Current concepts in the management of cataract with keratoconus.

This review analyzed all pertinent articles on keratoconus (KCN) and cataract surgery. It covers preoperative planning, intraoperative considerations, and postoperative management, with the aim of providing a simplified overview of treating such patients. Preoperatively, the use of corneal cross-linking, intrastromal corneal ring segments, and topo-guided corneal treatments can help stabilize the cornea and improve the accuracy of biometric measurements. It is important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of traditional techniques such as penetrating keratoplasty and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, as well as newer stromal augmentation techniques, to choose the most appropriate surgical approach. Obtaining reliable measurements can be difficult, especially in the advanced stages of the disease. The choice between toric and monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) should be carefully evaluated. Monofocal IOLs are a better choice in patients with advanced disease, and toric lenses can be used in mild and stable KCN. Intraoperatively, the use of a rigid gas permeable (RGP) lens can overcome the challenge of image distortion and loss of visual perspective. Postoperatively, patients may need updated RGP or scleral lenses to correct the corneal irregular astigmatism. A thorough preoperative planning is crucial for good surgical outcomes, and patients need to be informed regarding potential postoperative surprises. In conclusion, managing cataracts in KCN patients presents a range of challenges, and a comprehensive approach is essential to achieve favorable surgical outcomes.

Expert survey on management of prostate cancer in India: Real-world insights into practice patterns.

To gain insights on the diverse practice patterns and treatment pathways for prostate cancer (PC) in India, the Urological Cancer Foundation convened the first Indian survey to discuss all aspects of PC, with the objective of guiding clinicians on optimizing management in PC. A modified Delphi method was used, wherein a multidisciplinary panel of oncologists treating PC across India developed a questionnaire related to screening, diagnosis and management of early, locally advanced and metastatic PC and participated in a web-based survey (WBS) (n = 62). An expert committee meeting (CM) (n = 48, subset from WBS) reviewed the ambiguous questions for better comprehension and reanalyzed the evidence to establish a revote for specific questions. The threshold for strong agreement and agreement was ≥90% and ≥75% agreement, respectively. Sixty-two questions were answered in the WBS; in the CM 31 questions were revoted and 4 questions were added. The panelists selected answers based on their best opinion and closest to their practice strategy, not considering financial constraints and access challenges. Of the 66 questions, strong agreement was reached for 17 questions and agreement was achieved for 22 questions. There were heterogeneous responses for 27 questions indicative of variegated management approaches. This is one of the first Indian survey, documenting the diverse clinical practice patterns in the management of PC in India. It aims to provide guidance in the face of technological advances, resource constraints and sparse high-level evidence.

Algorithmic approach to diagnosis and management of post-refractive surgery dry eye disease.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a condition that is fast reaching epidemic proportions around the world. Dry eye post-refractive surgery is the leading cause of iatrogenically induced DED. The wide variety of presentations and the disparity between signs and symptoms in many patients make this a very challenging aspect of our clinical practice. There has been a paradigm shift in the way we approach and treat this condition. The International Dry eye workshop has added new knowledge and focus to our management of dry eye. A wide range of newer diagnostic modalities are available for the diagnosis of DED. Dry eye is one of the most common side effects of refractive surgery and can have a bearing the patient's perception of surgical outcomes as well. A thorough understanding of the possible underlying etiopathologies of this disease and the difference in etiopathogenesis of postrefractive dry eye is essential for optimal outcomes. It is important to approach each case in a unique fashion and customize the therapy to the patient presentation. This review article compiles all these aspects of management of dry eye in general, and postrefractive surgery dry eye in particular; from the ones commonly practiced in the clinic to the newer modalities of therapy with insights into the disease from a more practical point of view.

Cost of a delay.

Abandoning a renal transplant operation during a live-related transplant is a rare occurrence. We recently encountered a case of previously undiagnosed coarctation of aorta (CoA) in the recipient during surgery. This was diagnosed by the absence of femoral pulses, a Doppler scan showing monophasic flows bilaterally in the iliac arteries and a difference in the mean arterial pressure between the radial artery and iliac artery of 50 mm Hg. The donor and recipient surgery were abandoned. A CT aortogram was done on the recipient which showed a tight CoA. An angioplasty was performed and a bare metal stent placed for correction of CoA. After a week, transplantation was performed, and the patient made an uneventful recovery. This case highlights the importance of assessment of the peripheral pulses and noting a radiofemoral delay, which was missed in the preoperative assessment.

Malignant rhabdoid tumor of kidney and brain in an infant.

BACKGROUND: Malignant rhabdoid tumors of kidney are associated with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors of brain, both being characterized genetically by deletion/ mutation of SMAR CBI/ INI gene. CASE CHARACTERISTICS: 6-month-old male presented with a brain tumor and was subsequently found to have malignant rhabdoid tumor of kidney. INTERVENTIONS: Surgical resection of brain tumor followed by chemotherapy and subsequently resection of renal tumor. OUTCOME: Child died seven months after initial presentation. MESSAGE: Children presenting with embroynal brain tumor, should be investigated for renal tumors and vice versa. MESSAGE: Children presenting with embroynal brain tumor, should be investigated for renal tumors and vice versa.

An uncommon situation of kidney perforation with a ureteric stent.

We present a rare case of renal perforation by a ureteric stent. A 62 yr old patient presented with repeated episodes of febrile urinary tract infections following double J stent placement. A CT scan revealed the upper end of the stent lying outside the kidney, having pierced through the cortex. Removal of the stent cystoscopically resulted in cure of the symptoms. Post insertion of stents, it should be mandatory to confirm correct deployment of the stent via X-ray.

Deceased donor renal transplantation at army hospital research and referral: Our experience.

CONTEXT: In India, there are a large number of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients waiting for renal transplant. Deceased donor organ transplantation (DDOT) is the possible solution to bridge the disparity between organ supply and demand. The concept of expanded criteria donors (ECDs) was developed to combat the huge discrepancy between demand and organ availability. However, ECD kidneys have a higher propensity for delayed graft function (DGF), and therefore worse long-term survival. We present our experience of deceased donor renal transplantation. AIMS: We report single centre experience on DDOT including ECDs vis-à-vis patient/graft survival, graft function in terms of serum creatinine (SCr), rejection episodes, and delayed graft function in 44 DDOT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 1998 and April 2011, 44 renal transplants from 35 deceased donors were performed, of which 37.2% were expanded criteria donors. Results were analyzed in terms of age of donor, terminal SCr, graft ischemia time, graft function, post-transplant complications, and graft and patient survival. All recipients received sequential triple drug immunosuppression and induction with rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG). The induction is commenced by giving first dose of rATG intraoperatively (dose 1.5 mg/kg) and subsequent rATG infusions were administered daily for a minimum of 5 and maximum of 7 doses depending on initial graft function. RESULTS: We have been able to achieve a mean cold ischemia time of 6.25 ± 2.55 h due to the coordinated team efforts. Delayed graft function occurred in 34% patients and 31.8% had prolonged drainage. There were no urinary leaks. Seven (16%) patients had biopsy-proven rejection episodes, all of which were reversed with treatment. Two patients underwent graft nephrectomy. One of these was due to hyperacute rejection and another due to anastomotic hemorrhage. One-year graft survival was 92.4% and the patient survival was 83.8%. CONCLUSION: Deceased donor renal transplants have satisfactory graft function and patient survival despite the high incidence of delayed graft function. Retrieving kidneys from marginal donors can add to the donor pool.

Botulinum toxin: An emerging therapy in female bladder outlet obstruction.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the utility of botulinum toxin in functional female bladder outlet obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 7 consecutive female patients with bladder outlet obstruction were included. Patients with neurogenic bladder were excluded. All were previously treated with periodic dilations. Diagnosis was based on symptomatology, cystometry, and micturating cystograms. A total of 2 patients had been in chronic retention with residual volumes more than 400 ml. All were managed with an injection of botulinum toxin, 100 units in 2 ml of saline injected with a flexible cystoscopic needle. The site of the injection was deep submucosally, 0.5 ml in each quadrant at the level of the most prominent narrowing seen endoscopically. All the procedures were done as day care procedures under local anaesthesia. After the procedure, no catheter was placed. Patients were followed up for changes in IPSS scores and post void residual urine measurements. In all cases, multiple injections were used. RESULTS: The follow-up period ranged from 48-52 weeks. The IPSS reduced by an average of 12 points. Post void residual urine reduced by 62%. Improvements commenced 4.85 days (average) after the procedure and lasted for an average of 16.8 weeks (range: 10.8-28 weeks). DISCUSSION: There is a gradual improvement in symptoms over time and the maximal effect occurred at 10-14 days. The duration of improvement was approximately 16.8 weeks. All patients were satisfied by the degree of improvement felt. CONCLUSIONS: Botulinum toxin proved successful in improving the voiding characteristics. It possibly acts at the zone of hypertonicity at the bladder neck or midurethra. The only disadvantage is the high cost of the drug.