Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2: A Novel Contributor in Sjögren's Syndrome-Related Lymphoma?

Background: B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL) is one of the major complications of primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Chronic inflammation and macrophages in SS minor salivary glands have been previously suggested as significant predictors for lymphoma development among SS patients. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)-a product mainly of tissue macrophages-is found in the circulation associated with lipoproteins and has been previously involved in cardiovascular, autoimmune, and malignant diseases, including lymphoma. Objective: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the contributory role of Lp-PLA2 in B-NHL development in the setting of primary SS. Methods: Lp-PLA2 activity in serum samples collected from 50 primary SS patients with no lymphoma (SS-nL), 9 primary SS patients with lymphoma (SS-L), and 42 healthy controls (HC) was determined by detection of [3H]PAF degradation products by liquid scintillation counter. Moreover, additional sera from 50 SS-nL, 28 SS-L, and 32 HC were tested for Lp-PLA2 activity using a commercially available ELISA kit. Lp-PLA2 mRNA, and protein expression in minor salivary gland (MSG) tissue samples derived from SS-nL, SS-L patients, and sicca controls (SC) were analyzed by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Serum Lp-PLA2 activity was significantly increased in SS-L compared to both SS-nL and HC by two independent methods implemented [mean ± SD (nmol/min/ml): 62.0 ± 13.4 vs 47.6 ± 14.4 vs 50.7 ± 16.6, p-values: 0.003 and 0.04, respectively, and 19.4 ± 4.5 vs 15.2 ± 3.3 vs 14.5 ± 3.0, p-values: <0.0001, in both comparisons]. ROC analysis revealed that the serum Lp-PLA2 activity measured either by radioimmunoassay or ELISA has the potential to distinguish between SS-L and SS-nL patients (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.8022, CI [95%]: 0.64-0.96, p-value: 0.004 for radioimmunoassay, and AUC: 0.7696, CI [95%]: 0.66-0.88, p-value: <0.0001, for ELISA). Lp-PLA2 expression in MSG tissues was also increased in SS-L compared to SS-nL and SC at both mRNA and protein level. ROC analysis revealed that both MSG mRNA and protein Lp-PLA2 have the potential to distinguish between SS-nL and SS-L patients (area under the curve [AUC] values of 0.8490, CI [95%]: 0.71-0.99, p-value: 0.0019 and 0.9444, CI [95%]: 0.79-1.00, p- value: 0.0389 respectively). No significant difference in either serum Lp-PLA2 activity or MSG tissue expression was observed between SS-nL and HC. Conclusions: Lp-PLA2 serum activity and MSG tissue mRNA/protein expression could be a new biomarker and possibly a novel therapeutic target for B-cell lymphoproliferation in the setting of SS.

Parental Occupational Exposures and Risk of Childhood Acute Leukemia.

INTRODUCTION: Acute leukemia, accounting for 20% of all cancers diagnosed in individuals younger than 19 years old, is the most prevalent childhood malignancy. Among environmental risk factors, parental occupational exposures have attracted scientific interest as potential predisposing factors for childhood leukemia. The role of parental occupational exposure to social contacts, harmful chemicals, electromagnetic fields and ionizing radiation has been investigated with conflicting and inconsistent results. AIM: A case-control study aiming to assess the association between parental occupational exposures to social contacts, chemicals and electromagnetic fields and the risk of offspring acute leukemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 108 children with acute leukemia and equal number of matched controls were included. Data on parental occupations before conception, during pregnancy, during breastfeeding and after birth, and on potential risk factors was recorded. Associations between parental exposure and risk of childhood leukemia were estimated. RESULTS: Parental occupational exposure during the four periods of exposure was not associated with childhood leukemia. High birth weight and family history of cancer were associated with the development of childhood acute leukemia. A weak association of maternal medication use during pregnancy and leukemia risk emerged. CONCLUSIONS: Since the causative factors of childhood leukemia remain unknown, further investigation is mandatory for the reduction of disease burden.