The progress of PET/MRI in clinical management of patients with pancreatic malignant lesions.

Recently, the morbidity and mortality of pancreatic cancer have been increasing year by year. Because of its deep anatomical location and because most presented patients often suffer from abdominal pain or jaundice, it is difficult to diagnose pancreatic cancer at an early stage, leading to late clinical stage and poor prognosis. integrated positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) fusion imaging not only has the characteristics of high resolution and multi-parameter imaging of MRI, but also combines the high sensitivity and the semi-quantitative characteristics of PET. In addition, the continuous development of novel MRI imaging and PET imaging biomarkers provide a unique and precise research direction for future pancreatic cancer research. This review summarizes the value of PET/MRI in the diagnosis, staging, efficacy monitoring, and prognosis evaluation of pancreatic cancer, and prognosis for developing emerging imaging agents and artificial intelligence radiomics in pancreatic cancer.

Role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography in the diagnosis and treatment response assessment of primary bone lymphoma.

OBJECTIVE: Primary bone lymphoma (PBL) is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma, and the clinical application value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography ( 18 F-FDG PET/CT) in PBL has not been fully evaluated. This study aimed to determine the imaging characteristics of PBL and investigate the value of 18 F-FDG PET/CT parameters. METHODS: A total of 25 patients with PBL who underwent PET/CT examination before treatment were included in this study. The clinicopathological parameters and PET/CT parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 25 patients, 7 patients had single lesions, 15 patients had nonsingle lesions (≥2) and 3 patients had diffuse distribution in the medullary cavity. The bone destruction types included osteolytic, osteogenic, normal density, mixed lytic and osteogenic. All patients showed increased FDG uptake, and the CT detection rate was 88%. Five patients underwent PET/CT assessment mid-treatment, and when assessed using the Deauville five-point scale, four patients were PET-negative and one patient was PET-positive. There were two PET-positive and three PET-negative patients when assessed using the Δ maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ) method. Six patients underwent PET/CT imaging at the end of treatment. When assessed using the Deauville five-point scale, five patients (83%) were PET-negative and one patient (17%) was PET-positive. The same results were obtained when evaluated by the ΔSUV max method. CONCLUSION: PET/CT plays a substantial role in the diagnosis and treatment efficacy evaluation of PBL, and it should be recognized by clinicians and radiologists. Changes in metabolic parameters such as SUV, metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis have considerable potential for application in PBL diagnostics and treatment efficacy evaluation.

The Application of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Galactography in Patients With Pathologic Nipple Discharge.

Twenty patients with pathologic nipple discharge underwent conventional galactography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) galactography. Images were reviewed for detection of suspicious lesions. Lesion localization information from CEUS galactography was recorded. We included 25 lesions from the 20 included patients. The pathological results revealed 13 intraductal papillomas. The detective rates of intraductal papilloma by conventional galactography and CEUS galactography were 92.31% and 100%, respectively. All the preoperative localizations of lesions from CEUS galactography were in accordance with the surgical detections. CEUS galactography is a highly effective tool for the detection of intraductal breast lesions, and it could provide accurate lesion localization information for an optimal surgical design.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cell Immunotherapy Against Thoracic Malignancies: Challenges and Opportunities.

Different from surgery, chemical therapy, radio-therapy and target therapy, Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells, a novel adoptive immunotherapy strategy, have been used successfully against both hematological tumors and solid tumors. Although several problems have reduced engineered CAR-T cell therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials for the treatment of thoracic malignancies, including the lack of specific antigens, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, a low level of CAR-T cell infiltration into tumor tissues, off-target toxicity, and other safety issues, CAR-T cell treatment is still full of bright future. In this review, we outline the basic structure and characteristics of CAR-T cells among different period, summarize the common tumor-associated antigens in clinical trials of CAR-T cell therapy for thoracic malignancies, and point out the current challenges and new strategies, aiming to provide new ideas and approaches for preclinical experiments and clinical trials of CAR-T cell therapy for thoracic malignancies.

FAPI-PET/CT in Cancer Imaging: A Potential Novel Molecule of the Century.

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a type II transmembrane serine protease, is highly expressed in more than 90% of epithelial tumors and is closely associated with various tumor invasion, metastasis, and prognosis. Using FAP as a target, various FAP inhibitors (FAPIs) have been developed, most of which have nanomolar levels of FAP affinity and high selectivity and are used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of different tumors. We have conducted a systematic review of the available data; summarized the biological principles of FAPIs for PET imaging, the synthesis model, and metabolic characteristics of the radiotracer; and compared the respective values of FAPIs and the current mainstream tracer 18F-Fludeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) in the clinical management of tumor and non-tumor lesions. Available research evidence indicates that FAPIs are a molecular imaging tool complementary to 18F-FDG and are expected to be the new molecule of the century with better imaging effects than 18F-FDG in a variety of cancers, including gastrointestinal tumors, liver tumors, breast tumors, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The Value of Multimodality PET/CT Imaging in Detecting Prostate Cancer Biochemical Recurrence.

Prostate cancer (PCa) induced death is the predominant cause of cancer-related death among men in 48 countries. After radical treatment, biochemical recurrence has become an important factor for prognosis. The early detection and diagnosis of recurrent lesions are very helpful in guiding treatment and improving the prognosis. PET/CT is a promising method for early detection of lesions in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. This article reviews the progress of the research on PET/CT in the PCa biochemical recurrence and aims to introduce new technologies and provide more direction for future research.

CAR-T cell therapy for lung cancer: Potential and perspective.

Lung cancer is the highest incidence and mortality of all cancers around the world. In the present immunotherapy era, an increasing number of immunotherapeutic agents including monoclonal antibody-targeted drugs have been used in the clinical treatment of malignancy, but it still has many limitations. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells, a novel adoptive immunotherapy strategy, have not only been used successfully against hematological tumors, but have also opened up new avenues for immunotherapy of solid tumors, including lung cancer. However, targeting lung cancer-specific antigens using engineered CAR-T cells is complicated by the lack of proper tumor-specific antigens, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, a low level of CAR-T cell infiltration into tumor tissues, along with off-target effect, etc. Simultaneously, the clinical application of CAR-T cells remains limited because of many challenges such as tumor lysis syndrome, neurotoxicity syndrome, and cytokine release syndrome. In this review, we outline the basic structure and generation characteristic of CAR-T cells and summarize the common tumor-associated antigens in clinical trials of CAR-T cell therapy for lung cancer, and point out the current challenges and new strategies, aiming to provide new ideas and approaches for the pre-clinical experiments and clinical trials of CAR-T cell therapy in lung cancer.

The value of AI in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Malignant Lung Cancer.

Malignant tumors is a serious public health threat. Among them, lung cancer, which has the highest fatality rate globally, has significantly endangered human health. With the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and its integration with medicine, AI research in malignant lung tumors has become critical. This article reviews the value of CAD, computer neural network deep learning, radiomics, molecular biomarkers, and digital pathology for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of malignant lung tumors.

The clinical application of 18F-FDG PET/CT in pancreatic cancer: a narrative review.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the worst prognoses of all malignant tumors, with an annual incidence near its annual mortality rate. To improve the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer, it is essential to diagnose and evaluate pancreatic cancer early. Imaging examinations play an essential role in tumor detection, staging, and surgical resection assessment and can provide reliable evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Currently, imaging techniques commonly used for pancreatic cancer include endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), conventional ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multidetector spiral computed tomography (MDCT), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), and others PET/CT is a new imaging device composed of PET and CT. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is a commonly used tracer in the clinic. Cancer cells are more robust than other ordinary cells in that they can ingest glucose, and the structure of glucose is similar to the structure of 18F-FDG. Therefore, after the injection of 18F-FDG, 18F-FDG in tumor cells appears very thick during PET scanning. Therefore, PET/CT can determine the metabolic capacity and anatomical position of pancreatic tumor cells in the body accurately diagnose the patient's condition and tumor location. It plays a vital role in early diagnosis and accurate staging, predicts survival, and monitors therapeutic effectiveness and pancreatic cancer recurrence. Although 18F-FDG PET/CT has limitations in identifying inflammatory diseases and tumors, it still has good development potential. This article reviews the clinical application of 18F-FDG PET/CT in pancreatic cancer.