CT for Evaluation of Hemoptysis.

Hemoptysis, which is defined as expectoration of blood from the alveoli or airways of the lower respiratory tract, is an alarming clinical symptom with an extensive differential diagnosis. CT has emerged as an important noninvasive tool in the evaluation of patients with hemoptysis, and the authors present a systematic but flexible approach to CT interpretation. The first step in this approach involves identifying findings of parenchymal and airway hemorrhage. The second step is aimed at determining the mechanism of hemoptysis and whether a specific vascular supply can be implicated. Hemoptysis can have primary vascular and secondary vascular causes. Primary vascular mechanisms include chronic systemic vascular hypertrophy, focally damaged vessels, a dysplastic lung parenchyma with systemic arterial supply, arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, and bleeding at the capillary level. Evaluating vascular mechanisms of hemoptysis at CT also entails determining if a specific vascular source can be implicated. Although the bronchial arteries are responsible for most cases of hemoptysis, nonbronchial systemic arteries and the pulmonary arteries are important potential sources of hemoptysis that must be recognized. Secondary vascular mechanisms of hemoptysis include processes that directly destroy the lung parenchyma and processes that directly invade the airway. Understanding and employing this approach allow the diagnostic radiologist to interpret CT examinations accurately in patients with hemoptysis and provide information that is best suited to directing subsequent treatment. ©RSNA, 2021.

Gallbladder Scalloping, Mammillated Caudate Lobe, and Inferior Vena Cava Scalloping: Three Novel Ultrasound Signs of Cirrhosis.

PURPOSE: We aimed to present three new ultrasound signs-gallbladder scalloping, mammillated caudate lobe, and inferior vena cava scalloping-and determine their accuracy in diagnosing liver cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 201 consecutive patients with a history of chronic liver disease who had undergone ultrasound imaging and liver biopsy were identified. A senior ultrasound radiologist blindly reviewed the ultrasound examinations. Specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of diagnosing cirrhosis were calculated for all evaluated ultrasound signs and selected combinations of signs, using the liver biopsy results as the reference standard. RESULTS: Of the 201 patients, 152 (76%) had either pathology-proven cirrhosis or significant fibrosis. Caudate lobe hypertrophy was the most specific (88%) and most positive predictor (90%) for cirrhosis, whereas mammillated caudate lobe was the most sensitive (78%). Inferior vena cava scalloping was the most specific (78%) of the three proposed ultrasound signs. When signs were combined, the presence of either gallbladder scalloping or liver surface nodularity was highly sensitive for cirrhosis (87%), whereas the presence of either gallbladder scalloping or inferior vena cava scalloping with caudate lobe hypertrophy was highly specific (93%). CONCLUSIONS: Gallbladder scalloping, mammillated caudate lobe, and inferior vena cava scalloping are three novel signs that improve the accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosing cirrhosis.

Perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy and regional lymphadenectomy in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the surgical outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (LNUX) for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all patients with UTUC who had undergone LNUX at our institution from January 2003 to June 2010. We compared the differences in demographic, clinicopathologic, and operative parameters, including the estimated blood loss, duration of surgery, length of postoperative hospitalization, and number of complications, between the patients who had undergone LNUX after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and those who had undergone LNUX without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of complications. RESULTS: We identified 82 patients with UTUC who had undergone LNUX. Of these patients, 26 had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The patients who had undergone LNUX after neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a greater body mass index, greater biopsy tumor grade, and longer operative time than those who had undergone LNUX without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy had undergone regional lymphadenectomy more often, with more lymph nodes and lymphoadipose tissue removed, than those who had not received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy resulted in a 15% complete remission rate. No differences in the median estimated blood loss, intraoperative transfusion rate, or length of hospitalization between the 2 groups were found. The perioperative complication rates were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found no differences in the surgical outcomes between those patients who had undergone LNUX after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and those who had undergone LNUX without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings support the use of LNUX for selected patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for UTUC.