Iron overload during the embryonic period develops hyperactive like behavior and dysregulation of biogenic amines in Drosophila melanogaster.

Iron (Fe) is used in various cellular functions, and a constant balance between its uptake, transport, storage, and use is necessary to maintain its homeostasis in the body. Changes in Fe metabolism with a consequent overload of this metal are related to neurological changes and cover a broad spectrum of diseases, mainly when these changes occur during the embryonic period. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure to Fe overload during the embryonic period of Drosophila melanogaster. Progenitor flies (male and female) were exposed to ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) for ten days in concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 5 â€‹mM. After mating and oviposition, the progenitors were removed and the treatment bottles preserved, and the number of daily hatches and cumulative hatching of the first filial generation (F1) were counted. Subsequently, F1 flies (separated by sex) were subjected to behavioral tests such as negative geotaxis test, open field test, grooming, and aggression test. They have evaluated the levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), octopamine (OA), tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), acetylcholinesterase, reactive species, and the levels of Fe in the progenitor flies and F1. The Fe levels of F1 flies are directly proportional to what is incorporated during the period of embryonic development; we also observed a delay in hatching and a reduction in the number of the hatch of F1 flies exposed during the embryonic period to the 5mM Fe diet, a fact that may be related to the reduction of the cell viability of the ovarian tissue of progenitor flies. The flies exposed to Fe (1 and 5 â€‹mM) showed an increase in locomotor activity (hyperactivity) and a significantly higher number of repetitive movements. In addition to a high number of aggressive encounters when compared to control flies. We can also observe an increase in the levels of biogenic amines DA and 5-HT and an increase in TH activity in flies exposed to Fe (1 and 5 â€‹mM) compared to the control group. We conclude that the hyperactive-like behavior demonstrated in both sexes by F1 flies exposed to Fe may be associated with a dysregulation in the levels of DA and 5-HT since Fe is a cofactor of TH, which had its activity increased in this study. Therefore, more attention is needed during the embryonic development period for exposure to Fe overload.

Modulation of glutamate levels and Na+,K+-ATPase activity contributes to the chrysin memory recovery in hypothyroidism mice.

Abnormalities in the thyroid hormones, like in hypothyroidism, are closely related to dementia and Alzheimer's disease demonstrating the main symptom of these disorders: memory deficit. In this study we evaluated the effect of chrysin on deficit spatial and aversive memories and the contribution of glutamatergic, cholinergic pathways and Na+, K+-ATPase activity on hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in hypothyroid adult female mice C57BL/6. Hypothyroidism was induced by the continuous exposure to 0.1% methimazole (MTZ) in drinking water for 31 days. The exposure to MTZ was associated to low plasma levels of thyroid hormones (TH) compared to the control group on the 32nd. Subsequently, euthyroid and MTZ-induced hypothyroid mice received (intragastrically) either vehicle or chrysin (20 mg/kg) once a day for 28 consecutive days. After treatments mice performed the following behavioral assessments: open-field test (OFT), morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance test. Additionally, plasma TH levels were measured again, as well as glutamate levels, Na+,K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were analyzed in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of mice. Mice with hypothyroidism showed a deficit of spatial and aversive memory and chrysin treatment reversed these deficits. It also reduced the levels of glutamate and decreased Na+,K+-ATPase activity in both cerebral structures in the hypothyroid mice compared with the euthyroid ones, with the exception of glutamate in the hippocampus, which was a partial reversal. AChE activity was not altered by treatments. Together, our results demonstrate that chrysin normalized hippocampal glutamate levels and Na+,K+-ATPase activity, which could be involved in the reversal of memory deficit.

Antimicrobial Effect of 2-Phenylethynyl-Butyltellurium in Escherichia coli and Its Association with Oxidative Stress.

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 2-phenylethynyl-butyltellurium (PEBT) in Escherichia coli and the relation to its pro-oxidant effect. For this, we carried out disk diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, and survival curve analysis. We also measured the level of extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and level of non-protein thiols (NPSH). PEBT at 1.28 and 0.128 mg/disk exhibited antimicrobial capability in the disk diffusion test, with an MIC value of 1.92 mg/ml, whereas PEBT at 0.96, 1.92, and 3.84mg/ml inhibited bacterial growth after a 9-h exposure. PEBT at 3.84, 1.92, and 0.96 mg/ml increased extracellular ROS production, decreased the intracellular NPSH level, and reduced the SOD and CAT activities. Glutathione or ascorbic acid in the medium protected the bacterial cells from the antimicrobial effect of PEBT. In conclusion, PEBT exhibited antimicrobial activity against E. coli, involving the generation of ROS, oxidation of NPSH, and reduction of the antioxidant defenses in the bacterial cells.

Avaliação parasitológica de alfaces (Lactuca sativa)comercializadas em um município da fronteira oeste, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Parasitological evaluation of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) commercialized in a municipalitys western border, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

O consumo da alface (Lactuca sativa) pode ser um importante meio de transmissão de váriasdoenças parasitárias. Assim, o controle parasitológico constitui um grande desafio quando se verificaa inclusão cada vez mais frequente de hortaliças na dieta da população mundial. O objetivo destetrabalho foi avaliar a contaminação por parasitos de interesse em saúde pública em alfaces (L. sativa)comercializadas no município de Itaqui, RS. No processo de amostragem, foram selecionadossupermercados e produtores locais da cidade de Itaqui. Foram investigadas 60 amostras de alface (Lsativa) da variedade crespa, sendo 30 de produtores locais e 30 dos mercados locais, todas adquiridasaleatoriamente. As amostras de alface foram acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno limpos eidentificados. As folhas foram separadas uma a uma e lavadas em recipientes de vidro esterilizadoscom 250 mL de água destilada. A água resultante do processo de lavagem foi analisada utilizando-setrês técnicas parasitológicas: exame direto, sedimentação espontânea (Lutz) e centrífugo-flutuaçãoem sulfato de zinco a 33 por cento (Faust). Para a caracterização morfológica dos parasitos, utilizou-semicroscópio óptico. Das 60 amostras analisadas, 29 (48,3 por cento) apresentaram algum tipo de parasito,das quais 19 (63,3 por cento) eram procedentes de produtores locais e 10 (36,7 por cento), dos mercados locais.Foram encontrados ovos de Ascaris sp (5 por cento) e cistos de Giardia lamblia (38 por cento) e Entamoeba sp(13 por cento). A verificação da presença de parasitos, sobretudo helmintos e protozoários, especialmenteem hortaliças, é de grande interesse para a saúde pública, visto que fornece subsídios para o serviçode vigilância sanitária sobre o estado higiênico desses produtos.

The consumption of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) can be an important means of transmission of severalparasitic diseases, so the increasing inclusion of vegetables in the diet of the world populationpresents an important challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination oflettuce (L. sativa) marketed in the municipality of Itaqui (RS) by parasites of interest to public health.A sampling process was used, selecting supermarkets and local producers in the city of Itaqui. Weinvestigated 60 samples of lettuce (L. sativa) of the curly variety, from 30 local producers and 30local markets, all acquired at random. The lettuce samples were placed in clean plastic bags andidentified. The leaves were separated and washed in a glass container with 250 ml of sterile distilledwater. The wash water was analyzed using three parasitological techniques: direct examination,spontaneous sedimentation technique (Lutz) and flotation of zinc sulfate to 33 percent (Faust). Themorphological features of the parasite were examined by means of an optical microscope. Of the60 samples analyzed, 29 (48.33 percent) had some type of parasites. Of these, 19 (63.34 percent) were fromlocal producers and 10 (36.66 percent) from local markets. Eggs were found of Ascaris sp. (5 percent) andcysts of Giardia lamblia (38 percent) and Entamoeba sp. (13 percent). Checking for the presence of parasites,particularly helminths and protozoa, especially in vegetables, has great interest for public health,because it supplements health surveillance on the hygienic condition of the goods.