Konjac glucomannan: A comprehensive review of its extraction, health benefits, and pharmaceutical applications.

Konjac glucomannan (KG) is a dietary fiber hydrocolloid derived from Amorphophallus konjac tubers and is widely utilized as a food additive and dietary supplement. As a health-conscious choice, purified KG, along with konjac flour and KG-infused diets, have gained widespread acceptance in Asian and European markets. An overview of the chemical composition and structure of KG is given in this review, along with thorough explanations of the processes used in its extraction, production, and purification. KG has been shown to promote health by reducing glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and blood pressure, thereby offering significant weight loss advantages. Furthermore, this review delves into the extensive health benefits and pharmaceutical applications of KG and its derivatives, emphasizing its prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. This study highlights how these natural polysaccharides can positively influence health, underscoring their potential in various biomedical applications.

Recent Advancements in the Diagnosis and Management of Cancer Using Biomaterials-Fabricated Nanofibers: A Review.

Cancer, a complicated and multi-dimensional medical concern worldwide, can be identified via either the growth of malignant tumours or colonisation of nearby tissues attributing to uncontrollable proliferation and division of cells promoted by several influential factors, including family history, exposure to pollutants, choice of lifestyle, and certain infections. The intricate processes underlying the development, expansion, and advancement of cancer are still being studied. However, there are a variety of therapeutic alternatives available for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer depending on the type and stage of cancer as well as the patient's individuality. The bioactive compoundsfortified nanofiber-based advanced therapies are revolutionary models for cancer detection and treatment, specifically targeting melanoma cells via exploring unique properties, such as increased surface area for payload, and imaging and bio-sensing capacities of nano-structured materials with minimal damage to functioning organs. The objective of the study was to gain knowledge regarding the potentiality of Nanofibers (NFs) fabricated using biomaterials in promoting cancer management along with providing a thorough overview of recent developmental initiatives, challenges, and future investigation strategies. Several fabrication approaches, such as electrospinning, self-assembly, phase separation, drawing, and centrifugal spinning of bio-compatible NFs along with characterization techniques, have been elaborated in the review.

Unveiling the potential of chitosan-coated lipid nanoparticles in drug delivery for management of critical illness: a review.

Chitosan (CT), a natural, cationic, chemically stable molecule, biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic, polysaccharide derived from the deacetylation of chitin, has very uniquely surfaced as a material of promise for drug delivery and biomedical applications. For the oral, ocular, cutaneous, pulmonary, and nose-to-brain routes, CT-coated nanoparticles (CTCNPs) have numerous advantages, consisting of improved controlled drug release, physicochemical stability, improved cell and tissue interactions, and increased bioavailability and efficacy of the active ingredient. CTCNPs have a broad range of therapeutic properties including anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial properties, treating neurological disorders, and other diseases. This has led to substantial research into the many potential uses of CT as a drug delivery vehicle. CT has also been employed in a wide range of biomedical processes, including bone and cartilage tissue regeneration, ocular tissue regeneration, periodontal tissue regeneration, heart tissue regeneration, and wound healing. Additionally, CT has been used in cosmeceutical, bioimaging, immunization, and gene transfer applications. CT exhibits a number of biological activities, which are the basis for its remarkable potential for use as a drug delivery vehicle, and these activities are covered in detail in this article. The alterations applied to CT to obtain the necessary properties have been described.

Bioengineered carbohydrate polymers for colon-specific drug release: Current trends and future prospects.

The worldwide health burden of colorectal cancer is still substantial, and traditional chemotherapeutic drugs sometimes have poor selectivity, which can result in systemic toxicity and unfavorable side effects. For colon-specific medication delivery, bioengineered carbohydrate polymers have shown promise as carriers. They may enhance treatment effectiveness while minimizing systemic exposure and associated side effects. The unique properties of these manufactured or naturally occurring biopolymers, such as hyaluronic acid, chitosan, alginate, and pectin, enable targeted medicine release. These qualities can be changed to meet the physiological needs of the colon. In the context of colorectal cancer therapy, this article provides a comprehensive overview of current developments and prospective future directions in the field of bioengineered carbohydrate polymer synthesis for colon-specific drug delivery. We discuss numerous techniques for achieving colon-targeted drug release, including enzyme-sensitive polymers, pH-responsive devices, and microbiota-activated processes. To increase tumor selectivity and cellular uptake, we also examine the inclusion of active targeting approaches, such as conjugating specific ligands. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of combination treatment strategies, which use the coadministration of numerous therapeutic medications to target multiple pathways implicated in cancer growth and address drug resistance mechanisms. We address recent biomimetic advances that potentially improve the biocompatibility, cellular uptake, and tumor penetration of carbohydrate polymer-based nanocarriers. These methods involve protein corona engineering and cell membrane coating. Furthermore, we look at the possibility of intelligent and sensitive systems that may adjust their behaviors in response to certain inputs or feedback loops, allowing for precise and regulated drug distribution.

Harnessing polyelectrolyte complexes for precision cancer targeting: a comprehensive review.

Polyelectrolytes represent a unique class of polymers abundant in ionizable functional groups. In a solution, ionized polyelectrolytes can intricately bond with oppositely charged counterparts, giving rise to a fascinating phenomenon known as a polyelectrolyte complex. These complexes arise from the interaction between oppositely charged entities, such as polymers, drugs, and combinations thereof. The polyelectrolyte complexes are highly appealing in cancer management, play an indispensable role in chemotherapy, crafting biodegradable, biocompatible 3D membranes, microcapsules, and nano-sized formulations. These versatile complexes are pivotal in designing controlled and targeted release drug delivery systems. The present review emphasizes on classification of polyelectrolyte complex along with their formation mechanisms. This review comprehensively explores the applications of polyelectrolyte complex, highlighting their efficacy in targeted drug delivery strategies for combating different forms of cancer. The innovative use of polyelectrolyte complex presents a potential breakthrough in cancer therapeutics, demonstrating their role in enhancing treatment precision and effectiveness.

An Insight on Microfluidic Organ-on-a-Chip Models for PM2.5-Induced Pulmonary Complications.

Pulmonary diseases like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, lung fibrosis, and lung cancer pose a significant burden to global human health. Many of these complications arise as a result of exposure to particulate matter (PM), which has been examined in several preclinical and clinical trials for its effect on several respiratory diseases. Particulate matter of size less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) has been known to inflict unforeseen repercussions, although data from epidemiological studies to back this are pending. Conventionally utilized two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and preclinical animal models have provided insufficient benefits in emulating the in vivo physiological and pathological pulmonary conditions. Three-dimensional (3D) structural models, including organ-on-a-chip models, have experienced a developmental upsurge in recent times. Lung-on-a-chip models have the potential to simulate the specific features of the lungs. With the advancement of technology, an emerging and advanced technique termed microfluidic organ-on-a-chip has been developed with the aim of identifying the complexity of the respiratory cellular microenvironment of the body. In the present Review, the role of lung-on-a-chip modeling in reproducing pulmonary complications has been explored, with a specific emphasis on PM2.5-induced pulmonary complications.

Advances in Precision Medicine Approaches for Colorectal Cancer: From Molecular Profiling to Targeted Therapies.

Precision medicine is transforming colorectal cancer treatment through the integration of advanced technologies and biomarkers, enhancing personalized and effective disease management. Identification of key driver mutations and molecular profiling have deepened our comprehension of the genetic alterations in colorectal cancer, facilitating targeted therapy and immunotherapy selection. Biomarkers such as microsatellite instability (MSI) and DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) guide treatment decisions, opening avenues for immunotherapy. Emerging technologies such as liquid biopsies, artificial intelligence, and machine learning promise to revolutionize early detection, monitoring, and treatment selection in precision medicine. Despite these advancements, ethical and regulatory challenges, including equitable access and data privacy, emphasize the importance of responsible implementation. The dynamic nature of colorectal cancer, with its tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution, underscores the necessity for adaptive and personalized treatment strategies. The future of precision medicine in colorectal cancer lies in its potential to enhance patient care, clinical outcomes, and our understanding of this intricate disease, marked by ongoing evolution in the field. The current reviews focus on providing in-depth knowledge on the various and diverse approaches utilized for precision medicine against colorectal cancer, at both molecular and biochemical levels.

Formulation of Folate Receptor-Targeted Silibinin-Loaded Inhalable Chitosan Nanoparticles by the QbD Approach for Lung Cancer Targeted Delivery.

Aim: Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics by functionalized nanoparticles exhibits a wonderful prospect for cancer treatment. The main objective of this research was to develop folate receptor-targeted silibinin (SB)-loaded inhalable polymeric nanoparticles (FA-CS-SB-NPs) for the treatment of lung cancer. Method: The qbD approach was implemented to prepare SB-loaded nanoparticles. Folic acid was conjugated by electrostatic conjugation in an optimized batch. The therapeutic potentials of formulations were determined using a lung cancer cell-bearing rat model. Result: Optimized formulation exhibited a spherical surface with a mean particle size of 275 ± 1.20 nm, a PDI of 0.234 ± 0.07, a ζ-potential of 32.50 ± 0.21, an entrapment efficiency of 75.52 ± 0.87%, and a CDR of 63.25 ± 1.21% at 48 h. Aerodynamic behaviors such as the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric size distribution (GSD) were found to be 2.75 ± 1.02 and 3.15 ± 0.88 µm, respectively. After 24 h of incubation with FA-CS-SB-NPs, the IC50 value was found to be 24.5 g/mL. FA-SB-CS-NPs maintained a significantly higher deposition of SB in lung tissues. Conclusions: Thus, the noninvasive nature and target specificity of FA-CS-SB-NPs pave the way for pulmonary delivery for treating lung cancer.

Unlocking the Potential of RNA Nanoparticles: A Breakthrough Approach to Overcoming Challenges in Colon Cancer Treatment.

Globally, one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths is colon cancer. As this form of cancer has a tremendous potential to metastasize, effective treatment is complicated and sometimes impossible. Despite the improvement of conventional chemotherapy and the advent of targeted therapies, overcoming multi-drug resistance (MDR) and side effects remain significant challenges. As a therapeutic intervention for targeted gene silencing in cancer, RNA technology shows promise and certain RNA-based formulations are currently undergoing clinical studies. Various studies have reported that RNA-based nanoparticles have demonstrated substantial promise for targeted medication delivery, gene therapy, and other biomedical applications. However, using RNA as a therapeutic tool presents severe limitations, mainly related to its low stability and poor cellular uptake. Nanotechnology offers a flexible and tailored alternative due to the difficulties in delivering naked RNA molecules safely in vivo, such as their short half-lives, low chemical stability, and susceptibility to nuclease degradation. In addition to shielding RNA molecules from immune system attacks and enzymatic breakdown, the nanoparticle-based delivery systems allow RNA accumulation at the tumor site. The potential of RNA and RNA-associated nanomedicines for the treatment of colon cancer, as well as the prospects for overcoming any difficulties related to mRNA, are reviewed in this study, along with the current progress of mRNA therapeutics and advancements in designing nanomaterials and delivery strategies.

The Application of Graphene Oxide Nanoarchitectures in the Treatment of Cancer: Phototherapy, Immunotherapy, and the Development of Vaccines.

Nanoparticles have been crucial in redesigning tumour eradication techniques, and recent advances in cancer research have accelerated the creation and integration of multifunctional nanostructures. In the fight against treatment resistance, which has reduced the effectiveness of traditional radiation and chemotherapy, this paradigm change is of utmost importance. Graphene oxide (GO) is one of several nanoparticles made of carbon that has made a splash in the medical field. It offers potential new ways to treat cancer thanks to its nanostructures, which can precisely transfer genetic elements and therapeutic chemicals to tumour areas. Encapsulating genes, protecting them from degradation, and promoting effective genetic uptake by cancer cells are two of GO nanostructures' greatest strengths, in addition to improving drug pharmacokinetics and bioavailability by concentrating therapeutic compounds at particular tumour regions. In addition, photodynamic treatment (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), which use GO nanoparticles to reduce carcinogenesis, have greatly slowed tumour growth due to GO's phototherapy capabilities. In addition to their potential medical uses, GO nanoparticles are attractive vaccine candidates due to their ability to stimulate cellular and innate immunity. These nanoparticles can be used to detect, diagnose, and eradicate cancer because they respond to certain stimuli. The numerous advantages of GO nanoparticles for tumour eradication are attributed in large part to their primary route of internalisation through endocytosis, which guarantees accurate delivery to target locations. The revolutionary potential of multifunctional nanostructures in cancer treatment is highlighted in this extensive compendium that examines current oncological breakthroughs.

Emerging Trends of Nanomedicines in the Management of Prostate Cancer: Perspectives and Potential Applications.

Prostate cancer is one of the most life-threatening disorders that occur in males. It has now become the third most common disease all over the world, and emerging cases and spiking mortality rates are becoming more challenging day by day. Several approaches have been used to treat prostate cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, etc. These are painful and invasive ways of treatment. Primarily, chemotherapy has been associated with numerous drawbacks restricting its further application. The majority of prostate cancers have the potential to become castration-resistant. Prostate cancer cells exhibit resistance to chemotherapy, resistance to radiation, ADT (androgen-deprivation therapy) resistance, and immune stiffness as a result of activating tumor-promoting signaling pathways and developing resistance to various treatment modalities. Nanomedicines such as liposomes, nanoparticles, branched dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots are promising disease management techniques in this context. Nanomedicines can target the drugs to the target site and enhance the drug's action for a prolonged period. They may also increase the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. This review summarizes the current data on nanomedicines for the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Thus, nanomedicine is pioneering in disease management.

Advanced Targeted Drug Delivery of Bioactive Nanomaterials in the Management of Cancer.

Cancer is defined as the unchecked expansion of aberrant cells. Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery are currently used in combination to treat cancer. Traditional drug delivery techniques kill healthy proliferating cells when used over prolonged periods of time in cancer chemotherapy. Due to the fact that the majority of tumor cells do not infiltrate right away, this is particularly true when treating solid tumors. A targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) is a tool that distributes medication to a selected bioactive location in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology-based delivery techniques are having a substantial impact on cancer treatment, and polymers are essential for making nanoparticulate carriers for cancer therapy. The advantages of nanotherapeutic drug delivery systems (NDDS) in terms of technology include longer half-life, improved biodistribution, longer drug circulation time, regulated and sustained drug release, flexibility in drug administration method, higher drug intercellular concentration, and others. The benefits and drawbacks of cancer nanomedicines, such as polymer-drug conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, immunoconjugates, liposomes, and nanoparticles, are discussed in this work, along with the most recent findings on polymer-based anticancer drugs.

The Use of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers to Improve Ovarian Cancer Treatment: An Overview of Recent Developments.

Ovarian cancer poses a formidable health challenge for women globally, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. This review provides a succinct summary of the current research status on lipid-based nanocarriers in the context of ovarian cancer treatment. Lipid-based nanocarriers, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), offer a promising solution for delivering anticancer drugs with enhanced therapeutic effectiveness and reduced adverse effects. Their versatility in transporting both hydrophobic and hydrophilic medications makes them well-suited for a diverse range of anticancer drugs. Active targeting techniques like ligand-conjugation and surface modifications have been used to reduce off-target effects and achieve tumour-specific medication delivery. The study explores formulation techniques and adjustments meant to enhance drug stability and encapsulation in these nanocarriers. Encouraging results from clinical trials and preclinical investigations underscore the promise of lipid-based nanocarriers in ovarian cancer treatment, providing optimism for improved patient outcomes. Notwithstanding these advancements, challenges related to clearance, long-term stability, and scalable manufacturing persist. Successfully translating lipidbased nanocarriers into clinical practice requires addressing these hurdles. To sum up, lipidbased nanocarriers are a viable strategy to improve the effectiveness of therapy for ovarian cancer. With their more focused medication administration and lower systemic toxicity, they may completely change the way ovarian cancer is treated and increase patient survival rates. Lipidbased nanocarriers need to be further researched and developed to become a therapeutically viable treatment for ovarian cancer.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms [SNPs] in the Shadows: Uncovering their Function in Non-Coding Region of Esophageal Cancer.

Esophageal cancer is a complex disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] in non-coding regions of the genome have emerged as crucial contributors to esophageal cancer susceptibility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of SNPs in non-coding regions and their association with esophageal cancer. The accumulation of SNPs in the genome has been implicated in esophageal cancer risk. Various studies have identified specific locations in the genome where SNPs are more likely to occur, suggesting a location-specific response. Chromatin conformational studies have shed light on the localization of SNPs and their impact on gene transcription, posttranscriptional modifications, gene expression regulation, and histone modification. Furthermore, miRNA-related SNPs have been found to play a significant role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [ESCC]. These SNPs can affect miRNA binding sites, thereby altering target gene regulation and contributing to ESCC development. Additionally, the risk of ESCC has been linked to base excision repair, suggesting that SNPs in this pathway may influence disease susceptibility. Somatic DNA segment alterations and modified expression quantitative trait loci [eQTL] have also been associated with ESCC. These alterations can lead to disrupted gene expression and cellular processes, ultimately contributing to cancer development and progression. Moreover, SNPs have been found to be associated with the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR, which plays a crucial role in ESCC pathogenesis. This review concludes with a discussion of the current and future perspectives in the field of SNPs in non-coding regions and their relevance to esophageal cancer. Understanding the functional implications of these SNPs may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and the development of personalized approaches for esophageal cancer prevention and treatment.

Current Trends in the Biomarker'sDiscovery for the Treatment and Management of Colorectal Cancer: A ComprehensiveReview.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant health issue, with countless individuals suffering. With its bleak outlook, the number of deaths caused by CRC can only be reduced if new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are identified and developed quickly. Recent developments in screening programme development and patient management have been encouraging, but many unanswered questions still need to be addressed before a customized colorectal cancer approach can be implemented. Prevention of diseases, the detection of them in their early stages, the analysis of the severity, and the treatment of any metastasized diseases are all paramount. Despite the increased utilization of genetic profiles in decision-making processes, such as the selection of therapy and predicting drug response, there are only a limited number of validated biomarkers for colorectal cancer that are suitable for clinical practice. To further research into colorectal carcinogenesis, pinpoint prospective indicators, and validate these indicators, creating non-intrusive, sensitive, and exact biomarkers is an urgent requirement. This procedure is reliant on translational proteomics. This investigation serves as a comprehensive resource on the current state of genetic and epigenetic biomarkers in diagnosing, predicting, and evaluating colorectal cancer. It underscores the transformative potential of these biomarkers in advancing CRC patient care, from early detection to personalized treatment strategies. However, it also underscores the need for ongoing research and validation to realize their clinical utility fully.

Advanced Targeted Drug Delivery of Bioactive Agents Fortified with Graft Chitosan in Management of Cancer: A Review.

Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and spread of abnormal cells in the body, resulting in the development of tumors or clusters of irregular cells. The factors contributing to cancer are intricate, involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle elements. Risk factors for cancer include the use of nicotine, excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to radiation or specific chemicals, and a family history of the disease. Common treatment methods for cancer encompass surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. These treatments aim to eliminate cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells. Recent research has extensively explored the potential of bioactive compounds as agents for combating cancer. However, effectively delivering such compounds to specific target sites is a complex undertaking. Consequently, there has been widespread exploration of polymer applications in the development of nanomedicine for delivering bioactive substances. Additionally, the technique of grafting native excipients onto polymers has been investigated to enhance their versatility in the delivery of these compounds to specific tumor cells. This review offers a brief yet informative summary of how grafted chitosan is employed as a delivery system for bioactive phytopharmaceuticals possessing anticancer properties. In essence, it delves into the use of grafted chitosan in facilitating the transport and targeted release of these natural compounds that have demonstrated potential in combating cancer. This innovative approach has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of anticancer treatments and minimize their adverse effects on healthy cells.

Unveiling Spanlastics as a Novel Carrier for Drug Delivery: A Review.

Innovative colloidal preparations that can alter the pharmacological properties of drugs have been made possible by the advancement of nanotechnology. Recent advances in the sciences of the nanoscale have led to the creation of new methods for treating illnesses. Developments in nanotechnology may lessen the side effects of medicine by using effective and regulated drug delivery methods. A promising drug delivery vehicle is spanlastics, an elastic nanovesicle that can transport a variety of drug compounds. Spanlastics have expanded the growing interest in many types of administrative pathways. Using this special type of vesicular carriers, medications intended for topical, nasal, ocular, and trans-ungual treatments are delivered to specific areas. Their elastic and malleable structure allows them to fit into skin pores, making them ideal for transdermal distribution. Spanlastic is composed of non-ionic surfactants or combinations of surfactants. Numerous studies have demonstrated how spanlastics significantly improve, drug bioavailability, therapeutic effectiveness, and reduce medication toxicity. The several vesicular systems, composition and structure of spanlastics, benefits of spanlastics over alternative drug delivery methods, and the process of drug penetration via skin are all summarized in this paper. Additionally, it provides an overview of the many medications that may be treated using spanlastic vesicles. The primary benefits of these formulations were associated with their surface properties, as a variety of proteins might be linked to the look. For instance, procedure assessment and gold nanoparticles were employed as biomarkers for different biomolecules, which included tumor label detection. Anticipate further advancements in the customization and combining of spanlastic vesicles with appropriate zeta potential to transport therapeutic compounds to specific areas for enhanced disease treatment.

Revolutionizing cancer treatment: comprehensive insights into immunotherapeutic strategies.

Cancer, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of aberrant cells, underscores the imperative for innovative therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has emerged as a pivotal constituent in cancer treatment, offering improved prognostic outcomes for a substantial patient cohort. Noteworthy for its precision, immunotherapy encompasses strategies such as adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, orchestrating the immune system to recognize and selectively target malignant cells. Exploiting the specificity of the immune response renders immunotherapy efficacious, as it selectively targets the body's immune milieu. Diverse mechanisms underlie cancer immunotherapies, leading to distinct toxicity profiles compared to conventional treatments. A remarkable clinical stride in the anticancer resources is immunotherapy. Remarkably, certain recalcitrant cancers like skin malignancies exhibit resistance to radiation or chemotherapy, yet respond favorably to immunotherapeutic interventions. Notably, combination therapies involving chemotherapy and immunotherapy have exhibited synergistic effects, enhancing overall therapeutic efficacy. Understanding the pivotal role of immunotherapy elucidates its complementary value, bolstering the therapeutic landscape. In this review, we elucidate the taxonomy of cancer immunotherapy, encompassing adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, while scrutinizing their distinct adverse event profiles. Furthermore, we expound on the unprecedented potential of immunogenic vaccines to bolster the anticancer immune response. This comprehensive analysis underscores the significance of immunotherapy in modern oncology, unveiling novel prospects for tailored therapeutic regimens.

Emerging Lipid-based Carriers for Systematic Utilization in the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: A Review.

Emerging lipid-based carriers are revolutionizing drug delivery in the pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. These innovative carriers harness the unique properties of lipids to improve the solubility, stability, and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, ushering in a new era of precision medicine. Lipid- based carriers, such as liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles, offer several advantages. They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, enabling the delivery of a wide range of compounds. Additionally, lipids are biocompatible and biodegradable, minimizing the risk of toxicity. Their ability to mimic cell membranes allows for enhanced cellular uptake and controlled release, optimizing drug efficacy while minimizing side effects. Furthermore, lipid-based carriers are ideal for delivering drugs to specific sites within the body. By modifying the lipid composition, surface charge, and size, researchers can tailor these carriers to target tumours, inflamed tissues, or specific cells, improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing systemic toxicity. In summary, emerging lipid-based carriers are poised to transform pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences by addressing critical challenges in drug delivery. These carriers enhance drug stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, offering the potential to revolutionize the treatment of various diseases and improve patient outcomes. As research in this field continues to advance, we can expect even more sophisticated lipid-based carrier systems to emerge, further expanding the possibilities for precision medicine. This review focuses on the contribution of lipid carriers in the pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences.

Understanding the charismatic potential of nanotechnology to treat skin carcinoma.

Carcinoma is a condition that continues to pose a significant challenge, despite current medical advances. Skin carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer, and it has seen a massive increase all over the world. The challenges with current treatment are due to toxicity that leads to many more skin complications. Due to this to avoid such complications by designing diverse nanoparticles as delivery carriers, nanomedicine is employed as a hub for diagnostics and therapy. Liposomes, gold nanoparticles, transferases, nanofibers, etc., can all be used as delivery nanocarriers. These nanoparticles' structures and characteristics protect the medicine from degradation and improve its stability. Surface modifying agents and procedures are employed to functionalize nanoparticles, resulting in smart delivery systems. The application of nanotechnology-based approaches systematically increases drug delivery to target cells. Skin cancer has several challenges, including a long time to diagnose early types of cancer and a slower growth rate. This review focuses on innovative skin cancer therapy techniques, focusing on nanotechnology and the challenges associated with current treatment of skin cancer.