A comparison of endoscopic procedures performed at a tertiary care hospital before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019 and had a huge impact on the world. The area of endoscopy suffered great changes, causing a reduction in the number of procedures and its indications. The aim of our study was to compare the quantity, indication, and type of procedures in 2019 with those in 2020. METHOD: A retrospective, observational, analytic, and cross-sectional study was conducted, obtaining information from the endoscopy registry. The STROBE checklist was employed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The quantitative variables were analyzed with descriptive statistics (measures of central tendency and dispersion) and the categorical variables with frequencies and percentages. The quantitative variables were compared, using the Student's t test/Mann-Whitney U test, and the categorical variables with contingency tables, using the Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: In 2019, a total of 277 procedures were performed, compared with 139 in 2020. Mean patient age was 98.53 months (61.46 SD) in 2019 and 77.02 months (59.81 SD) in 2020; 352 diagnostic procedures and 136 therapeutic procedures were carried out in 2019, compared with 51 diagnostic procedures and 88 therapeutic procedures in 2020. The number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were inverted (72.1%-36.7% and 27.9%-63.3%, respectively) (p<0.0001). Esophageal varices, upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), and foreign body extraction were the indications, in order of predominance in 2019, compared with foreign body extraction (p<0.05), UGIB, and esophageal varices in 2020. There were no differences regarding colonoscopy. CONCLUSION: There was a clear difference in indication and type of procedure, with an increase in foreign body extraction in preschoolers.

Foreign body ingestion and associated factors in pediatric patients at a tertiary care center.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common problem in children under 5 years of age and is one of the main indications for endoscopy. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic characteristics of patients with FB ingestion, as well as the factors associated with the anatomic location and the type of object ingested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with FB ingestion seen at the gastroenterology service from January 2013 to December 2018. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program, obtaining frequencies, percentages, medians, and interquartile ranges. Associations were assessed through the chi-square test. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients (52 males and 33 females) were included, with a median age of 4 years. The most common symptom was vomiting (29.4%). Two radiographic projections were carried out in 72.9% of the cases and the stomach was the site where the FB was most frequently visualized (32.9%). The objects most commonly ingested were coins (36%), with esophageal location (p<0.05), as well as objects with a diameter larger than 2cm (p<0.05). An endoscopic procedure was performed on 76 patients (89.4%) for FB extraction, with findings of erythema (28.9%), erosion (48.6%), ulcer (10.5%) and perforation (1.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Numerous factors should be taken into account in the approach to FB ingestion in pediatric patients, including type and size of the FB, time interval from ingestion to hospital arrival, and patient clinical status and age.

Histopathologic findings in children diagnosed with cow's milk protein allergy.

BACKGROUND: Cow's milk protein allergy is the most common cause of food allergy. The challenge test, either open or doubled-blind with a placebo control, is regarded as the criterion standard. Endoscopy and histologic findings are considered a method that can aid in the diagnosis of this entity. AIMS: The aim of this study was to describe the histopathologic findings in children suspected of cow's milk protein allergy that were seen at our hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, observational study was conducted on 116 children clinically suspected of presenting with cow's milk protein allergy that were seen at the Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition of the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría. Upper endoscopy and rectosigmoidoscopy with biopsies were performed and the findings were described. RESULTS: Of the 116 patients, 64 (55.17%) were girls and 52 (44.83%) were boys. The rectum was the site with the greatest presence of eosinophils per field in both groups, followed by the duodenum. In general, more than 15 eosinophils were found in 46% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Between 40 and 45% of the cases had the histologic criterion of more than 15 to 20 eosinophils per field and the rectosigmoid colon was the most affected site. Therefore, panendoscopy and rectosigmoidoscopy with biopsy and eosinophil count are suggested.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) en una poblacion de niños mexicanos / Prevalence of hepatitis A virus antibodies in Mexican children

Se analizaron los datos con relación a la prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG e IgM contra el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA), mediante la técnica de ELISA en 450 ninos sin antecedentes de hepatitis, con edades comprendidas entre los 3 meses y 17 años de edad, que acudieron a consulta al Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la ciudad de México en el período comprendido de septiembre de 1992 a junio de 1993. La prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG en la población estudiada, fue del 83.6 por ciento. De los niños menores de un año el 50 por ciento mostraron anticuerpo, el 80 por ciento a los 3 años 80 por ciento, y el 96 por ciento a los 10 años de edad. Sólo 9 niños de los 450 tuvieron además anticuerpos IgM contra el virus de la hepatitis A. Se concluye que la prevalencia de HVA en la población que estudiamos es semejante a lo referido hace 13 años en México.

Eliminacion de Helicobater Pylory en pacientes con dolor abdominal recurrente con la administracion simultanea de ranitina, subsalicilato de bismuto y claritromicina / Elimination of Helicobacter pylori in patients with recurrent abdominal pain simultaneous administration of ranitidine, bismuth subsalicylate and claritromycin

Objetivo: Evaluar la eliminación de Helicobacter pylori, así como la mejoría clínica en niños con gastritis asociada; cuando se les administró en forma simult nea claritromicina, ranitidina y subsalicilato de bismuto. Antecedentes: Diversos esquemas de tratamiento se han utilizado para la eliminación de Helicobacter pylori en niños con gastritis, con diferentes resultados. Método: Se estudiaron 22 pacientes que acudieron al servicio de Gastroenterología, del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, durante el período comprendido entre enero de 1992 y junio de 1993. Se incluyeron todos los niños con dolor abdominal recurrente en quienes se identificó Helicobacter pylori en las biopsias de antro g strico. El tratamiento consistió en la administración simult nea de claritromicina durante 15 días y ranitidina y subsalicilato de bismuto durante un mes. Resultados: en 14 de 22 niños se logró mejoría clínica, así como la eliminación de Helicobacter pylori. Conclusiones: La eliminación de Helicobacter pylori y la mejoría clínica se obtuvieron en el 63.7 por ciento de los niños, con buena tolerancia al tratamiento.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) en una poblacion de niños mexicanos / Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (VHC)

Se analizaron los datos en relación a la prevalencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) mediante la técnica de ELISA de segunda generación en 450 niños sanos, con edades comprendidas entre los 3 meses y 17 años que acudieron a consulta al Instituto Nacional de Pediatría en el período comprendido de septiembre de 1992 a junio de 1993. La prevalencia encontrada fue de 0.9 por ciento. 3 de los 4 niños que resultaron positivos, se encontraron entre los 5 y 8 años de edad. La prueba de RIBA 4 de 2( generación fue positiva en todos ellos.

Absorcion intestinal deficiente de lactosa (AIDL) en una poblacion de ninos mexicanos sanos por medio de la prueba de iones hidrogeno en aire espirado / Lactase defficient intestinal absortion (LDIA) in a population of healthy mexican children through the test of hydorgenion in air breathing

Se estudiaron 100 niños sanos, para determinar si presentaban o no absorción intestinal deficiente de lactosa (AIDL), por medio de la prueba de iones hidrógeno en el aire espirado, que asistieron a la consulta externa del servicio de Gastroenterología del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la ciudad de México durante el lapso comprendido entre noviembre de 1993 y febrero de 1994. La prevalencia de AIDL encontrada en este estudio fue del 10 por ciento. No existió una asociación estadisticamente significativa entre la prueba de iones hidrógenos y la determinación de pH y azúcares reductores en heces para el diagnóstico de AIDL.

[Congenital hepatic fibrosis. Study of 26 cases]. / Fibrosis hepática congénita. Estudio de 26 casos.

We studied 26 children with congenital hepatic fibrosis during the period 1971-1993. About half of the children were about the 6 years old. Only two had brothers with same disease. The chief clinical manifestation was hematemesis associated or not with liver enlargement, predominantly of left lobe. Only one case showed fever and cholangitis. Liver function tests were usually normal. Twenty-two children had portal hypertension. Liver biopsy was of definitive for diagnosis. Seven children died.

Fibrosis hepatica congenita: estudio de 26 casos / Congenital hepatic fibrosis: study of 26 cases

Se presentan 26 niños con fibrosis hepática congénita que asistieron al INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PEDIATRIA durante el período de 1971-1993. Más de la mitad de los casos fueron preescolares y escolares. En 5 casos se documentó antecedente familiar de hepatopatía, pero sólo en 2 hermanos lo fue de fibrosis hepática congénita. La manifestación clínica predominante fue hematemesis con hepatomegalia de predominio de lóbulo izquierdo (34,6 por ciento) se encontró enfermedad renal poliquística asociada. Las pruebas de funcionamiento hepático fueron normales, en la mayoría de los niños. En 22 casos se detectó hipertensión portal demonstrándose várices esófago-gástricas en 20 casos. La biopsia hizo el diagnóstico definitivo en todos los casos. En 9 niños exitó asociación con patología renal. A la fecha, 7 niños han fallecido. En base a nuestras conclusiones es importante que el pediatra sospeche esta enfermedad y refiera al niño a un centro hospitalario especializado

[Intestinal arteriovenous malformations in children]. / Malformaciones arteriovenosas del intestino en niños.

Four children with arteriovenous malformation were studied during a two year period (1989-1991). The main localization of these arteriovenous malformations were: sigmoid rectum, ascending colon, terminal ileum and apoendix. The diagnosis was made with colonoscopy and arteriography. The surgical resection was the procedure of choice.

[Pancreatic pseudocyst. A case report and review of the literature]. / Pseudoquiste pancreático. Informe de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

This is the case of a 15 year old adolescent girl who refers recurrent chronic abdominal pain for a period of three months. She was diagnosed as having a chronic pancreatic pseudocyst, seen as a complication of an episode of hemorrhage acute pancreatitis secondary to the administration of L-asparaginase for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The abdominal ultrasonography allowed for a pre-operatory diagnosis to be made. An internal drainage and a cystogastrostomy were the procedures of choice. A review of the literature is included on the physiopathology, clinical history, diagnostic procedures and therapeutic conduct to be followed.

[Rectosigmoidal angiodysplasia]. / Angiodisplasia de rectosigmoides.

A case of a three year old child with an angiodysplasia (arterial venous malformation) localized in the sigmoidal rectum is reported. The malformation caused chronic recurrent rectal hemorrhaging. Colonoscopy was the procedure used to diagnose the problem which was later corroborated by arteriography. The affected area was removed.

[Intestinal malacoplakia in childhood. Report of 5 cases]. / Malacoplasia intestinal en la infancia. Informe de cinco casos.

We studied 5 children with intestinal malakoplakia who were seen during a period of 10 years. Four were male and one female. The main clinical manifestations were: chronic bloody and mucous diarrhea, abdominal pain and polypoid masses detected by rectal maneuver. Either the radiological study as well as endoscopy showed the presence of stenosis and polypoid masses (pseudopolyps). Two patients underwent laparotomy and a tumoral infiltration at the level of rectal-sigmoid and cecal appendix was found. Histological diagnosis proves to be definitive in these case. Drug treatment has been with bethanechol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in three patients. We conclude that intestinal malakoplakia is more common that ulcerative colitis in our children population attending at this institute. Therefore, the presence of intestinal malakoplakia must be ruled out in every child having chronic bloody and mucous diarrhea, presenting as well pseudopolyps.

Polipos de recto y colon en ninos. / Polyps of the colon and rectum in children

Se presentan 59 ninos con polipos de recto y colon. La manifestacion clinica principal fue hematoquezia. La gran mayoria de los ninos tuvieron un polipo. La localizacion mas frecuente de estos fue en los primeros 10 cm del rectosigmoides. El tacto rectal diagnostico una proporcion de 0.69%. En 56 pacientes, el polipo fue de tipo inflamatorio o juvenil desde el punto de vista histologico. Solo en dos ninos la reseccion de los polipos fue necesaria a trabes de colonoscopia