminino (52,5%), na faixa etária de 40 a 49 anos (45%). O tratamento com antirretrovirais foi constatado em 85,0% dos casos, sendo todos com terapia de alta potência (HAART). Observou-se que 52,5% dos pacientes apresentaram a contagem de linfócitos TCD4+ acima de 500cél/mm³ e 50,0% apresentaram carga viral indetectável. A prevalência das manifestações bucais foi 42,5%, sendo a mais expressiva a candidose pseudomembranosa (19,23%), seguida da periodontite úlcero-necrosante (15,38%), da leucoplasia pilosa (11,54%) e da queilite angular (11,54%). Não foi verificada associação entre manifestações bucais e carga viral (p=0,1268), nem com o número de células T CD4 (p=0,3458). Conclusão: A prevalência de algumas manifestações bucais associadas à infecção pelo HIV ainda é alta, sendo a candidose pseudomembranosa a infecção mais prevalente, principalmente entre pessoas com baixo nível ...

Introduction: The oral and perioral lesions are common in patients infected with HIV, and may represent the first signs of the disease, even before the systemic manifestations. Objective : This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of oral manifestations in HIV seropositive individuals, considering the aspects socio-demographic, immunological and therapeutic. Material and Method: Was performed nature study clinical-epidemiological transverse, between October 2007 to April 2008, with a sample of 40 patients. Was used the technique of intensive direct observation through appropriate clinical exam. Data were recorded on data sheets pre-prepared and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: There was a prevalence of females (52.5%), aged 40-49 years (45%). Treatment with antiretroviral drugs was found in 85.0% of cases, all being with high power therapy (HAART). It was observed that 52.5% of patients had a TCD4+ lymphocyte count above 500cél/mm ³ and 50.0% had an undetectable viral load. The prevalence of oral manifestations was 42.5%, the most significant for pseudomembranous candidiasis (19.23%), followed necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (15.38%), hairy leukoplakia (11.54%) and angular cheilitis (11.54%). No association was observed between oral lesions and viral load (p=0.1268) nor the TCD4 cell count (p=0.3458). Conclusion: Prevalence of some oral manifestations associated with HIV infection is still high, with pseudomembranous candidiasis infection more prevalent, mainly among people with low education levels and longer HIV infection, independent of the therapy and immune status of the patient. .

Analgesia durante o tratamento ortodôntico com o uso do laser de baixa intensidade: revisão sistemática / Analgesia during orthodontic treatment with low intensity laser: systematic review

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor é um sintoma clínico característico em estágios iniciais do tratamento ortodôntico. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever na literatura o uso da terapia a laser de baixa intensidade na redução da dor durante o tratamento ortodôntico. CONTEÚDO: Uma busca de títulos, resumos e artigos foram realizadas nas bases de dados Pubmed/Medline, Cochrane Library, LILACS e Scielo. Três pesquisadores realizaram de forma independente uma busca utilizando critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos. Foram incluídos oito ensaios clínicos, sendo que seis deles verificaram redução significativa da dor após uso do laser terapêutico. CONCLUSÃO: Existe evidência científica de que o uso do laser de baixa intensidade diminui a sintomatologia dolorosa após colocação de elásticos ortodônticos e após realização de ajustes ortodônticos durante a movimentação dentária. O seu uso por profissionais da área é uma alternativa viável por apresentar menos efeitos colaterais em relação a analgésicos anti-inflamatórios, sendo bem indicado a pacientes alérgicos, crianças e pacientes com comprometimento sistêmico. No entanto, há a necessidade de investigações científicas adicionais que utilizem protocolos bem definidos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain is a typical symptom during early orthodontic treatment. This study aimed at reviewing the literature on the use of low intensity laser to relieve pain during orthodontic treatment. CONTENTS: Titles, summaries and articles were searched in the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Cochrane Library, LILACS and Scielo. Three researchers have independently searched using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight clinical trials were included and six have observed significant pain relief after therapeutic laser. CONCLUSION: There are scientific evidences that low intensity laser decreases pain symptoms during dental movements after the placement of orthodontic elastics and after orthodontic adjustments. Its use by dentists is a feasible alternative for inducing less adverse effects as compared to anti-inflammatory analgesics, being indicated for allergic patients, children and patients with systemic impairment. However, there is the need for further scientific investigations using well-defined protocols.