Safety profile and effects on the peripheral immune response of fecal microbiota transplantation in clinically healthy dogs.

BACKGROUND: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is increasingly used for gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal diseases in veterinary medicine. However, its effects on immune responses and possible adverse events have not been systematically investigated. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Determine the short-term safety profile and changes in the peripheral immune system after a single FMT administration in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: Ten client-owned, clinically healthy dogs as FMT recipients, and 2 client-owned clinically healthy dogs as FMT donors. METHODS: Prospective non-randomized clinical trial. A single rectal enema of 5 g/kg was given to clinically healthy canine recipients. During the 28 days after FMT administration, owners self-reported adverse events and fecal scores. On Days 0 (baseline), 1, 4, 10, and 28 after FMT, fecal and blood samples were collected. The canine fecal dysbiosis index (DI) was calculated using qPCR. RESULTS: No significant changes were found in the following variables: CBC, serum biochemistry, C-reactive protein, serum cytokines (interleukins [IL]-2, -6, -8, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), peripheral leukocytes (B cells, T cells, cluster of differentiation [CD]4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T regulatory cells), and the canine DI. Mild vomiting (n = 3), diarrhea (n = 4), decreased activity (n = 2), and inappetence (n = 1) were reported, and resolved without intervention. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Fecal microbiota transplantation did not significantly alter the evaluated variables and recipients experienced minimal adverse events associated with FMT administration. Fecal microbiota transplantation was not associated with serious adverse events, changes in peripheral immunologic variables, or the canine DI in the short-term.

Unbiased serum metabolomic analysis in cats with naturally occurring chronic enteropathies before and after medical intervention.

Chronic enteropathies (CE) are common disorders in cats and the differentiation between the two main underlying diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL), can be challenging. Characterization of the serum metabolome could provide further information on alterations of disease-associated metabolic pathways and may identify diagnostic or therapeutic targets. Unbiased metabolomics analysis of serum from 28 cats with CE (14 cats with IBD, 14 cats with LGITL) and 14 healthy controls identified 1,007 named metabolites, of which 129 were significantly different in cats with CE compared to healthy controls at baseline. Random Forest analysis revealed a predictive accuracy of 90% for differentiating controls from cats with chronic enteropathy. Metabolic pathways found to be significantly altered included phospholipids, amino acids, thiamine, and tryptophan metabolism. Several metabolites were found to be significantly different between cats with IBD versus LGITL, including several sphingolipids, phosphatidylcholine 40:7, uridine, pinitol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and glucuronic acid. However, random forest analysis revealed a poor group predictive accuracy of 60% for the differentiation of IBD from LGITL. Of 129 compounds found to be significantly different between healthy cats and cats with CE at baseline, 58 remained different following treatment.

Utility of fluorescence imitating brightfield imaging microscopy for the diagnosis of feline chronic enteropathy.

Fluorescence imitating brightfield imaging (FIBI) is a novel microscopy method that allows for real-time, nondestructive, slide-free tissue imaging of fresh, formalin-fixed, or paraffin-embedded tissue. The nondestructive nature of the technology permits tissue preservation for downstream analyses. The objective of this observational study was to assess the utility of FIBI compared with conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histology slides in feline gastrointestinal histopathology. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded full-thickness small intestinal tissue specimens from 50 cases of feline chronic enteropathy were evaluated. The ability of FIBI to evaluate predetermined morphological features (epithelium, villi, crypts, lacteals, fibrosis, submucosa, and muscularis propria) and inflammatory cells was assessed on a 3-point scale (0 = FIBI cannot identify the feature; 1 = FIBI can identify the feature; 2 = FIBI can identify the feature with more certainty than H&E). H&E and FIBI images were also scored according to World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Gastrointestinal Standardization Group guidelines. FIBI identified morphological features with similar or, in some cases, higher confidence compared with H&E images. The identification of inflammatory cells was less consistent. FIBI and H&E images showed an overall poor agreement with regard to the assigned WSAVA scores. While FIBI showed an equal or better ability to identify morphological features in intestinal biopsies, its ability to identify inflammatory cells is currently inferior compared with H&E-based imaging. Future studies on the utility of FIBI as a diagnostic tool for noninflammatory histopathologic lesions are warranted.

Inflammatory cytokines directly disrupt the bovine intestinal epithelial barrier.

The small intestinal mucosa constitutes a physical barrier separating the gut lumen from sterile internal tissues. Junctional complexes between cells regulate transport across the barrier, preventing water loss and the entry of noxious molecules or pathogens. Inflammatory diseases in cattle disrupt this barrier; nonetheless, mechanisms of barrier disruption in cattle are poorly understood. We investigated the direct effects of three inflammatory cytokines, TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-18, on the bovine intestinal barrier utilizing intestinal organoids. Flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran was used to investigate barrier permeability. Immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate junctional morphology, specifically tortuosity and length/width, respectively. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry was used to investigate cellular turnover via proliferation and apoptosis. Our study shows that 24-h cytokine treatment with TNFα or IFNγ significantly increased dextran permeability and tight junctional tortuosity, and reduced cellular proliferation. TNFα reduced the percentage of G2/M phase cells, and IFNγ treatment increased cell apoptotic rate. IL-18 did not directly induce significant changes to barrier permeability or cellular turnover. Our study concludes that the inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IFNγ, directly induce intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and alter the tight junctional morphology and rate of cellular turnover in bovine intestinal epithelial cells.

A therapy-grade protocol for differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into mesenchymal stem cells using platelet lysate as supplement.

INTRODUCTION: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although they can be isolated easily from several tissues, cell expansion is limited since their properties are lost with successive passages. Hence, pluripotent derived MSCs (PD-MSCs) arise as a suitable alternative for MSC production. Nevertheless, at present, PD-MSC derivation protocols are either expensive or not suitable for clinical purposes. METHODS: In this work we present a therapy-grade, inexpensive and simple protocol to derive MSCs from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) based on the use of platelet lysate (PL) as medium supplement. RESULTS: We showed that the PD-MSCPL expressed multiple MSC markers, including CD90, CD73, CD105, CD166, and CD271, among others. These cells also show multilineage differentiation ability and immunomodulatory effects on pre-stimulated lymphocytes. Thorough characterization of these cells showed that a PD-MSCPL resembles an umbilical cord (UC) MSC and differs from a PSC in surface marker and extracellular matrix proteins and integrin expression. Moreover, the OCT-4 promoter is re-methylated with mesenchymal differentiation comparable with the methylation levels of UC-MSCs and fibroblasts. Lastly, the use of PL-supplemented medium generates significantly more MSCs than the use of fetal bovine serum. CONCLUSIONS: This protocol can be used to generate a large amount of PD-MSCs with low cost and is compatible with clinical therapies.

Diferenciación en cardiomiocitos a partir de células madre embrionarias humanas / Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes

Introducción Las células madre son motivo de intensa investigación debido a la posibilidad de su utilización en el tratamiento de numerosas enfermedades, en particular las cardiovasculares. La diferenciación de células madre embrionarias humanas en cardiomiocitos se ha realizado exitosamente in vitro. Se han establecido métodos de cultivo y diferenciación, señales involucradas en la cardiogénesis y los cardiomiocitos generados se han utilizado en modelos de regeneración miocárdica. Sin embargo, aún quedan muchos interrogantes que se están investigando activamente. Objetivo Desarrollar una metodología que permita el cultivo de células embrionarias y su diferenciación en cardiomiocitos. Material y métodos Se utilizaron cuatro líneas de células madre embrionarias humanas. Se cultivaron y diferenciaron a través de los métodos publicados previamente en la bibliografía. El estado indiferenciado y la diferenciación en cardiomiocitos se verificaron por medio de inmunomarcación fluorescente y RT-PCR. Resultados La metodología utilizada permitió cultivar las células y mantenerlas en estado indiferenciado. Aunque con eficacia dispar, se logró la diferenciación en cardiomiocitos de las cuatro líneas celulares utilizadas. La confirmación se realizó por medio de la expresión de factores de transcripción miocárdicos y proteínas estructurales cardíacas. Conclusiones El cultivo y la diferenciación de células madre embrionarias humanas fue posible en nuestro sistema. Estos resultados preliminares nos impulsan a continuar y a desarrollar nuestros métodos con células pluripotentes inducidas.

Background The role of stem cells in the treatment of several conditions, especially heart diseases, is under permanent investigation. Human embryonic stem cells have been successfully differentiated in vitro into cardiomyocytes. Methods of cell culture and cardiomyocyte differentiation are well established; signals regulating cardiogenesis have been identified and the cardiomyocytes generated have been used in models of myocardial regeneration. However, several questions still remain and are currently under active investigation. Objective To develop a culture system that is suitable for the induction of embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocyte differentiation. Material and Methods Four human embryonic stem cell lines were used. The cells were cultured and differentiation was induced using methods previously described. The presence of cells in an undifferentiated state and cardiomyocyte differentiation was detected by immunohistochemical studies (fluorescent staining) and RT-PCR. Results The methodology used allowed stem cells growth in the culture, and maintained them in an undifferentiated state. Cardiomyocyte differentiation was achieved in the four cell lines used, yet with uneven efficacy. This was confirmed by the expression of myocardial transcription factors and heart structural proteins. Conclusions Our system allowed human embryonic stem cell growth and differentiation in the culture. These preliminary results encourage us to continue developing our methods with induced pluripotent stem cells.

Alteraciones de indole fonoaudiologica que se detectan en niños en una escuela privada de la ciudad de Galvez, Provincia de Santa Fe / Alterations of phonoaudiologic nature that detector in children in one private school of the city of Galvez, province of Santa Fe

El presente trabajo de investigacion de tipo descriptivo, de corte longitudinal y retrospectivo, tuvo comno objetivo primordial detectar alteraciones de incumbencia fonoaudiologica relacionadas con el lenguaje expresivo, lenguaje comprensivo, audicion y las alteraciones que pueden traer posibles dificultades en el proceso de adquisicion de la lectoescritura. Se trata de un trabajo llevado a cabo en la escuela privada, Nuestra Señora del Calvario, de la ciudad de Galvez (provincia de Santa Fe), en la seccion "A" turno mañana, jardin de cinco. Para obtener estos datos fue necesario recolectar las fichas de entrevista inicial y de seguimiento individual, de cada niño/a y seleccionar los indicadoes que brindaban informacion sobre las area involucradas. Entre los 22 niños estudiados, que asistieron a jardin entre 1998 y el año 2000, los resultados a los que se arribo fueron: 7 ninos (31,8 por ciento) presentaron alteraciones fonoaudiologicas; de audicion, de lenguaje expresivo, de lenguaje cmprensivo y/o en el proceso de adquisicion de lectoescritura solas o combinadas. Algunos de ellos (4) contaban con antecedentes de riesgo prenatal, natal o postnatal. A lo largo de este trabajo se intento demostrar la importancia que tienen los datos aportados por los padres, los resultados y observaciones obtenidos por los docentes, en el analisis que podra hacer el fonoaudiologo para descartar alteraciones fonoaudiologica que interfieran el desarrollo pedagogico, ya que con solo revisar las fichas de los ninos el profesional podra visualizar si existen problemas. En caso de que los hubiere, de que tipo, permitiendo facilitar con rapidez la derivacion y consulta al profesional adecuado y el posterior tratamiento y recuperacion