Antimicrobial activity of probiotic bacteria-mediated cadmium oxide nanoparticles against fish pathogens.

The current research was designed to investigate the antibacterial activity of probiotic bacteria mediated cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs) on common fish pathogenic bacteria like Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus. CdO NPs were synthesized using probiotic bacteria as follows: Lactobacillus species with different precursor of cadmium sulfate concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mM). The average crystalline sizes of the CdO NPs were determined based on the XRD patterns using the Debye-Scherrer equation for different precursor concentrations. Specifically, sizes of 40, 48, and 67 nm were found at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mM, respectively. The antibacterial efficacy of CdO NPs was estimated using a well diffusion assay, which demonstrated the best efficacy of 20 mM CdO NPs against all pathogens. AFM analysis of nanoparticle-treated and untreated biofilms was performed to further validate the antibacterial effect. Antibacterial activity of CdO nanoparticles synthesized at varying concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mM) against fish pathogens (S. marcescens, A. hydrophila, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus). The results indicated the highest inhibitory effect of 20 mM CdO NPs across all concentrations (30, 60, and 90 µg/mL), demonstrating significant inhibition against S. marcescens. These findings will contribute to the development of novel strategies for combating aquatic diseases and advancing aquaculture health management practices.

Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Camellia Sinensis and Citrus Mediated Copper Oxide Nanoparticle-An In vitro Study.

Aim: Several applications of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have been documented in various fields, including healthcare, dentistry, medication delivery, tissue and cancer imaging, biolabeling, and biosensing. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize CuONPs using the plant extracts of Camellia Sinesis (CS) and citrus limon (CL). The nanoparticles were then evaluated for their cytotoxicity, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Materials and Methods: CuONPs were prepared using CS and CL through the green synthesis method. The Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) test was used to assess the antibacterial activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The albumin denaturation assay was used to assess the substances' anti-inflammatory activity. The cytotoxicity was determined by conducting the brine shrimp lethality test. Additionally, the antioxidant nature was tested using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl method. Results: CuONPs mediated by CS and CL were successfully synthesized. The nanoparticles demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against the bacteria being studied, specifically S. aureus. The cytotoxic effect was observed to be the least when the concentrations were below 20 µL. A potent antioxidant effect, characterized by its maximum absorbance at 517 nm, was observed at a concentration of 50 µL. A significant anti-inflammatory effect was noted for all tested concentrations. Conclusion: The use of CS- and CL-mediated CuONPs demonstrates a favorable antimicrobial effect with reduced cytotoxicity, as well as improved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects at higher concentrations.

Degradation of Toxic Dye and Antimicrobial and Free Radical Potential of Environmental Benign Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles.

Several industries have become major contributors to waterbody contamination due to the improper removal of dyes and effluents into water bodies. Due to their carcinogenic properties and low biodegradability, dye degradation is a considerable danger to people, animals, and the oceanic environment. As part of this study, Andrographis paniculata leaf extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize zinc nanoparticles and degrade dyes such as methyl red and eosin. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 430 nm in the UV spectrum. The FTIR result showed a band at 597.93 cm-1 that confirmed the formation of zinc nanoparticles. AFM results revealed spherical ZnONPs. The SEM results predicted an average particle size of 60 nm for crystalline particles. Biologically synthesized zinc nanoparticles exhibited greater antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus spp. but lesser activity against Klebsiella spp. and S. aureus. At 1000 µg/ml concentration, ZnONPs had the highest antioxidant activity of 45.34%. An ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer measured dye degradation progress between 300 and 800 nm. For methyl red, the maximum absorption peak was measured at 415 nm, and for eosin, the maximum peak value was measured between 500 and 515 nm.

Syringic acid and silymarin concurrent administration inhibits sodium valproate-induced liver injury in rats.

Sodium valproate (SV) is a well-known anti-epileptic drug, also used to control convulsions, bipolar disorders and migraines. SV has been shown to induce liver toxicity in clinical subjects. Syringic acid (SA), a natural polyphenolic compound has potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and several beneficial effects. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated hepatoprotective effect of SA against SV-induced liver injury in rats. Wistar rats were treated with SV orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg, once daily, for 14 days. Another three groups of rats were administered with SV and concurrently treated with SA (40 and 80 mg/kg) and silymarin (SIL) (100 mg/kg) for 14 days. SV administration for 14 days caused significant (p < .001) elevation of liver transaminases and ALP in serum. Liver MDA level was significantly (p < .001) increased with a concomitant decrease (p < .001) in enzymic antioxidants activities in SV administered rats. SV administration also caused the upregulation of proinflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor α, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, cyclooxygenase-2 and Interleukin 6 expressions in liver tissue. Histopathological studies also revealed the presence of inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocellular necrosis upon SV administration. At both doses, concurrent administration of SA and SIL significantly (p < .001) inhibited the liver transaminase activities in serum, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory markers expression in liver tissue. Our current results suggest that SA can be a promising herbal drug that can inhibit SV-induced hepatotoxicity when administered together due its potential anti-inflammatory effects.

ß-sitosterol Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Induce Cytotoxicity in Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cells.

BACKGROUND: Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are commonly used metallic nanoparticles in health care systems. Colon cancer incidence is increasing worldwide. In this study, AgNP was synthesized using ß-sitosterol and its cytotoxic potential was evaluated in human colon cancer (HT-29) cells. METHODS: Characterization of AgNP was analyzed by TEM and spectrophotometry analysis. HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ng/ml) of AgNPs and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. The apoptosis was analyzed by the flow cytometry. The expression of p53 protein was analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS: ß-sitosterol mediated AgNP are spherical in shape and induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells. AgNP caused apoptosis related morphological changes as evidenced by annexin positive staining. AgNP treatments also induced the p53 expression in HT-29 cells. CONCLUSION: Our present result suggests that ß-sitosterol mediated AgNP induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells and this finding may pave the way for further experimental analysis in vivo.

An ecofriendly synthesized gold nanoparticles induces cytotoxicity via apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

Microbes have long been used for the synthesis of a variety of nanoparticles. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary liver cancer and it is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In this study, we have synthesized Enterococcus mediated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and investigated their cytotoxic potential against human hepatocellular cancer cell line (HepG2). AuNPs were synthesized using Enterococcus sp. RMAA. HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of AuNPs for 24 hours and cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT ((4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. AuNPs induced reactive oxygen species expression was analyzed by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. Morphological changes related to apoptosis was analyzed by annexin V/propidium iodide staining. Protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was done by western blotting analysis. Bacterial-mediated AuNPs caused significant cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. AuNPs treatment also caused the significant expression of ROS and morphological damage related to apoptosis. AuNPs treatments were responsible for the dislocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol. The protein expression of PCNA was significantly decreased upon AuNPs treatment. These findings suggest that Enterococcus-mediated AuNPs can inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells via intracellular ROS mediated apoptosis, decreased PCNA expressions, and it may have the potential to treat HCC.

Cytotoxic potentials of silibinin assisted silver nanoparticles on human colorectal HT-29 cancer cells.

It is of interest to study the cytotoxicity of silibinin assisted silver nanoparticles in human colorectal (HT-29) cancer cells. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using silibinin as a reducing agent. The synthesized silibinin assisted silver nanoparticles ( SSNPs) were characterized and analyzed using a transmission electron microscope and spectrophotometer. The SSNPs synthesized in this study are spherical and their size ranges from 10 to 80 nm. HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ng/mL) of SSNPs and cytotoxicity was evaluated. The apoptosis was using flow cytometry. p53 protein expression using western blot. SSNPs are induced a decrease in viability and increased concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells. SSNPs treatment also caused apoptosis-related morphological changes. SSNPs treatments at 8 and 16 ng/ml showed a prominent apoptotic change i.e., 70.3% and 83.6% respectively, and decreased viability of HT-29 cells 20% and 11.2% respectively as compared to control cells. SSNPs treatments induced p53 expression in HT-29 cells. Data shows that SSNPs have the potential to induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. This provides insights for the further evaluation of SSNPs in fighting colon cancer.