Microbiological analysis of tongue dorsum coating in patients hospitalized in ICU / Análise microbiológica da saburra em dorso lingual de pacientes internados em UTI

ABSTRACT Objective: ssess quantitatively and qualitatively tongue coating microbiota in ICU patients. Methods: Analytical observational study, convenience sample comprising 65 patients was included for medical report analysis and collection of general data, tongue coating assessment through visual inspection and microbiological sample collection for further laboratory analysis. The collection was performed by a single examiner using a sterile swab introduced and rubbing the posterior portion of the tongue close to the oropharynx. Results: Most patients (60%) belonged to the female sex, at mean age of 74.2 years. The main reasons for hospitalization were lung issues (26.2%) - prevailing associated comorbidities were diabetes (43.1%) and high blood pressure (66.2%). The mean length of stay in the ICU was one day. All patients presented tongue dorsum coating. There were Candida albicans (37%), Streptococcus parasanguinis (26.1%) and Streptococcus mitis (32.6%) in 1/3 of lingual extension. Streptococcus mitis (p=0,0265) was the most prevalent species. Conclusion: There was no significance between the amount of coating and number of observed species, although all assessed patients had presented coating. The most prevalent microorganisms were Candida albicans, Streptococcus parasanguinis and Streptococcus mitis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar quantitativa e qualitativamente a microbiota da saburra lingual em pacientes internados em UTI. Métodos: Estudo observacional analítico, amostra de conveniência composta por 65 pacientes para análise de laudo médico e coleta de dados gerais, avaliação da saburra lingual por inspeção visual e coleta de amostra microbiológica para posterior análise laboratorial. A coleta foi realizada por um único examinador por meio de swab estéril introduzida e fricção na porção posterior de língua próxima à orofaringe. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes (60%) pertencia ao sexo feminino, com média de idade de 74,2 anos. Os principais motivos de internação foram problemas pulmonares (26,2%) - as comorbidades associadas predominantes foram diabetes (43,1%) e hipertensão arterial (66,2%). O tempo de internação médio na UTI foi de um dia. Todos os pacientes apresentavam saburra do dorso da língua. Havia Candida albicans (37%), Streptococcus parasanguinis (26,1%) e Streptococcus mitis (32,6%) em 1/3 da extensão lingual. Streptococcus mitis (p=0,0265) foi a espécie mais prevalente. Conclusões: Não houve significância entre a quantidade de recobrimento e o número de espécies observadas, embora todos os pacientes avaliados tenham apresentado recobrimento. Os microrganismos mais prevalentes foram Candida albicans, Streptococcus parasanguinis e Streptococcus mitis.

Histologic and histomorphometric analysis of two biomaterials of xenogenous origin for maxillary sinus elevation: a clinical study.

Objective: This study analyzed two xenogenous biomaterials based on deproteinized bovine bone mineral applied for maxillary sinus elevation. Method and materials: Fourteen patients were submitted to maxillary sinus augmentation with one of the following biomaterials: Criteria Lumina Bone Porous (test group) or Geistlich Bio-Oss (control group), both of large granules (1 to 2 mm). After 6 months, trephine biopsies were collected at the time of implant placement: 27 samples (11 patients) in the test group; 7 samples (3 patients) in the control group. Biopsies were analyzed by descriptive histology and histomorphometry, in which the percentages of newly formed bone, residual biomaterial particles, and connective tissue were evaluated. Results: Histomorphometry showed means for test and control groups, respectively, of 32.41% ± 9.42% and 26.59% ± 4.88% for newly formed bone, 22.89% ± 4.58% and 25.00% ± 4.81% for residual biomaterial, and 44.70% ± 9.54% and 48.41% ± 3.36% for connective tissue. There were no differences between groups (P > .05). Conclusion: This study concluded that Criteria Lumina Bone Porous presented similar histologic and histomorphometric characteristics to Geistlich Bio-Oss 6 months after sinus elevation surgery, identifying the tested biomaterial as an interesting alternative for bone augmentation in the maxillary sinus.

DC-STAMP and TACE Levels are Higher in Patients with Periodontitis.

Although periodontitis is one of the commonest infectious inflammatory diseases in humans, the mechanisms involved with its immunopathology remain ill understood. Numerous molecules may induce inflammation and lead to bone resorption, secondary to activation of monocytes into osteoclasts. TACE (TNF-α converting enzyme) and DC-STAMP (dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein) appear to play a role on bone resorption since TACE induces the release of sRANKL (soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-ß ligand) whereas DC-STAMP is a key factor in osteoclast induction. The present study evaluated the levels of TACE and DC-STAMP in patients with and without periodontitis. Twenty individuals were selected: 10 periodontally healthy participants undergoing gingivectomy for esthetic reasons and 10 diagnosed with periodontitis. Protein levels of such molecules in gingival tissue were established using Western blotting. Protein levels of both TACE and DC-STAMP were higher in the periodontitis group than in the control group (p<0.05; Student t-test). In conclusion, TACE and DC-STAMP protein levels are elevated in patients with periodontitis, favoring progression of bone resorption.

Preliminary findings on the possible role of B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) on diabetes-related periodontitis.

The possible role of B-cell growth and differentiation-related cytokines on the pathogenesis of diabetes-related periodontitis has not been addressed so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the gene expression of proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), two major cytokines associated to survival, differentiation and maturation of B cells in biopsies from gingival tissue with periodontitis. Gingival biopsies were obtained from subjects with periodontitis (n = 17), with periodontitis and DM (n = 19) as well as from periodontally and systemically healthy controls (n = 10). Gene expressions for APRIL, BLyS, RANKL, OPG, TRAP and DC-STAMP were evaluated using qPCR. The expressions APRIL, BLyS, RANKL, OPG, TRAP and DC-STAMP were all higher in both periodontitis groups when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the expressions of BLyS, TRAP and RANKL were significantly higher in the subjects with periodontitis and DM when compared to those with periodontitis alone (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of BLyS correlated positively with RANKL in the subjects with periodontitis and DM (p < 0.05). BLyS is overexpressed in periodontitis tissues of subjects with type 2 DM, suggesting a possible role of this cytokine on the pathogenesis DM-related periodontitis.

Lithium chloride improves bone filling around implants placed in estrogen-deficient rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the ability of lithium chloride (LiCl) to increase bone filling (BF) around threaded titanium implants inserted in estrogen-deficient rats and, thein-vitro effects of this drug on osteoblast-like cell viability, proliferation, mineralization and expression of bone-related markers. DESIGN: In vivo: Rats received sham surgery plus water (Estrogen-sufficient group), ovariectomy plus water (Estrogen-deficient group) or ovariectomy plus LiCl (150 mg/kg/every other day) (LiCl/estrogen-deficient group). On the 21st day after ovariectomy/sham surgeries, a threaded titanium implant was inserted in the rat tibia. BF and the number of TRAP + cells were assessed at 10, 20 and 30 days after implant placement. In vitro: Osteosarcoma SAOS-2 cells were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mM of LiCl; cell proliferation, viability, mineralization (alizarin red staining) and gene expressions of RUNX-2, OCN, OPN, BSP and ALP (Real Time PCR) were estimated in the cultures. RESULTS: In vivo: The estrogen-sufficient and LiCl/estrogen-deficient groups demonstrated higher percentages of BF, within the limits of implant threads, than the estrogen-deficient group at 20 and 30 days (p < 0.05). The number of TRAP + cells was lower in LiCl/estrogen-deficient than in the estrogen-deficient group at all experimental times (p < 0.05). In vitro: Cell cultures exposed to LiCl (0.01 or 0.05 mM) exhibited larger areas of mineralized matrix than the non-exposed cultures (p < 0.05) and demonstrated the highest expressions of the genes investigated. CONCLUSION: LiCl treatment improved BF around threaded titanium implants inserted in estrogen-deficient rats and stimulated matrix mineralization and overexpression of bone-formation markers in osteoblastic cells in culture.

Clinical outcomes of peri-implantitis treated with bone substitute and resorbable membrane: a literature review with a systematic approach / Desfechos clínicos do tratamento da peri-implantite com substituto ósseo e membrana reabsorvível: revisão da literatura com abordagem sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this review was to evaluate the outcomes of the treatment of peri-implant defects, using Guided Bone Regeneration. Methods: A literature search was performed based on the PICO methodology in the PubMed/Medline, SciELO, Lilacs electronic databases, CAPES periodicals and the Cochrane Library. We included studies using bovine mineral matrix, associated to a collagen membrane for the treatment of peri-implantitis by Guided Bone Regeneration. Results: Of 1,163 studies, 10 were included in this review after applying the evaluation criteria. A total of 269 implants were treated in 260 patients. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 48 months. The studies evaluated outcome in terms of reduction in probing depth, gain of clinical attachment and healing of the bony defect. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to perform meta-analysis. Conclusion: Treatment of peri-implant lesions with Guided Bone Regeneration is a viable modality of treatment, providing reduction in bleeding on probing, as well as gain of clinical attachment. Complete filling of the defect is, however, an unpredictable result.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi avaliar os desfechos do tratamento dos defeitos peri-implantares, por meio da técnica da Regeneração Óssea Guiada. Métodos: Uma pesquisa bibliográfica, baseada na metodologia PICO, foi realizada nas bases de dados eletrônica PubMed/Medline, SciELO, Lilacs periódicos Capes e Cochrane Library. Foram incluídos estudos que utilizaram matriz mineral bovina, associado a uma membrana de colágeno para o tratamento da peri-implantite por Regeneração Óssea Guiada. Resultados: De 1.163 estudos, 10 foram incluídos nesta revisão, após aplicação dos critérios de avaliação. Um total de 269 implantes foram tratados em 260 pacientes. O período de acompanhamento variou de 6 a 48 meses. Os estudos avaliados reportaram redução média da profundidade de sondagem, ganho de inserção clínica e preenchimento ósseo do defeito. Devido à heterogeneidade dos estudos não foi possível realizar metanálise. Conclusão: O tratamento das lesões peri-implantares, com a técnica da Regeneração Óssea Guiada é uma modalidade viável de tratamento, proporcionando redução do sangramento à sondagem, bem como o ganho de inserção clínica. Porém, o completo preenchimento do defeito, é um resultado imprevisível.

Avaliação do efeito de cepas probióticas em biofilme de S. aureus sobre discos de titânio com superfície tratada / Assessment of probiotic bacterial strains effect on S. aureus biofilm on titanium discs with treated surfaces

Resumo Introdução As doenças peri-implantares apresentam como um dos principais fatores etiológicos o biofilme bacteriano, geralmente formado por uma microbiota semelhante à das doenças periodontais. Seu tratamento está centrado na descontaminação da superfície do implante e na remoção mecânica do biofilme, podendo ainda estar associado à administração de agentes antimicrobianos. Nesse sentido, tem sido cogitada a utilização de probióticos, que são microrganismos benéficos à saúde e que podem ter grande importância na cavidade oral, como coadjuvante no tratamento das peri-implantites. Objetivo Avaliar o efeito das cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus brevis e Bifidobacterium bifidum no crescimento do biofilme monoespécie de Staphylococcus aureus. Material e método Discos de titânio padronizados e com superfície tratada foram submersos em meio contendo caldo BHI e Staphylococcus aureus durante sete dias. Após esse período, o caldo foi retirado, os discos foram lavados e, então, introduzidos em um novo caldo BHI contendo as suspensões probióticas, sendo assim comparados a um grupo controle, sem probióticos. As amostras foram incubadas por 24h e então foram realizadas as diluições e a contagem das UFC (unidades formadoras de colônia) para Staphylococcus aureus. Resultado Após análise estatística dos dados, observou-se que a adição de ambos os probióticos resultaram em redução significativa (p<0,05) de UFC, quando comparados ao controle. Conclusão Conclui-se que os probióticos analisados (Lactobacillus brevis e Bifidobacterium bifidum) reduziram consideravelmente o crescimento do patógeno Staphylococcus aureus. Além disso, a cepa de Lactobacillus brevis apresentou efeito inibidor superior ao da cepa Bifidobacterium bifidum para ser utilizada como controle do biofilme bacteriano de Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract Introduction One of the main etiological factors for peri-implant diseases is the bacterial biofilm, which usually features a similar microbiota to periodontal diseases. Its treatment focus on the decontamination of the implant surface and on the mechanical removal of biofilm, and it may also be associated to the administration of antimicrobial agents. Thus, the use of probiotics has been considered, since they feature beneficial microorganisms to health and may be of great importance for the oral cavity as an adjunct for the treatment of peri-implant diseases. Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus brevis and Bifidobacterium bifidum on the growth of single-species biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus. Material and method Standardized surface-treated titanium discs were submerged in a medium containing BHI broth and Staphylococcus aureus, for 7 days. After this period, the broth was removed, the discs were washed and, then, submerged in a new BHI broth containing probiotic suspensions and compared to a control group (with no probiotics). Samples were incubated for 24 hours and then the dilutions and CFU (colony-forming units) counting for Staphylococcus aureus were performed. Result Statistical analysis revealed that the addition of both probiotics resulted in a significant reduction (p<0,05) of CFU, when compared to the control group. Conclusion The assessed probiotics (Lactobacillus brevis and Bifidobacterium bifidum) considerably reduced Staphylococcus aureus growth. In addition, Lactobacillus brevis strain presented a superior inhibition effect than Bifidobacterium bifidum strain for Staphylococcus aureus bacterial biofilm control.

Histologic Evaluation of Leucocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Inflammatory Process and Repair of Noncritical Bone Defects in the Calvaria of Rats.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on the inflammatory process, tissue repair, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on bone defects in the calvaria of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: L-PRF was obtained from three animals submitted to cardiac puncture to prepare the membranes. Two noncritical defects with a diameter of 2 mm were created in the calvaria of 15 Wistar rats. The defects on the right side were filled with a blood clot (CTRL) and the left side with L-PRF. After 5, 15, and 30 days, the animals were euthanized and the specimens processed for histologic, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. In order to measure the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate and VEGF expression, scores were assigned from 0 to 3, with 0 being no expression, 1 discrete (up to 25%), 2 moderate (between 25% and 50%), and 3 intense (> 50%) expression. The area of bone neoformation at the edges of the defects was also quantified. RESULTS: A less intense inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the defects filled with L-PRF compared with CTRL at all times analyzed (P < .05). At 5 days, no bone neoformation was observed in any of the groups evaluated. After 15 and 30 days, greater bone neoformation was observed in the group treated with L-PRF compared with the CTRL group (P < .05). At 15 days, 3,871.8 (1,070.15) µm2 were recorded for the CTRL and 49,978.5 (14,360.7) µm2 in the L-PRF. At 30 days, 62,284.5 (3,579.5) µm2 were observed in the CTRL and 154,076.6 (31,464.9) µm2 in the L-PRF. At all evaluated times, a lower inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the group treated with L-PRF compared with the CTRL. VEGF expression was observed in the initial phase and throughout the tissue repair process in both groups. At 5 days, there was no difference in VEGF expression between the groups. VEGF was present at the initial phase and throughout the tissue repair process in both groups. In the L-PRF group, a decrease in VEGF expression was observed at 15 and 30 days compared with the CTRL group. CONCLUSION: L-PRF had a positive effect on the regenerative process of bony defects, with a reduced inflammatory response and greater bone neoformation.

Microwave radiation is effective at disinfecting dental stone surfaces without changing their physical properties.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of different microwave radiation regimens for disinfection of type IV dental stone surfaces and to assess the influence of these regimens on surface roughness and dimensional change following disinfection. Three hundred cylindrical (20 × 2-mm) test specimens were made in type IV stone and divided into subgroups of 20 according to the microorganisms tested (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Candida albicans) and the 900-W microwave radiation protocol (cycles of 3, 5, or 7 minutes; a positive control; or a negative control). To test physical changes, 80 test specimens were made with the same dimensions except that they had 2 parallel and symmetrical indentations measuring 8 × 4 mm. These specimens were divided into 4 subgroups of 20 each (a subgroup for each radiation time and a negative control). The mean dimensional change and roughness data were analyzed by mixed models for repeated measures and Tukey-Kramer tests. Disinfection was analyzed with descriptive statistics. For E coli and C albicans, all radiation times proved effective at sterilizing the test specimens. For S aureus, sterilization was achieved with 5 and 7 minutes of exposure; however, colonies were observed in 10 Petri dishes (50%) exposed to 3 minutes of microwave radiation. No statistically significant difference in dimensional change or surface roughness was observed for any radiation regimen (P > 0.05).

In vitro evaluation of gingival fibroblasts proliferation and smear layer formation in pre-conditioned root surfaces / Avaliação in vitro do comportamento biológico de fibroblastos gengivais em superfícies radiculares pré-condicionadas

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro, fibroblastic proliferation on chemically conditioned root surfaces. Methods: Forty single-rooted human teeth, were cut into fragments and divided into four groups (n=20): GI (control) - scaling and root planing (SRP); GII - SRP + conditioning with 10% citric acid; GIII - SRP + conditioning with 24% EDTA gel and GIV - SRP + conditioning with 50 mg/ml of tetracycline hydrochloride. The fibroblasts were placed on these surfaces and cell proliferation evaluated using Trypan Blue stain. Smayer layer formation was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Results: The results revealed that the chemical conditioners used were incapable of effectively removing the smear layer. However, when compared to the other groups, GIII showed the best results regarding removal of the smear layer (p<0.05). GI demonstrated the greatest cell proliferation at all studied time intervals compared to the chemically treated groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study reveal that all demineralizing agents evaluated presented lower cell proliferation levels when compared to the control group. In addition none of the chemical conditioners used removed the smear layer completely.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar in vitro a proliferação de fibroblastos em superfícies radiculares, previamente condicionadas quimicamente. Métodos: Para este estudo, 40 dentes unirradiculares humanos hígidos, extraídos por acometimento periodontal irreversível, foram seccionados em fragmentos radiculares e divididos em 04 grupos (20 espécimes/grupo) de acordo com a aplicação do condicionamento ácido: GI (controle) - apenas submetidos à raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR); GII - RAR + condicionamento com ácido cítrico a 10%; GIII- RAR + condicionamento com gel de EDTA a 24%, ph 7,0; e GIV- RAR + condicionamento com 50mg/ml de cloridrato de tetraciclina. Adicionalmente, as células foram plaqueadas sobre estas superfícies e foi avaliada a proliferação celular por meio do corante vital azul de Trypan. Para a análise da morfologia ultraestrutural foi utilizado Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que em relação à proliferação celular, os condicionadores químicos utilizados não foram capazes de remover efetivamente a smear layer. Entretanto, no grupo tratado com EDTA (GIII) foi observado uma maior remoção (P<0,05) na quantidade de smear layer quando comparado aos demais grupos. No grupo controle (GI) pode-se observar uma maior proliferação celular em todos os tempos (24h, 48h, 72h) quando comparado aos demais grupos que sofreram tratamento químico (P<0,05). Conclusão: Considerando os agentes desmineralizantes avaliados, a maior remoção de smear layer e proliferação celular foram alcançados com o gel de EDTA a 24%, quando comparado ao grupo condicionado com cloridrato de tetraciclina 50 mg/ml, após 72 horas de cultivo celular.

Prevalence of peri-implant mucositis / Prevalência de mucosite peri-implantar

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis, as well as hygiene care around implants and the correlation between keratinized gingiva and probing depth around implants. Methods: The study consisted of 107 dental implants of 24 patients treated at Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic who were evaluated for the presence of bleeding, presence of keratinized gingiva and implant placement time. Moreover, demographic data and oral hygiene methods used in the area of implants were obtained. Results: The prevalence of mucositis in this population was 81.31% of the implants. The average percentage of bleeding score was 29.91%. Of the 107 implants, 52.34% had keratinized tissue. Regarding the use of interproximal tooth cleaning, 43% of patients used dental floss, 26.71% used interdental brush and 20.56% used single brush. It was observed only a weak negative correlation between marginal bleeding and presence of keratinized tissue (p <0.001, r = -0.27). Conclusion: It can be observed a high prevalence of mucositis around the implants, which highlights the need for professionals' greater awareness about oral hygiene guidance and health promotion encouragement in patients receiving dental implant rehabilitation, as well as more studies to investigate the real role of keratinized tissue around implants.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de mucosite, bem como os cuidados de higiene bucal ao redor de implantes e a correlação entre a faixa de gengiva queratinizado e a profundidade de sondagem nos implantes. Métodos: Foram avaliados 107 implantes dentários de 24 pacientes em atendimento na Faculdade de Odontologia São Leopoldo Mandic. Os implantes foram avaliados em relação à presença de sangramento, tecido queratinizado e tempo de instalação dos implantes. Além disso, foram obtidos dos voluntários, os dados demográficos, bem como informações sobre os cuidados e métodos de higienização utilizados na região dos implantes. Resultados: A prevalência de mucosite foi de 81,31% dos implantes. A média de porcentagem de sangramento obtida foi de 29,91%. Dos 107 implantes, em 52,34% havia presença de tecido queratinizado. Quanto ao uso de métodos auxiliares para controle de biofilme, 43% dos pacientes utilizavam fio dental, 26,71% utilizavam escova interdental e 20,56% utilizavam escova unitufo. Foi observada apenas uma fraca correlação negativa entre sangramento marginal e presença de tecido queratinizado (p< 0,001, r= -0,27). Conclusão: Pode-se observar uma alta prevalência de mucosite ao redor dos implantes, o que evidencia a necessidade de uma maior conscientização dos profissionais quanto à orientação de higiene bucal e incentivo à promoção de saúde em pacientes que recebem reabilitação com implantes dentais, bem como mais estudos investigando o real papel do tecido queratinizado ao redor dos implantes.

Effectiveness of a single-tuft toothbrush for control of newly formed dental biofilm

Aim: To compare the effectiveness of a single-tuft toothbrush (STB) with conventional toothbrushes (CT) to control dental biofilm neoformation in the dentogingival area. Methods: For this cross-sectional prospective blind study, 20 periodontally healthy subjects were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: STB; CT; CHX - chlorhexidine mouthwash (positive control) and PS - placebo mouthwash (negative control). The subjects were instructed to use only the assigned care method for 72 h with a 7-day washout period between experiments. The evaluated parameters were visible and disclosed plaque indices (PI and DPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) at baseline (T-0) and at the end of each experimental period (T-72). Results: Data analysis demonstrated that at T-0 no difference was observed for any of the parameters (p>0.05); after 72 h, CT, STB and CHX showed equivalente effectiveness at controlling biofilm. When the PI data were analyzed, between T-0 and T-72, STB was similar to CT and CHX (p<0.05), whereas for DPI, STB was significantly superior to the other methods. Except for PS, all methods yielded similar results for GBI (p<0.05). Conclusions: The tested STB was effective at controlling short-term dental biofilm neoformation on the dentogingival area (au)

Clinical and Immunoinflammatory Evaluation of One-Stage Full-Mouth Ultrasonic Debridement as a Therapeutic Approach for Smokers With Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis: A Short-Term Follow-Up Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the effect of one-stage full-mouth ultrasonic debridement (OSFMUD) on clinical and immunoinflammatory parameters in smokers with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). METHODS: Fourteen smoking and 14 non-smoking patients with GAgP were selected. After initial supragingival therapy, patients were treated by OSFMUD. Full-mouth parameters evaluated were: 1) plaque index (PI); 2) bleeding scores (BS); 3) probing depth (PD); and 4) clinical attachment level (CAL). Clinical evaluation was performed, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected for selected sites (ss) at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months. GCF was analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for: 1) receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL); 2) osteoprotegerin (OPG); 3) interleukin (IL)-6; and 4) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, whereas secreted osteoclastogenic factor of activated T-cells (SOFAT) was evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS: Significant reduction (P <0.05) was observed between baseline and 6 months for: 1) PI; 2) BS; and 3) PD, with no difference between smoking and non-smoking patients (P >0.05). Regarding CAL, only non-smoking patients showed a significant decrease (P <0.05). Significant reduction (P <0.05) was observed in both groups for: 1) PIss; 2) PDss; 3) bleeding on probing; and 4) relative CAL. Smoking and non-smoking patients presented significantly decreased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α over time (P <0.05); however, no difference was observed between groups (P >0.05). RANKL was significantly different (P <0.05) only for non-smokers at 6 months, whereas OPG was not significant (P >0.05). SOFAT expression was significantly lower (P <0.05) after OSFMUD for non-smokers only. CONCLUSION: Considering the clinical and immunoinflammatory parameters evaluated in this short-term follow-up study, it can be concluded that OSFMUD can be used as an alternative treatment for smokers with GAgP.

Periodontal disease as a risk factor for aspiration pneumonia: a systematic review / Doença periodontal como fator de risco para pneumonia aspirativa: uma revisão sistemática

The objective of this study was to systematically review the available literature, evaluating if periodontal disease is a risk factor for the development of aspiration pneumonia. The data sources were publications available between 01/01/1980 and 01/15/2011, on the following databases: MEDLINE, LILACS, Evidence Portal, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Google Academics. Inclusion criteria included randomized clinical trials, case-control and cohort studies, as well as cross sectional studies, in Portuguese and English. Teams of reviewers, independently and in duplicate, screened titles and abstracts of full text articles to determine eligibility. The selected articles were read in full and the variables evaluated independently and described in predetermined forms according to clinical outcomes. As a result, five studies out of 653 publications were included: three case-control studies and two cohort studies. Although these studies indicate a positive association between the presence of periodontal disease and the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia, the results must be interpreted with caution. They should not be taken as definitive conclusions due to variations in methodology and limitations, such as sample size, inadequate control of potential confounding variables, lack of calibration of periodontal measurements and inconsistent criteria for the establishment of aspiration pneumonia. There is little evidence to affirm that periodontal disease is a risk condition factor for aspiration pneumonia. Future studies are necessary to elucidate this association, as well as to establish the potential benefit of periodontal treatment with the goal of reducing the risk of developing aspiration pneumonia.

O Objetivo do estudo foi revisar sistematicamente a literatura disponível, avaliar se a doença periodontal é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de pneumonia por aspiração. As fontes de dados foram publicações disponíveis entre 01/01/1980 e 15/01/2011, nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline, Lilacs, Evidence Portal, Cochrane Central Register de Ensaios Controlados (CENTRAL) e Google Academics. Os estudos de seleção foram ensaios clínicos randomizados, estudos de caso-controle e coorte, assim como estudos transversais, em Português e Inglês. Equipes de revisores, independente e em duplicado fez os títulos de telas e resumos e do texto completo para determinar a elegibilidade. Os artigos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra e as variáveis avaliadas de forma independente e descrito em formas pré-determinadas de acordo com os resultados clínicos. Como resultado, cinco estudos de 653 publicações foram incluídos: três estudos de caso-controle, um estudo de coorte e um estudo prospectivo, com análise retrospectiva de dados. Embora esses estudos indicam uma associação positiva entre a presença de doença periodontal e a ocorrência de pneumonia aspirativa, os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela. Eles não devem ser tomados como conclusões definitivas devido a variações nas metodologias e limitações, tais como tamanho da amostra, controle inadequado de potenciais variáveis de confusão, a falta de calibração das medições periodontais e sem critérios consistentes para o estabelecimento de pneumonia por aspiração. Há pouca evidência para afirmar que a doença periodontal é um fator condição de risco para pneumonia aspirativa. Futuros estudos são necessários para elucidar essa associação, bem como para estabelecer o potencial benefício do tratamento periodontal com o objetivo de reduzir o risco de desenvolver pneumonia por aspiração.

Microvessel Density Evaluation of the Effect of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Soft Tissue After Implant Placement: A Preliminary Study.

Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is commonly used in periodontal therapy and has been used successfully for periodontal regeneration. In addition, this material has a possible angiogenic effect that has been associated with enhanced wound healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of EMD on microvessel density (angiogenesis) on the soft tissues surrounding newly placed implants after 14 days. Five patients were selected, each requiring at least one implant on each side of the maxilla, in a split-mouth experimental design. The implants were placed in a two-stage procedure. Each side was then randomized as test or control. On the test side, 0.1 mL of EMD was topically applied to the soft tissues surrounding the implants, while the control side did not receive any treatment. Second-stage surgery was performed after 14 days. A 6-mm punch biopsy was performed for each implant, with the samples subsequently prepared for histology and immunohistochemistry. Quantitative vascularization analysis was performed, which involved counting three areas or "hotspots" containing vessels strongly positive for CD34 and CD105, a pan-endothelial and new vessel marker, respectively. There was no significant difference between test and control groups when evaluating the formation of new blood vessels. The total number of blood vessels, however, was significantly higher in the group treated with EMD (test group). Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that topical application of EMD on the soft tissues surrounding newly placed implants resulted in an increased number of blood vessels at 14 days, suggesting that EMD may play a beneficial role in this aspect of wound healing.

Long-term Short Implants Performance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Essential Assessment Parameters

Lack of standard criteria in the outcome assessment makes it difficult to draw conclusions on the clinical performance of short implants and, under these circumstances, determine the reasons for implant failure. This study evaluated, through a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis, the essential parameters required to assess the long-term clinical performance of short and extra-short implants. Electronic databases (Pubmed-MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Database, Embase, and Lilacs) were searched by two independent reviewers, without language limitation, to identify eligible papers. References from the selected articles were also reviewed. The review included clinical trials involving short dental implants placed in humans, published between January 2000 and March 2014, which described the parameters applied for outcome's measurements and provided data on survival rates. Thirteen methodologically acceptable studies were selected and 24 parameters were identified. The most frequent parameters assessed were the marginal bone loss and the cumulative implant survival rate, followed by implant failure rate and biological complications such as bleeding on probing and probing pocket depths. Only cumulative implant survival rate data allows meta-analysis revealing a positive effect size (from 0.052 (fixed) to 0.042 (random)), which means that short implant appears to be a successful treatment option. Mechanical complications and crown-to-implant (C/I) ratio measurement were also commonly described, however, considering the available evidence; no strong conclusions could be drawn since different methods were used to assess each parameter. By means of this literature review, a standard evaluation scheme is proposed, being helpful to regiment further investigations and comparisons on future studies.

A falta de critérios padronizados para a avaliação dos resultados faz com que seja difícil tirar conclusões sobre o desempenho clínico dos implantes curtos e, nestas circunstâncias, determinar as razões para o fracasso do implante. Este estudo avaliou, através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, os parâmetros essenciais necessários para avaliar o desempenho clínico em longo prazo de implantes curtos e extra-curtos. Bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed-MEDLINE, Base de dados da Biblioteca Cochrane, Embase e Lilacs) foram avaliadas por dois revisores independentes, sem limitação da linguagem, de modo a identificar artigos elegíveis. As referências dos artigos selecionados foram também analisadas. A revisão incluiu estudos clínicos, publicados entre janeiro de 2000 e março de 2014, envolvendo implantes dentais curtos, instalados em seres humanos, nos quais foram descritos os parâmetros utilizados para mensuração dos resultados e fornecidos dados sobre as taxas de sobrevivência. Treze estudos metodologicamente aceitáveis foram selecionados, sendo identificados 24 parâmetros. Os parâmetros avaliados com maior frequencia foram a perda óssea marginal e a taxa cumulativa de sobrevivência do implante, seguida pela taxa de falha dos implantes e complicações biológicas, tais como sangramento à sondagem e profundidade de sondagem. Apenas a taxa cumulativa de sobrevivência dos implantes permitiu a meta-análise revelando efeito positivo (variação de 0.052 (efeito fixo) até 0.042 (efeito aleatório)), demonstrando que os implantes curtos parecem ser uma opção de tratamento bem sucedida. Complicações mecânicas e a mensuração da proporção coroa-implante foram também referidas, entretanto, considerando-se as evidências disponíveis, não se pode chegar a fortes conclusões, pois diferentes métodos foram utilizados para avaliar cada parâmetro. Por meio desta revisão da literatura, um esquema padronizado de avaliação é proposto, sendo útil para arregimentar ...

Implante imediato com provisionalização e utilização da coroa natural do elemento extraído / Immediate dental implant after tooth extraction using the natural dental crown as a provisional restoration. A case report

A implantação imediata após a exodontia com a confecção de um elemento protético provisório tem se tornado uma proposta viável, amplamente documentada na literatura e que diminui consideravelmente o tempo de tratamento e a quantidade de intervenções, contribuindo para maior satisfação do paciente. A observação de fatores relevantes da estrutura óssea remanescente e do contorno gengival da região deve ser considerada, com o objetivo de otimizar o prognóstico. Outras considerações quanto ao desenho e superfície do implante, conduta cirúrgica e protética também devem ser criteriosamente analisadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi demonstrar, por meio de um relato de caso clínico, a utilização de implante imediato após a exodontia de um dente perfurado endodonticamente, seguido de provisionalização imediata, utilizando-se da coroa do dente extraído como elemento provisório, com acompanhamento de seis meses.

Immediate implantation after extraction followed by a provisional prosthetic element has become a viable proposition, widely documented in the literature and which significantly reduces treatment time and number of interventions, contributing to greater patient satisfaction. The observation of relevant factors of the remaining bone structure and gingival contour of the region must be considered in order to optimize the prognosis. Other considerations such as implant design and surface, surgical and prosthetic protocols should also be carefully analyzed. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate through a clinical case report, the use of immediate implant after extraction of a tooth endodontically perforated, followed by immediate provisionalization, using the crown of the extracted tooth as provisional element representing the 6-month follow-up report.

One stage, full-mouth, ultrasonic debridement in the treatment of severe chronic periodontitis in smokers: a preliminary, blind and randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this clinical trial was to assess the performance of a full-mouth ultrasonic debridement protocol in the treatment of severe chronic periodontitis in comparison with scaling and root planing in a quadrant-wise procedure in smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The trial consisted of 30 participants presenting with periodontitis divided into 3 groups: Group FMUD - full-mouth ultrasonic debridement, i.e., one session of 45 minutes of ultrasonic instrumentation for smokers (n = 10), Group SRP- scaling and root planing performed in a quadrant-wise manner for smokers (n = 10), and Group Control - SRP for nonsmokers (n = 10), treated following the same protocol as the SRP group. The parameters evaluated were: plaque/bleeding on probing indices, probing pocket depth, relative recession, and relative probing attachment level at baseline, 45, 90 and 180 days after therapy. RESULTS: Full-mouth ultrasonic debridement and scaling and root planing resulted in comparable gain of attachment 6 months after therapy. Both groups exhibited probing pocket depth reduction at all experimental periods as compared to baseline. Smokers, however, had less probing pocket depth reduction and relative probing attachment level gain compared to non-smokers, despite the mechanical protocol used (p < 0.05). Moreover, at 180 days, nonsmokers presented with fewer sites requiring re-treatment (probing pocket depth > 5 mm and bleeding on probing) than smokers (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Full-mouth ultrasonic debridement and scaling and root planing result in comparable clinical outcomes for the treatment of smokers with severe chronic periodontitis. Despite the non-surgical technique used, smokers had a less favorable clinical response than non-smokers.

Peri-implant diseases may be associated with increased time loading and generalized periodontal bone loss: preliminary results.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant diseases around Branemark system implants in Brazilians and the possible relationship with periodontal bone loss, systemic condition, and demographic profile. A total of 113 individuals were enrolled in this study, and they received 347 implants. The implants were clinically and radiographically examined and diagnosed as healthy implants, mucositis, or peri-implantitis. The demographic and systemic profiles of the individuals were assessed via questionnaires, and the time of loading was obtained from files. The presence of periodontal bone loss in partially edentulous patients was determined by standardized radiographic evaluation. With regard to implants, the prevalence was 60.5% (n = 210), 32% (n = 111), and 7.5% (n = 26) for healthy tissues, mucositis, and peri-implantitis, respectively. No correlation was found between peri-implant tissue conditions and socioeconomic status, body mass index, smoking status, gender, age, diabetes mellitus, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Statistically significant positive correlations were found in implants with mucositis and peri-implantitis in relation to time of loading and with peri-implantitis in relation to periodontal bone loss in the 4 quadrants (P < .05). Presence of peri-implant diseases may be associated with the increasing time of loading and generalized periodontal bone loss.

Flavoring agents present in a dentifrice can modify volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) formation in morning bad breath

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a flavor-containing dentifrice on the formation of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) in morning bad breath. A two-step, blinded, crossover, randomized study was carried out in 50 dental students with a healthy periodontium divided into two experimental groups: flavor-containing dentifrice (test) and non-flavor-containing dentifrice (control). The volunteers received the designated dentifrice and a new toothbrush for a 3 X/day brushing regimen for 2 periods of 30 days. A seven-day washout interval was used between the periods. The assessed parameters were: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), organoleptic breath scores (ORG), VSC levels (as measured by a portable sulphide monitor) before (H1) and after (H2) cleaning of the tongue, tongue coating (TC) wet weight and BANA test from TC samples. The intra-group analysis showed a decrease in ORG, from 3 to 2, after 30 days for the test group (p < 0.05). The inter-group analysis showed lower values in ORG, H1 and H2 for the test group (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the amount of TC between groups and the presence of flavor also did not interfere in the BANA results between groups (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that a flavor-containing dentifrice seems to prevent VSCs formation in morning bad breath regardless of the amount of TC in periodontally healthy subjects.