Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity according to different diagnostic methods and cut-off points in candidates for bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is defined as a combination of low strength and muscle mass along with excess adiposity. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in candidates for bariatric surgery, according to ESPEN/EASO criteria using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). METHODS: Retrospective study of adult patients (18-60 years) candidates for bariatric surgery (BMI ≥40 kg/m2 or ≥35 kg/m2 with associated complications). Adiposity was assessed by the percentage of fat mass by DXA, according to Gallagher's cut-off points. Muscle strength was measured by hand grip according to Sánchez-Torralvo, Dodds, and <-2SD cut-off points of healthy reference population. Muscle mass was determined by DXA (ALM/weight according to Batsis) and by BIA (SMM/weight according to Janssen and according to reference population). In addition, the agreement of the different diagnostic methods of sarcopenic obesity was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 124 subjects were included in the study, with 71.8 % being women. The overall mean age was 42.6 (SD 8.9) years. SO prevalence was found to be 13 %-22 % applying BIA with the SMM/weight equation according to Janssen, 14 %-23 % utilizing BIA with the SMM/weight equation according to the reference population, and 13 %-23 % employing DXA with the ALM/weight equation following Batsis criteria, depending on the specific hand grip strength cut-off points used. In general, we found good or very good concordances with the different diagnostic methods (with kappa values between 0.6 and 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SO according to ESPEN/EASO criteria in candidates for bariatric surgery was 13 %-23 % based on the diagnostic method and cut-off points used.

Is Food Tolerance Different After Bariatric Surgery Depending on the Surgical Procedure?

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery (BS) is a very effective treatment regarding body weight loss but might affect food tolerance and energy and protein intake. The aim of this study was to compare three BS techniques (biliopancreactic diversion (BPD), gastric bypass (GB), and sleeve gastrectomy (SG)) and their effect on food tolerance. METHODS: Prospective study conducted between April 2016 and April 2019. Visits included were 1 before and 6, 12, and 24 months after BS. Food tolerance test (FTT), 24-h recall, and bioelectrical impedance (TANITA MC780) were performed at all visits. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were included (74.2% women). FTT showed a better self-perception of the intake after surgery in BPD at 6 months (p = 0.013), and at 12 months (p = 0.006). BPD had a better tolerance of 8 food groups at 6 months (red meat p = 0.017, white meat p = 0.026, salad p = 0.017, bread p < 0.001, rice p = 0.047, pasta p = 0.014, fish p = 0.027) and at 12 months, but only red meat (p = 0.002), bread (p < 0.001), rice (p = 0.025), and pasta (p = 0.025) remained statistically different. Twenty-four months after surgery, only the red meat food group (p = 0.007) showed differences. BPD had the lowest incidence of vomiting at 6 months (p < 0.001), 12 months (p = 0.008), and 24 months (p = 0.002). The total score of FTT was better in BPD at 6 months [25.6 (SD 1.5), p < 0.001], 12 months [25.6 (SD 2.4), p < 0.001], and 24 months [25.7 (SD 1.3), p = 0.001]. BPD showed the best intake in energy and proteins at 6 months [1214.8 (SD 342.4) kcal and 67.1 (SD 18.4) g] and 12 months [1199.6 (SD 289.7) kcal and 73.5 (SD 24.3) g]. % FML was higher in GB both at 6 and 12 months being statistically different (p < 0.050). CONCLUSION: Biliopancreatic diversion appears to be the technique with a better food tolerance and protein and energy intake in the first year of follow-up after BS.

Impact of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) on the Evolution of Disease in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).

Dysphagia is a highly prevalent symptom in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and the implantation of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a very frequent event. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of PEG implantation on survival and complications in ALS. An interhospital registry of patients with ALS of six hospitals in the Castilla-León region (Spain) was created between January 2015 and December 2017. The data were compared for those in whom a PEG was implanted and those who it was not. A total of 93 patients were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 64.63 (17.67) years. A total of 38 patients (38.8%) had a PEG implantation. An improvement in the anthropometric parameters was observed among patients who had a PEG from the beginning of nutritional follow-up compared to those who did not, both in BMI (kg/m2) (PEG: 0 months, 22.06; 6 months, 23.04; p < 0.01; NoPEG: 0 months, 24.59-23.87; p > 0.05). Among the deceased patients, 38 (40.4%) those who had an implanted PEG (20 patients (52.6%) had a longer survival time (PEG: 23 (15-35.5) months; NoPEG 11 (4.75-18.5) months; p = 0.01). A PEG showed a survival benefit among ALS patients. Early implantation of a PEG produced a reduction in admissions associated with complications derived from it.

Diabetes remission after malabsorptive bariatric surgery.

Obesity and diabetes are two closely related disorders. Lifestyle changes and drug treatment do not achieve successful diabetes remission. A treatment option for these patients is bariatric surgery (BS). The partial and complete remission rates vary, depending on the type of technique used (restrictive or malabsorptive), with malabsorptive surgery being more effective in terms of both weight reduction and diabetes remission (DR). Different scales (DiaRem, Ad-DiaRem or 5y-Ad-DiaRem) predict the probability of DR after BS, particularly after gastric bypass surgery. Some studies report higher DR rates in surgery with a greater malabsorptive component. Our aim was to study the benefits of BS at one year and 5 years in terms of the weight and blood glucose profile in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus; assess percentage DR according to ADA criteria; determine the DR predictive capacity of different scores; and examine which variables predict DR at one and five years after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). Percentage overweight reduction and the decrease in both blood glucose and HbA1c were greater with BPD. Complete diabetes remission was approximately 80% at one and 5 years after BS. In general, the scores that determine the probability of DR show poor discriminative capacity in malabsorptive surgery. Presurgery HbA1c predicts DR at one and 5 years after BPD. The type of surgery performed should be individualized, based on the severity of diabetes and the specific characteristics of each patient.

Diabetes remission after malabsorptive bariatric surgery. / Remisión de diabetes tras cirugía bariátrica malabsortiva.

Obesity and diabetes are two closely related disorders. Lifestyle changes and drug treatment do not achieve successful diabetes remission. A treatment option for these patients is bariatric surgery (BS). The partial and complete remission rates vary, depending on the type of technique used (restrictive or malabsorptive), with malabsorptive surgery being more effective in terms of both weight reduction and diabetes remission (DR). Different scales (DiaRem, Ad-DiaRem or 5y-Ad-DiaRem) predict the probability of DR after BS, particularly after gastric bypass surgery. Some studies report higher DR rates in surgery with a greater malabsorptive component. Our aim was to study the benefits of BS at one year and 5 years in terms of the weight and blood glucose profile in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus; assess percentage DR according to ADA criteria; determine the DR predictive capacity of different scores; and examine which variables predict DR at one and five years after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). Percentage overweight reduction and the decrease in both blood glucose and HbA1c were greater with BPD. Complete diabetes remission was approximately 80% at one and 5 years after BS. In general, the scores that determine the probability of DR show poor discriminative capacity in malabsorptive surgery. Presurgery HbA1c predicts DR at one and 5 years after BPD. The type of surgery performed should be individualized, based on the severity of diabetes and the specific characteristics of each patient.

[Home and Ambulatory Artificial Nutrition (NADYA) Group Report. Home parenteral nutrition in Spain, 2018]. / Nutrición parenteral domiciliaria en España 2018. Informe del Grupo de Nutrición Artificial Domiciliaria y Ambulatoria NADYA.

INTRODUCTION: Aim: to communicate home parenteral nutrition (HPN) data obtained from the HPN registry of the NADYA-SENPE group (www.nadya-senpe.com) for the year 2018 Material and methods: descriptive analysis of the data collected from adult and pediatric patients with HPN in the NADYA-SENPE group registry from January 1st, 2018 to December 31st, 2018. Results: there were 278 patients from 45 Spanish hospitals (54.7% women), 23 children and 255 adults, which represent a prevalence rate of 5.95 patients/million inhabitants/year 2018. The most frequent diagnosis in adults was "palliative cancer" (22.0%), followed by "others". In children it was Hirschsprung's disease together with necrotizing enterocolitis, with four cases (17.4%). The first indication was short bowel syndrome in both children (60.9%) and adults (35.7%). The most frequently used type of catheter was tunneled in both children (81.0%) and adults (41.1%). Ending 75 episodes, the most frequent cause was death (52.0%) and change to oral feeding (33.3%). Conclusions: the number of centers and collaborating professionals in the registry of patients receiving HPN remains stable, as well as the main indications and reasons for termination of HPN.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: comunicar los datos de nutrición parenteral domiciliaria (NPD) obtenidos del registro del grupo NADYA-SENPE (www.nadya-senpe.com) del año 2018. Material y métodos: análisis descriptivo de los datos recogidos de pacientes adultos y pediátricos con NPD en el registro NADYA-SENPE del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2018. Resultados: se registraron 278 pacientes (54,7% mujeres), 23 niños y 255 adultos, procedentes de 45 hospitales españoles, lo que representa una tasa de prevalencia de 5,95 pacientes/millón de habitantes/año 2018. El diagnóstico más frecuente en adultos fue "oncológico paliativo" (22,0%), seguido de "otros". En niños fue la enfermedad de Hirschsprung junto con la enterocolitis necrotizante, con cuatro casos (17,4%). El primer motivo de indicación fue síndrome de intestino corto tanto en niños (60,9%) como en adultos (35,7%). El tipo de catéter más utilizado fue el tunelizado tanto en niños (81,0%) como en adultos (41,1%). Finalizaron 75 episodios, la causa más frecuente fue el fallecimiento (52,0%) y el paso a vía oral (33,3%). Conclusiones: el número de centros y profesionales colaboradores en el registro de pacientes que reciben NPD se mantiene estable, así como las principales indicaciones y los motivos de finalización de la NPD.

Postoperative enteral immunonutrition in head and neck cancer patients: Impact on clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck cancer patients have a high rate of complications during the postoperative period that could increase their morbidity rate. Arginine has been shown to improve healing and to modulate inflammation and immune response. The aim of our study was to assess whether use of arginine-enriched enteral formulas could decrease fistulas and length of stay (LoS). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in patients who had undergone head and neck cancer surgery and were receiving enteral nutrition through a nasogastric tube in the postoperative period between January 2012 and May 2018. The differences associated to use of immunoformula vs. standard formulas were analysed. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and nutritional intervention variables, as well as nutritional parameters, were recorded during the early postoperative period. Occurrence of complications (fistulas), length of hospital stay, readmissions, and 90-day mortality were recorded. RESULTS: In a univariate analysis, patients who received nutritional support with immunonutrition had a lower fistula occurrence rate (17.91% vs. 32.84%; p=0.047) and a shorter mean LoS [28.25 (SD 16.11) vs. 35.50 (SD 25.73) days; p=0.030]. After adjusting for age, energy intake, aggressiveness of surgery and tumour stage, fistula occurrence rate and LoS were similar in both groups irrespective of the type of formula. CONCLUSIONS: Use of arginine-enriched enteral nutrition appears to decrease the occurrence of fistulas in the postoperative period in patients with head and neck cancer, with a resultant reduction in length of hospital stay. However, the differences disappeared after adjusting for age, tumour stage, or aggressiveness of the surgery.

[Integral approach to the older patient with cancer]. / El abordaje integral del paciente oncológico de edad avanzada.

INTRODUCTION: The world population, as well as the number of elderly people, grow exponentially. Elderly individuals are at a higher risk of developing an oncological disease, especially because they are subject to a longer period of exposure to carcinogens, and a worse capacity for regeneration of their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (1). Cancer in elderly individuals represents 80% of the annual deaths secondary to this pathology (2). The older patient with cancer presents many differences with respect to the rest of elderly individuals. On the one hand, functional limitation and geriatric syndromes are more prevalent (3), as well as the presence of frailty (4). In addition, they habitually have a worse perception of their health status (4). For all these reasons, the attention to oncological older patients must be specialized and, in their evaluation, the use of a fundamental tool is required, the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA). As its name indicates, its application requires collaboration between different specialties (5,6). This multidisciplinary work will improve the baseline situation of the patient, in those cases in which it is possible, and will facilitate the subsequent therapeutic management (7). Finally, the existence of concrete organizational models, such as the Oncogeriatrics Units, or the Cancer Consultations in the Elderly, can facilitate and favor this integral approach (5). In this article a review of all these concepts is carried out.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La población mundial, así como el número de personas de edad avanzada, crecen exponencialmente. Los individuos ancianos tienen más riesgo de desarrollar una enfermedad oncológica debido, sobre todo, a que están sometidos a un periodo de exposición a carcinógenos más prolongado y por una peor capacidad de regeneración de su ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) (1). El cáncer en individuos de edad avanzada representa el 80% de los fallecimientos anuales secundarios a esta patología (2). El anciano oncológico presenta una serie de diferencias con respecto al resto de individuos de edad avanzada. Por un lado, son más prevalentes la limitación funcional y los síndromes geriátricos (3), así como la presencia de fragilidad (4); además, habitualmente tienen una peor percepción de su estado de salud (4). Por todos estos motivos, la atención al anciano oncológico debe ser especializada, y en su evaluación se requiere el uso de una herramienta fundamental, la valoración geriátrica integral (VGI), que, como su nombre indica, para su aplicación requiere de la colaboración entre distintas especialidades (5,6). Este trabajo multidisciplinar permitirá mejorar la situación basal del paciente en aquellos casos en los que sea posible y facilitará que el manejo terapéutico posterior sea idóneo (7). Por último, la existencia de modelos organizativos concretos, tales como las unidades de oncogeriatría o las consultas de cáncer en el anciano, pueden facilitar y favorecer dicho abordaje integral (5). En este artículo se lleva a cabo una revisión de todos estos conceptos.

The appearance of malnutrition in hematological inpatients prolongs hospital stay: the need for nutritional surveillance during hospitalization.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: oncohematological diseases are associated with a high prevalence of malnutrition during hospitalization. Our aim was to analyze the appearance and repercussions of malnutrition in well-nourished hematological inpatients at admission. Method: a prospective one-year study conducted in hematology inpatients. The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) was used at admission and repeated weekly. Patients with a negative screening at admission who developed malnutrition during hospitalization constituted our study sample. A nutritional evaluation and intervention was performed. We also analyzed the effect of newly diagnosed malnutrition on patients' outcomes in comparison with the outcomes of patients that remained well-nourished during hospitalization. Results: twenty-one percent of hematological inpatients who were well nourished at admission developed malnutrition during hospitalization. Of the patients, 62.4% needed a nutritional intervention (100% oral supplements, 21.4% diet changes, 5.2% parenteral nutrition). After intervention, an increase in real intake was achieved (623 kcal and 27.3 g of protein/day). Weight loss was slowed and visceral protein was stabilized. Length of stay was 8.5 days longer for our sample than for well-nourished patients. Conclusions: newly diagnosed malnutrition appeared in one in five hematological well-nourished inpatients, leading to a longer length of stay. Nutritional intervention improved intake and nutritional status. Nutritional surveillance should be mandatory.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: las enfermedades oncohematológicas asocian una elevada prevalencia de malnutrición, especialmente durante la hospitalización. Objetivo: analizar la aparición de malnutrición y su repercusión en pacientes normonutridos al ingreso. Métodos: estudio prospectivo de un año en una cohorte de ingresados hematológicos. El Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) se realizó al ingreso, repitiéndose semanalmente. Los pacientes con cribado negativo al ingreso que desarrollaron malnutrición durante la hospitalización constituyeron nuestra muestra. Se realizó evaluación e intervención nutricional, analizando el efecto de la aparición de malnutrición en el pronóstico, comparado con los pacientes que permanecieron normonutridos. Resultados: el 21% de los pacientes normonutridos al ingreso desarrolló malnutrición en la hospitalización. El 62.4% precisó intervención nutricional (100% suplementos orales, 21,4% cambios dietéticos, 5.2% nutrición parenteral). La intervención logró un aumento de ingesta real de 623 kcal y 27,3 g proteína/día, frenando la pérdida de peso y estabilizando las proteínas viscerales. La estancia fue 8,5 días mayor en nuestra muestra que en los pacientes que permanecieron normonutridos. Conclusiones: uno de cada cinco ingresados normonutridos al ingreso desarrolló malnutrición en la hospitalización, asociando mayor estancia. La intervención nutricional puede mejorar la ingesta y el estado nutricional, por tanto, la vigilancia nutricional debería ser obligatoria.

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients with Biliopancreatic Diversion After 10 Years of Follow-up, and Relationship with Vitamin D and Serum Calcium.

BACKGROUND: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a matter of concern after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between SHPT, 25(OH)D, and calcium after BPD. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis in obese patients after BPD performed between 1998 and 2016. METHODS: Patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were included. SHPT was considered when PTH > 65 pg/mL in the absence of an elevated corrected calcium. 25(OH)D (ng/mL) status was defined as: deficiency < 20, insufficiency 20-29.9, and sufficiency ≥ 30. RESULTS: In total, 321 patients were included (76.6% women), with mean age 43.0 (10.5) years. Median follow-up was 6.0 (IQR 3.0-9.0) years. Mean body mass index was 49.8 (7.0) kg/m2. SHPT increased to a maximum of 81.9% in the ninth year of follow-up (95% CI: 1.5-9.1). Two years after surgery, 33.9% of patients with 25(OH)D sufficiency had SHPT (p = 0.001). Corrected calcium levels were lower in patients with PTH > 65 pg/mL when compared with PTH < 65 pg/mL; 1 year: 8.96 vs 9.1 mg/dL and 5 years: 8.75 vs 9.12 mg/dL (p < 0.01). After surgery, patients with PTH > 65 pg/mL and 25(OH)D sufficiency had lower corrected calcium levels when compared with subjects with PTH and 25(OH)D in normal range. Two years: 9.0 vs 9.2 mg/dL (p < 0.05) and 4 years: 8.9 vs 9.2 mg/dL (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Once 25(OH)D is sufficient, the increase in PTH persists associated with a decrease in serum corrected calcium. It is important to ensure a sufficient calcium intake in these patients in order to avoid SHPT and osteomalacia in the future.

[Home and Ambulatory Artificial Nutrition (NADYA) Report. Home Parenteral Nutrition in Spain, 2017]. / Nutrición parenteral domiciliaria en España 2017. Informe del Grupo de Nutrición Artificial Domiciliaria y Ambulatoria NADYA.

AIM: to communicate HPN data obtained from the HPN registry of the NADYA-SENPE group (www.nadya-senpe.com) for the year 2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS: descriptive analysis of the data collected from adult and pediatric patients with HPN in the NADYA-SENPE group registry from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2017. RESULTS: there were 308 patients from 45 Spanish hospitals (54.5% women), 38 children and 270 adults, with 3,012 episodes, which represent a prevalence rate of 6.61 patients/million inhabitants/year 2017. The most frequent diagnosis in adults was "palliative cancer" (25.6%), followed by "others". In children, it was Hirschsprung's disease with six cases (15.8%). The first indication was short bowel syndrome in both children (55.3%) and adults (33.7%). The most frequently used type of catheter was tunneled in both children (73.4%) and adults (38.2%). Ending 81 episodes, the most frequent cause was death (62.9%) and transition to oral feeding (34.7%). CONCLUSIONS: the progressive increase of collaborating centers and professionals in the registry of patients receiving NPD is maintained. The main indications of HPN and the motive for ending have remained stable.

OBJETIVO: comunicar los datos de nutrición parenteral domiciliaria (NPD) obtenidos del registro del grupo NADYA-SENPE (www.nadya-senpe. com) del año 2017. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: análisis descriptivo de los datos recogidos de pacientes adultos y pediátricos con NPD en el registro NADYA-SENPE desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2017. RESULTADOS: se registraron 308 pacientes (54,5% mujeres), 38 niños y 270 adultos, procedentes de 45 hospitales españoles, en total 312 episodios, lo que representa una tasa de prevalencia de 6,61 pacientes/millón de habitantes/año 2017. El diagnóstico más frecuente en adultos fue "oncológico paliativo" (25,6%), seguido de "otros". En niños fue la enfermedad de Hirschsprung, con seis casos (15,8%). El primer motivo de indicación fue síndrome de intestino corto tanto en niños (55,3%) como en adultos (33,7%). El tipo de catéter más utilizado fue el tunelizado tanto en niños (74,3%) como en adultos (38,2%). Finalizaron 81 episodios; la causa más frecuente fue el fallecimiento (62,9%) y que pasaron a vía oral (34,7%). CONCLUSIONES: se mantiene el incremento progresivo de centros y profesionales colaboradores en el registro de pacientes que reciben NPD. Las principales indicaciones de NPD y de motivo de finalización se mantienen estables.

[Home and Ambulatory Artificial Nutrition (NADYA) Group Report - Home parenteral nutrition in Spain, 2016]. / Nutrición parenteral domiciliaria en España 2016; informe del Grupo de Nutrición Artificial Domiciliaria y Ambulatoria NADYA.

OBJECTIVE: To communicate HPN data obtained from the HPN registry of the NADYA-SENPE group (www.nadya-senpe.com) for the year 2016. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive analysis of the data collected from adult and pediatric patients with HPN in the NADYA-SENPE group registry from January 1st, 2016 to December 31st, 2016. RESULTS: There were 286 patients from 42 Spanish hospitals (54.2% women), 34 children and 252 adults, with 294 episodes, which represent a prevalence rate of 6.16 patients / million inhabitants / year 2016. The most frequent diagnosis in adults was "palliative cancer" (25.8%), followed by "others". In children it was "motility alterations" with 6 cases (17.6%), Hirschsprung's disease and necrotising enterocolitis, both with 5 children (14.7%). The first indication was short bowel syndrome in both children (64.7%) and adults (37.3%), followed by intestinal obstruction in 28.6% adults and 14.7% in children. The most frequently used type of catheter was tunnelled in both children (70.6%) and adults (37.9%). The most frequent complication in adults was infection related to the catheter, which presented a rate of 0.48 infections / 1,000 days of NPD. During this period, 71 episodes ended in adults and the main cause was death (57.7%) followed by resuming the oral route (31%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a progressive increase of centers and professional collaborators in the registry who report patients receiving parenteral nutrition at home. The main indications of HPN and the motive for ending have remained stable.

Efficacy of enteral nutritional support after hospital discharge in major gastrointestinal surgery patients: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION: Nutritional support for malnourished patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery reduces the complication rate and shortens the length of stay. The efficacy of nutritional support after hospital discharge was analyzed in this systematic review. METHODS: The search strategy (nutrition OR "enteral nutrition" OR "nutritional supplements" OR "oral nutritional supplements" OR "sip feed" OR "sip feeding" OR "dietary counseling") AND ("patient discharge" OR discharge OR postdischarge) AND (surgery OR operation OR "surgical procedure") was followed in Medline, CENTRAL, and Trip databases. Inclusion criteria comprised: type of study (randomized controlled trial), language (English, Spanish), and subjects (patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery). The risk of bias was assessed by using the Cochrane methodology. RESULTS: Five studies which were published in six different articles and recruited 446 patients were included. A high risk of bias was detected for most of them. Nutritional support improved energy intake and protein intake when high-protein oral supplements were provided. The intervention was associated with better weight prognosis, but the data about body composition were inconsistent. In most of the trials, nutritional intervention did not enhance functional capacity or quality of life. None of the studies analyzed the effects on complications after discharge. CONCLUSION: Nutritional support provided at discharge may increase dietary intake and improve body weight, but the low quality of studies can weaken the validity of results.

Appetite disorders in cancer patients: Impact on nutritional status and quality of life.

Cancer patients are at high risk of malnutrition due to several symptoms such as lack of appetite. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different appetite disorders in cancer patients and their influence on dietary intake, nutritional status, and quality of life. We conducted a cross-sectional study of cancer patients at risk of malnutrition. Nutritional status was studied using Subjective Global Assessment, anthropometry, and grip strength. Dietary intake was evaluated with a 24-h recall, and patients were questioned about the presence of changes in appetite (none, anorexia, early satiety, or both). Quality of life was measured using EORTC-QLQ-C30. Multivariate analysis was performed using linear regression. 128 patients were evaluated. 61.7% experienced changes in appetite: 31% anorexia, 13.3% early satiety, and 17.2% both. Appetite disorders were more common in women and with the presence of cachexia. The combination of anorexia and satiety resulted in a lower weight and BMI. However, there were no significant effects on energy or macronutrient intake among different appetite alterations. Patients with a combination of anorexia and early satiety had worse overall health perception, role function, and fatigue. Appetite disorders are highly prevalent among cancer patients at risk of malnutrition. They have a significant impact on nutritional status and quality of life, especially when anorexia and early satiety are combined.

Comparison of two nutritional screening tools to detect nutritional risk in hematologic inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare two nutritional screening tools in oncohematologic inpatients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in a hematology ward from August to December 2015. Within the first 24 h of admission, the following nutritional screenings were performed: Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). Patients who stayed in the hematologic ward were reevaluated with the three screening tools 1 and 2 wk after admission. The SGA was used as the gold standard in the detection of malnutrition. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were included in the study. Of these, 61.9% were men, ages 64 y (SD = 17.9 y) with 90.5% having a diagnosis of cancer. The prevalence of patients with nutritional risk at admission was 17.5% with SGA, 16.7% at week 1, and 31.6% at week 2. According to MST, the prevalence was 41.3% at admission, 13.9% at week 1, and 15.8% at week 2. According to MUST, the prevalence was 36.5%, 25%, and 36.8%, respectively. The results of diagnostic tests on admission were an area under the curve receiver operating characteristic of 0.691 for MST and 0.830 for MUST at admission; at week 1, 0.717 for MST and 0.850 for MUST; and at week 2 of assessment, 0.506 for MST and 0.840 for MUST. CONCLUSION: MUST might be a better screening tool than MST for detecting the risk for malnutrition in oncohematological inpatients.

A short nutritional intervention in a cohort of hematological inpatients improves energy and protein intake and stabilizes nutritional status.

INTRODUCTION: Oncohematological diseases are associated with an important prevalence of malnutrition. AIM: Our aim is to determine if early recognition and treatment of malnourished hematological inpatients can improve their oral intake, nutritional status and reduce the length of hospital stay. METHODS: Prospective 2-year study conducted in a cohort of hematology inpatients. Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) was carried out on the first day of admission. Patients with a positive screening were recruited to have a complete nutritional evaluation and intervention, following usual clinical practice. Nutritional evaluation was repeated after one week. RESULTS: Six hundred and seventeen hematological patients were screened (37.8% with positive screening). After one week, median diet intake increased from 80% to 90% (p < 0.001), and an increase of 407.36 Kcal (SD 679.37) and 17.58 g of protein (SD 31.97) was also achieved. More patients reached their energy and protein requirements (41.6 vs.% 63.3%, p = 0.009) and nutritional parameters remained stable. A trend to a lower stay (3.5 to 4.5 days less) was detected in the groups of patients who covered their needs. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of early malnutrition screening and short nutritional interventions improved energy and protein intake, increasing the percentage of patients who meet their requirements and avoiding deterioration of nutritional status.

[Not Available]. / Abordaje nutricional del enfermo oncohematológico. Best-practice en España.

Los datos del estudio PREDYCES® nos revelaron que en España la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad (DRE) afecta a uno de cada cuatro pacientes hospitalizados. Esta cifra aumenta hasta el 36,8% en los pacientes hematológicos. Se calcula que un 20% de los pacientes oncológicos muere por complicaciones relacionadas con la DRE. Nuestro grupo se planteó en 2011 comenzar la implantación de un cribado nutricional en los servicios con mayor riesgo de DRE. La presente revisión trata de describir todo el proceso que hemos seguido para mejorar la situación nutricional en los pacientes ingresados en el Servicio de Hematología del Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (CAULE), mayoritariamente con diagnóstico de neoplasias hematológicas. En un primer estudio piloto, detectamos una alta prevalencia de desnutrición, que tendió a aumentar durante la hospitalización. Además, solo el 8,3% los enfermos valorados recibieron algún tipo de soporte nutricional y no se estaban cubriendo sus necesidades ni calóricas ni proteicas, lo que se asociaba a un peor pronóstico. Por este motivo, nos decidimos a implantar de manera sistemática un cribado y una intervención nutricional adecuada, que comenzó en 2011 y que ha recibido el reconocimiento como Buena Práctica del Sistema Nacional de Salud.

[TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIFIC FOOD PRODUCTS FOR PATIENTS WITH DYSPHAGIA]. / CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS DE LOS PRODUCTOS ALIMENTARIOS ESPECÍFICOS PARA EL PACIENTE CON DISFAGIA.

Dysphagia is a common problem among elderly and also in some pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases or tumors. Making an adequate diet for this disease may present some difficulties. The aim of this document is to make a detailed technical report about the characteristics of the products that are available in Spain to hydrate and to feed patients with dysphagia. Food and pharmaceutical industries have developed a range of products designed to ensure homogeneous texture and a suitable viscosity to guaranty an adequate hydration. An adequate nutritional status is also achieved with these products for patients with dysphagia, without compromising their safety. The ingredients used to achieve a suitable viscosity are different types of starches, gums and other substances. It has been developed thickeners and gellified water for hydratation, and in case of food there are purees (dehydrated, lyophilized, pasteurized and sterilized), fruit purees, fruit pudding, and dehydrated cereal. Patients who do not meet their nutritional needs have also oral supplements with different viscosities. The industry offers extensive information about the technical characteristics of the products, except for viscosity. It would be recommended for the manufacturers to include in detail the technical specifications of the used methodology and the measurement and the results obtained in the analysis of viscosity that can be consulted by professionals of the Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Units who treat these patients.

La disfagia es un problema habitual entre la población anciana o en situaciones patológicas, como algunas enfermedades neurodegenerativas o algún tipo de cáncer. La confección de una dieta adaptada a este tipo de situaciones puede presentar diversas dificultades. A través de este documento se pretende realizar un estudio detallado de las características técnicas que presentan los diferentes productos disponibles en el mercado español para hidratar y nutrir a un paciente con disfagia. La industria alimentaria y farmacéutica ha desarrollado una amplia gama de productos diseñados para garantizar una textura homogénea y una viscosidad que permita lograr una correcta hidratación, así como contribuir a un adecuado estado nutricional del paciente con disfagia, sin comprometer su seguridad. Los compuestos empleados para alcanzar una viscosidad adecuada pueden ser diferentes tipos de almidones, gomas u otras sustancias. Se han desarrollado espesantes y agua gelificada para una correcta hidratación y, en el caso de la alimentación, purés (deshidratados, liofilizados, pasteurizados y esterilizados), purés de frutas, flan de frutas y cereales deshidratados. Los pacientes que no cubren sus necesidades nutricionales disponen además de suplementos orales con diferentes viscosidades. Las empresas ofrecen una amplia información sobre las características técnicas de estos productos, excepto en el caso de la viscosidad. Se recomienda a los fabricantes detallar en las fichas técnicas de los productos la metodología empleada y los resultados obtenidos en los análisis de viscosidad para que puedan ser consultadas por los profesionales de las Unidades de Nutrición Clínica y Dietética que tratan a estos pacientes.

SHORT-TERM CHANGES IN MACRONUTRIENT INTAKE IN MORBIDLY OBESE PATIENTS UNDERGOING BILIOPANCREATIC DIVERSION: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY.

INTRODUCTION: biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) has been shown to be one of the most effective techniques for losing weight, although nutritional education also might play an important role. Our aim was to determine the effect of the combination of a nutrition educational program (NEP) and BPD on changes in the intake of energy and macronutrients after the surgery. METHODOLOGY: this longitudinal study included all patients eligible for BPD who filled in a dietary record. Two assessments were performed: six weeks before and twelve months after surgery. The nutrition educational program was given two weeks after surgery by a registered dietitian and a 3-day food record was collected for further analysis at both of the assessments. RESULTS: 68 patients were included. The percentage of excess weight loss was 60.76% (SD 14.50%). A year after the surgery there was a reduction of energy (-602.27 kcal [SD 930.19 kcal], p < 0.001), fat (-41.70 g [SD 77.87 g], p < 0.001), percentage of fat (-4.79% [SD 11.38%], p = 0.001), and an increase in the percentage of protein (+ 2.72% [SD 7.10%], p = 0.002). A lower consumption of fat, especially of polyunsaturated fatty acids, was observed in the patients that achieved the nutritional recommendations and in the super-obese patients. CONCLUSION: The combination of NEP and BPD resulted in an improvement in the nutritional profile, with a reduction of fat and maintenance of the protein intake.

Introducción: la derivación biliopancreática (DBP) ha demostrado ser una de las técnicas más efectivas en la pérdida de peso, aunque la educación nutricional también puede jugar un papel importante. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la combinación de un programa de educación nutricional (PEN) y DBP en los cambios de ingesta energética y de macronutrientes después de la cirugía. Métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó a todos los pacientes subsidiarios de DBP que cumplimentaron la encuesta dietética. Se realizaron dos valoraciones: seis semanas antes y doce meses después de la cirugía. El PEN fue impartido dos semanas después de la cirugía por una dietista-nutricionista. Fue recogida una encuesta dietética de tres días en ambas visitas para realizar el análisis nutricional de la ingesta. Resultados: fueron incluidos 68 pacientes. El porcentaje de exceso de peso perdido fue de 60,76% (DE 14,50%). Un año después de la intervención se produjo una disminución de la ingesta calórica (−602,27 kcal [DE 930,19 kcal], p.

Food intake and nutritional status influence outcomes in hospitalized hematology-oncology patients.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition in oncology and hematology-oncology patients is important due to its prevalence and associated mortality and morbidity. The aims of the study were to assess the prevalence of malnutrition in oncology and hematology patients and determine if intake or malnutrition influences hospitalization outcomes. METHODOLOGY: A cohort study was performed in all patients admitted to the oncology and hematology wards in a 30-day period. Nutritional assessment was performed within 24-hours of admission and repeated after 7 days of hospitalization, including Subjective Global Assessment, anthropometry, dietary assessment (24-hour recall) and estimation of caloric and protein needs. Medical records were reviewed 30 days after discharge. RESULTS: Seventy-three patients were evaluated on admission and 29 on day 7 of hospitalization. The prevalence of malnutrition was 47.7%. On admission, patients consumed 71.6 (SD 22.0)% of the prescribed dietary calories and 68.2 (SD 23.5)% of prescribed proteins. The death rate was 2.8% among patients who ate ≥75% and 17.9% among those who ate <75% (p = 0.040). No significant differences were observed between the intake of calories (p = 0.124) and protein (p = 0.126) on admission and on day 7 of hospitalization. Nutritional status was related to readmission rate, being 35.1% for malnourished vs. 8% for well-nourished (p = 0.014). Nutritional status and food intake were not related to the rest of the studied outcomes (length of stay and mechanical, metabolic or infectious complications). CONCLUSIONS: Intake did not decrease during hospitalization. There was an upward trend between reduced intake and mortality. Malnutrition was related to hospital readmission.

Introducción: la malnutrición en el paciente oncohematológico es importante debido a su prevalencia y a su morbimortalidad asociadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la prevalencia de malnutrición en el paciente oncohematológico y determinar si la ingesta o la malnutrición afectan a las complicaciones del paciente hospitalizado. Metodología: estudio de corte realizado en todos los pacientes admitidos en las plantas de oncología y hematología durante un periodo de 30 días. La valoración nutricional se realizó durante las 24 primeras horas tras el ingreso y se repitió a los 7 días de hospitalización, incluyendo Valoración Subjetiva Global, antropometría, recuerdo de 24 horas y estimación de las necesidades calóricas y proteicas. Las historias médicas fueron revisadas a los 30 días tras el alta. Resultados: setenta y tres pacientes fueron evaluados al ingreso y 29 a los siete días de su hospitalización. La prevalencia de malnutrición fue 47,7%. Al ingreso, los pacientes consumieron 71,6 (DE 22,0)% de las calorías prescritas y 68,2 (DE 22,0)% de las proteínas prescritas. La tasa de fallecimientos fue 2,8% entre los pacientes que consumieron ≥75% y 17,9% entre aquellos que consumieron.