Resistance Exercise Counteracts the Impact of Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Muscle Characteristics in Cancer Patients.

CONTEXT: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) forms the cornerstone in prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. However, ADT also lowers skeletal muscle mass. OBJECTIVE: To identify the impact of ADT with and without resistance exercise training on muscle fiber characteristics in PCa patients. METHODS: Twenty-one PCa patients (72 ± 6 years) starting ADT were included. Tissue samples from the vastus lateralis muscle were assessed at baseline and after 20 weeks of usual care (n = 11) or resistance exercise training (n = 10). Type I and II muscle fiber distribution, fiber size, and myonuclear and capillary contents were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Significant decreases in type I (from 7401 ± 1183 to 6489 ± 1293 µm2, P < .05) and type II (from 6225 ± 1503 to 5014 ± 714 µm2, P < .05) muscle fiber size were observed in the usual care group. In addition, type I and type II individual capillary-to-fiber ratio (C/Fi) declined (-12% ± 12% and -20% ± 21%, respectively, P < .05). In contrast, significant increases in type I (from 6700 ± 1464 to 7772 ± 1319 µm2, P < .05) and type II (from 5248 ± 892 to 6302 ± 1385 µm2, P < .05) muscle fiber size were observed in the training group, accompanied by an increase in type I and type II muscle fiber myonuclear contents (+24% ± 33% and +21% ± 23%, respectively, P < .05) and type I C/Fi (+18% ± 14%, P < .05). CONCLUSION: The onset of ADT is followed by a decline in both type I and type II muscle fiber size and capillarization in PCa patients. Resistance exercise training offsets the negative impact of ADT and increases type I and II muscle fiber size and type I muscle fiber capillarization in these patients.

Dose-response effects of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise in young men: a double-blind randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Protein ingestion increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from endurance exercise. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the effect of graded doses of dietary protein co-ingested with carbohydrate on whole-body protein metabolism, and skeletal muscle myofibrillar (MyoPS) and mitochondrial (MitoPS) protein synthesis rates during recovery from endurance exercise. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 48 healthy, young, endurance-trained men (mean ± SEM age: 27 ± 1 y) received a primed continuous infusion of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, l-[ring-3,5-2H2]-tyrosine, and l-[1-13C]-leucine and ingested 45 g carbohydrate with either 0 (0 g PRO), 15 (15 g PRO), 30 (30 g PRO), or 45 (45 g PRO) g intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine and l-[1-13C]-leucine labeled milk protein after endurance exercise. Blood and muscle biopsy samples were collected over 360 min of postexercise recovery to assess whole-body protein metabolism and both MyoPS and MitoPS rates. RESULTS: Protein intake resulted in ∼70%-74% of the ingested protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation. Whole-body net protein balance increased dose-dependently after ingestion of 0, 15, 30, or 45 g protein (mean ± SEM: -0.31± 0.16, 5.08 ± 0.21, 10.04 ± 0.30, and 13.49 ± 0.55 µmol phenylalanine · kg-1 · h-1, respectively; P < 0.001). 30 g PRO stimulated a ∼46% increase in MyoPS rates (%/h) compared with 0 g PRO and was sufficient to maximize MyoPS rates after endurance exercise. MitoPS rates were not increased after protein ingestion; however, incorporation of dietary protein-derived l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine into de novo mitochondrial protein increased dose-dependently after ingestion of 15, 30, and 45 g protein at 360 min postexercise (0.018 ± 0.002, 0.034 ± 0.002, and 0.046 ± 0.003 mole percentage excess, respectively; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Protein ingested after endurance exercise is efficiently digested and absorbed into the circulation. Whole-body net protein balance and dietary protein-derived amino acid incorporation into mitochondrial protein respond to increasing protein intake in a dose-dependent manner. Ingestion of 30 g protein is sufficient to maximize MyoPS rates during recovery from a single bout of endurance exercise.This trial was registered at trialregister.nl as NTR5111.

Fructose Coingestion Does Not Accelerate Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Repletion.

BACKGROUND: Postexercise muscle glycogen repletion is largely determined by the systemic availability of exogenous carbohydrate provided. PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the effect of the combined ingestion of fructose and glucose on postexercise muscle glycogen repletion when optimal amounts of carbohydrate are ingested. METHODS: Fourteen male cyclists (age: 28 ± 6 yr; Wmax: 4.8 ± 0.4 W·kg⁻¹) were studied on three different occasions. Each test day started with a glycogen-depleting exercise session. This was followed by a 5-h recovery period, during which subjects ingested 1.5 g·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ glucose (GLU), 1.2 g·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ glucose + 0.3 g·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ fructose (GLU + FRU), or 0.9 g·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ glucose + 0.6 g·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ sucrose (GLU + SUC). Blood samples and gastrointestinal distress questionnaires were collected frequently, and muscle biopsy samples were taken at 0, 120, and 300 min after cessation of exercise to measure muscle glycogen content. RESULTS: Plasma glucose responses did not differ between treatments (ANOVA, P = 0.096), but plasma insulin and lactate concentrations were elevated during GLU + FRU and GLU + SUC when compared with GLU (P < 0.01). Muscle glycogen content immediately after exercise averaged 207 ± 112, 219 ± 107, and 236 ± 118 mmol·kg⁻¹ dry weight in the GLU, GLU + FRU, and GLU + SUC treatments, respectively (P = 0.362). Carbohydrate ingestion increased muscle glycogen concentrations during 5 h of postexercise recovery to 261 ± 98, 289 ± 130, and 315 ± 103 mmol·kg⁻¹ dry weight in the GLU, GLU + FRU, and GLU + SUC treatments, respectively (P < 0.001), with no differences between treatments (time × treatment, P = 0.757). CONCLUSIONS: Combined ingestion of glucose plus fructose does not further accelerate postexercise muscle glycogen repletion in trained cyclists when ample carbohydrate is ingested. Combined ingestion of glucose (polymers) plus fructose or sucrose reduces gastrointestinal complaints when ingesting large amounts of carbohydrate.