Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles from Lawsonia inermis and its effect on the biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbon.

Crude oil hydrocarbons are considered major environmental pollutants and pose a significant threat to the environment and humans due to having severe carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Bioremediation is one of the practical and promising technology that can be applied to treat the hydrocarbon-polluted environment. In this present study, rhamnolipid biosurfactant (BS) produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PP4 and green synthesized iron nanoparticles (G-FeNPs) from Lawsonia inermis was used to evaluate the biodegradation efficiency (BE) of crude oil. The surface analysis of G-FeNPs was carried out by using FESEM and HRTEM to confirm the size and shape. Further, the average size of the G-FeNPs was observed around 10 nm by HRTEM analysis. The XRD and Raman spectra strongly confirm the presence of iron nanoparticles with their respective peaks. The BE (%) of mixed degradation system-V (PP4+BS+G-FeNPs) was obtained about 82%. FTIR spectrum confirms the presence of major functional constituents (C=O, -CH3, C-O, and OH) in the residual oil content. Overall, this study illustrates that integrated nano-based bioremediation could be an efficient approach for hydrocarbon-polluted environments. This study is the first attempt to evaluate the G-FeNPs with rhamnolipid biosurfactant on the biodegradation of crude oil.

Biodegradation of pyrene by bacterial consortia: Impact of natural surfactants and iron oxide nanoparticles.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potentially hazardous compounds that could cause a severe impact on many ecosystems. They are very challenging to remove using conventional methods due to their hydrophobic nature. However, this issue can be resolved by utilizing surface-active molecules to increase their bioavailability. In this study, pyrene was chosen as the PAH compound to explore its degradability by the effect of individual bacterial strains (Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 and Acinetobacter baumannii MN3) and mixed consortia (MC) along with natural surfactant derived from Sapindus mukorossi and iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Additionally, fatty acids esters, dipeptides, and sugar derivative groups were identified as potent bioactive components of natural surfactants. Various techniques, such as XRD, VSM, TEM, and FE-SEM with EDX, were utilized to characterize the pristine and Fenton-treated iron oxide NPs. The analytical results confirmed that the Fe3O4 crystal phase and spherical-shaped NPs exhibited excellent magnetic properties. The impact of natural surfactants and iron oxide NPs has significantly contributed to the biodegradation process, resulting in a prominent decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that biodegradation systems produced primary hydrocarbon intermediates, which underwent oxidative degradation through Fenton treatment. Interestingly, synthesized iron oxide NPs effectively produced hydroxyl radical (•OH) during the Fenton reaction, which was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, and the pristine iron oxide NPs underwent a material transformation observed. The study demonstrated an integrated approach for biodegradation and the Fenton reaction process to enhance the pyrene degradation efficiency (90%) compared to other systems. Using natural surfactants and iron oxide NPs in aquatic environments serves as a crucial platform at the interface of microorganisms and contaminated oil products. This interaction offers a promising solution for PAHs bioremediation.

Formulation of Ensulizole with Beta-Cyclodextrins for Improved Sunscreen Activity and Biocompatibility.

In today's context, prolonged exposure to sunlight is widely recognized as a threat to human health, leading to a range of adverse consequences, including skin cancers, premature skin aging, and erythema. To mitigate these risks, preventive actions mainly focus on advocating the application of sunscreen lotions and minimizing direct exposure to sunlight. This research study specifically centered on ensulizole (ENS), a prominent ingredient in sunscreens. The objective was to create inclusion complexes (ICs) with Beta-cyclodextrin (B-CD) and its hydroxypropyl derivatives (H-CD). Using phase solubility measurements, we determined that both B-CD and H-CD form 1:1 stoichiometric ICs with ENS. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral (1H NMR) analysis confirmed that the phenyl portion of ENS is encapsulated within the B-CD cavity. Significant changes in surface morphology were observed during the formation of these ICs compared to ENS and CDs alone. Quantum mechanical calculations were employed to further support the formation of ICs by providing energy data. Particularly, the photostability of the ENS:B-CD ICs remained intact for up to four hours of UV exposure, with no significant alterations in the structure of ENS. Furthermore, comprehensive biocompatibility assessments yielded encouraging results, suggesting the potential application of these inclusion complexes in cosmetics as a UVB sunscreen. In summary, our research underscores the successful creation of inclusion complexes characterized by enhanced photostability and safe biocompatibility.

Integrated approach of nano assisted biodegradation of anthracene by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and iron oxide nanoparticles.

Poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered as hazardous compounds which causes serious threat to the environment dua to their more carcinogenic and mutagenic impacts. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PP4 strain and synthesized iron nanoparticles were used to evaluate the biodegradation efficiency (BE %) of residual anthracene. The BE (%) of mixed degradation system (Anthracene + PP4+ FeNPs) was obtained about 67 %. The FTIR spectra result revealed the presence of functional groups (C-H, -CH3, CC, =C-H) in the residual anthracene. The FESEM and TEM techniques were used to determine the surface analysis of the synthesized FeNPs and the average size was observed by TEM around 5-50 nm. The crystalline nature of the synthesized iron nanoparticles was confirmed by the observed different respective peaks of XRD pattern. The various functional constituents (OH, C-H, amide I, CH3) were identified in the synthesized iron nanoparticles by FTIR spectrum. In conclusion, this integrated nano-bioremediation approach could be an promising and effective way for many environmental fields like cleanup of hydrocarbon rich environment.

Impact of biosurfactant produced by Bacillus spp. on biodegradation efficiency of crude oil and anthracene.

Biosurfactants are surface active molecules generated by various microorganisms, including bacteria, actinobacteria, algae, and fungi. In this study, bacterial strains are isolated from soil contaminated with used motor oil and examined for potential biosurfactant production. A minimum salt medium (MSM), with crude oil as the only carbon source, is used to isolate potential biosurfactant-producing bacterial strains. About 23 strains are isolated, and all are subjected to the primary screening methods for biosurfactant production. Based on the emulsification index, oil displacement, and drop collapse screening methods, two isolates with potential biosurfactant-producing ability are selected for further studies. The synthesis of biosurfactants, crude oil and anthracene biodegradation is carried out with strains DTS1 and DTS2. Both strains show significant outcomes in crude oil degradation. In addition, both strains can utilize anthracene as the sole carbon source. During the degradation course, changes in the growth conditions are continuously monitored by measuring turbidity and pH. In this degradation study, the biosurfactant production aptitude of the isolated strains plays an essential role in increasing the bioavailability of hydrophobic hydrocarbons. These strains are identified down to the molecular level by employing 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the acquired sequences are submitted to get the accession numbers. These prospective strains can be utilized to remediate hydrocarbon-contaminated environments.

Adenosine/ß-Cyclodextrin-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks as a Potential Material for Cancer Therapy.

Recently, researchers have employed metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for loading pharmaceutically important substances. MOFs are a novel class of porous class of materials formed by the self-assembly of organic ligands and metal ions, creating a network structure. The current investigation effectively achieves the loading of adenosine (ADN) into a metal-organic framework based on cyclodextrin (CD) using a solvent diffusion method. The composite material, referred to as ADN:ß-CD-K MOFs, is created by loading ADN into beta-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) with the addition of K+ salts. This study delves into the detailed examination of the interaction between ADN and ß-CD in the form of MOFs. The focus is primarily on investigating the hydrogen bonding interaction and energy parameters through the aid of semi-empirical quantum mechanical computations. The analysis of peaks that are associated with the ADN-loaded ICs (inclusion complexes) within the MOFs indicates that ADN becomes incorporated into a partially amorphous state. Observations from SEM images reveal well-defined crystalline structures within the MOFs. Interestingly, when ADN is absent from the MOFs, smaller and irregularly shaped crystals are formed. This could potentially be attributed to the MOF manufacturing process. Furthermore, this study explores the additional cross-linking of ß-CD with K through the coupling of -OH on the ß-CD-K MOFs. The findings corroborate the results obtained from FT-IR analysis, suggesting that ß-CD plays a crucial role as a seed in the creation of ß-CD-K MOFs. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the MOFs is assessed in vitro using MDA-MB-231 cells (human breast cancer cells).

Preparation and Characterization of a Nano-Inclusion Complex of Quercetin with ß-Cyclodextrin and Its Potential Activity on Cancer Cells.

Quercetin (QRC), a flavonoid found in foods and plants such as red wine, onions, green tea, apples, and berries, possesses remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These properties make it effective in combating cancer cells, reducing inflammation, protecting against heart disease, and regulating blood sugar levels. To enhance the potential of inclusion complexes (ICs) containing ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) in cancer therapy, they were transformed into nano-inclusion complexes (NICs). In this research, NICs were synthesized using ethanol as a reducing agent in the nanoprecipitation process. By employing FT-IR analysis, it was observed that hydrogen bonds were formed between QRC and ß-CD. Moreover, the IC molecules formed NICs through the aggregation facilitated by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Proton NMR results further confirmed the occurrence of proton shielding and deshielding subsequent to the formation of NICs. The introduction of ß-CDs led to the development of a distinctive feather-like structure within the NICs. The particle sizes were consistently measured around 200 nm, and both SAED and XRD patterns indicated the absence of crystalline NICs, providing supporting evidence. Through cytotoxicity and fluorescence-assisted cell-sorting analysis, the synthesized NICs showed no significant damage in the cell line of MCF-7. In comparison to QRC alone, the presence of high concentrations of NICs exhibited a lesser degree of toxicity in normal human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells. Moreover, the individual and combined administration of both low and high concentrations of NICs effectively suppressed the growth of cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The solubility improvement resulting from the formation of QRC-NICs with ß-CD enhanced the percentage of cell survival for MCF-7 cell types.

A novel and water-soluble material for coronavirus inactivation from oseltamivir in the cavity of methyl and sulfated-ß-cyclodextrins through inclusion complexation.

A potentially active water-soluble anti-viral with lesser toxic material from the Oseltamivir (OTV) has been produced by the sonication method. The formed material has been further characterized by UV-visible, FT-IR, powder XRD, SEM, TGA/DTA, ROESY, XPS, AFM and etc., The results of DFT calculation have proven that inclusion complexes (ICs) are theoretically and energetically more advantageous models and structures have also been proposed based on the results. Analysis of drug release has been carried out at three pH levels, and it is revealed the analysis is most helpful at acidic pH levels for the ICs with S-CD over H-CD. Over OTV without CDs, OTV:S-CD-ICs exhibited a very less cytotoxic ability on cancer cell lines than ICs with M-CD. ICs enhanced the coronavirus inactivation nature of OTV. This study provides for the first time a full characterization of ICs of OTV with CDs and highlights the impact of complexation on pharmacological activity.