Colorectal Cancer Screening in Rural and Urban Primary Care Practices Amid Implementation of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act.

PURPOSE: The Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) incentivized primary care practices to improve colorectal cancer screening rates. This study examined if colorectal screening rates improved among rural and urban primary care practices amid implementation of MACRA. METHODS: Colorectal cancer screening data are from a national registry of 139 primary care practices. Repeated measures regression tested for rural/urban differences and changes in screening rates between 2016 and 2020, adjusting for county demographic factors and social deprivation. RESULTS: Screening rates were 64% in both rural and urban practices in the first quarter of 2016 and increased to 80% and 83% in rural and urban practices, respectively, in the last quarter of 2020. In adjusted analyses, screening rates increased by 4% per year and there were no rural/urban differences. Lower screening rates were associated with higher county proportions of persons who were 45 to 74 years of age and Hispanic. Higher screening rates were associated with higher county proportions of persons who were White, Black, and Asian and higher social deprivation. CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal screening rates improved among rural and urban primary care practices during implementation of MACRA, but disparities persist among practices serving county populations that are relatively older, more Hispanic, and have higher social deprivation.

Distribution of Physician Specialties by Rurality.

PURPOSE: Physicians of all specialties are more likely to live and work in urban areas than in rural areas. Physician availability affects the health and economy of rural communities. This study aimed to measure and update the availability of physician specialties in rural counties. METHODS: This analysis included all counties with a Rural-Urban Continuum Code (RUCC) between 4 and 9. Geographically identified physician data from the 2019 American Medical Association Masterfile was merged with 2019 County Health Rankings, the Census Bureau's 2010 county-level population data, and 2010 Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing shapefiles. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the availability of physicians by specialty in rural counties. FINDINGS: Of the 1,947 rural counties in our sample, 1,825 had at least 1 physician. Specialties including emergency medicine, cardiology, psychiatry, diagnostic radiology, general surgery, anesthesiology, and OB/GYN were less available than primary care physicians (PCPs) in all rural counties. The probability of a rural county having a PCP was the highest in RUCC 4 (1.0) and lowest in RUCC 8 (0.93). Of all primary care specialties, family medicine was the most evenly distributed across the rural continuum, with a probability of 1.0 in RUCC 4 and 0.88 in RUCC 9. CONCLUSIONS: Family medicine is the physician specialty most likely to be present in rural counties. Policy efforts should focus on maintaining the training and scope of practice of family physicians to serve the health care needs of rural communities where other specialties are less likely to practice.

Inpatient Hand-Offs in Family Medicine Residency Programs: A CERA Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Miscommunication during patient hand-off in the inpatient setting can lead to serious medical errors. Previous studies indicate heterogeneity in handoff practices among physicians in training. We sought to determine current practice patterns of patient hand-offs in family medicine residencies and training methods to reinforce effective transfer of care. METHODS: We developed 13 questions relating to patient hand-offs that were included in the Spring 2014 CERA Family Medicine Program Directors Survey. Descriptive statistics were generated for each survey item. RESULTS: We received 224 survey responses (response rate of 50%). The typical inpatient was subject to an average of seven transfers of care from a Thursday morning to a Monday morning. Use of two strategies consistent with best practices (face-to-face hand-off, use of a dedicated area) was very high. There was wide variation in training methods for patient transfer and infrequent use of national resources. Half of all residency programs relied on supervision as the primary method of instruction in patient hand-off. Estimated patient safety events in the last year attributed to a breakdown in hand-off procedure occurred "rarely/never" in 73% of programs. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of family medicine residencies use at least two of three best practices in patient hand-offs, though there was wider variation in the processes of hand-offs. Frequent hand-offs associated with a night float system is a potential cause of increased errors, though we were unable to measure actual patient safety events.