A case report of chronic intermedullary inflammation of bone in a child.

Osteolytic lesions refer to the destruction of any part of bone due to a disease process (pertaining to dissolution of bone, especially loss of calcium). Osteomyelitis is the inflammation of the bone caused by an infecting organism. Although bone is normally resilient to bacterial colonization, events such as trauma, surgery, infections, the presence of foreign bodies, and anemia may disrupt bony integrity and lead to the onset of bone infections. Sometimes, osteomyelitis causes no signs and symptoms or the signs and symptoms are hard to distinguish from other problems. This may be true for children, older adults, and people whose immune systems are compromised. Here, we report a case of chronic intermedullary inflammation of bone in a child.

Quantification of the Anti-diabetic Effect of Allium cepa.

BACKGROUND: Allium cepa, or onion, boosts numerous health benefits, including anti-diabetic effects. Its rich array of antioxidants and sulfur compounds not only aids heart health by lowering cholesterol and blood pressure but also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Onion's antibacterial and antiviral properties help combat infections, while its compounds like quercetin show promise in cancer prevention. Additionally, Allium cepa supports respiratory health by relieving coughs and colds and aids digestion with its prebiotic properties. Incorporating onions into a balanced diet can enhance overall well-being, including managing blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine if the ethanolic extract from the dried peel of Allium cepa holds potential as an anti-diabetic agent, with a focus on its ability to manage diabetes and reduce blood sugar levels. METHODOLOGY: To prepare the ethanolic extract from dried onion peel, the peel was finely ground and soaked in ethanol. The mixture was then agitated and filtered to separate the liquid extract. Finally, the filtrate was concentrated using methods such as rotary evaporation or vacuum distillation to obtain a concentrated extract for further analysis like alpha-amylase inhibition assay and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay. RESULTS: The ethanolic extracts derived from dried onion peel demonstrate inhibition of alpha-glucosidase, leading to reduced blood glucose levels. Additionally, this inhibition prompts an increase in insulin production. CONCLUSION: The study underscores that the efficacy of the ethanolic extract of dried onion peel increases with concentration. It highlights the presence of beneficial compounds like total phenolics, flavonoids, quercetin, and its derivatives in onion peel, known for their therapeutic roles in cardiovascular health, weight management, diabetes control, cancer prevention, and antimicrobial activity. These findings affirm the hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic properties of Allium cepa's ethanolic leaf extract.

Loss of the yeast transporter Agp2 upregulates the pleiotropic drug-resistant pump Pdr5 and confers resistance to the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide.

The transmembrane protein Agp2, initially shown as a transporter of L-carnitine, mediates the high-affinity transport of polyamines and the anticancer drug bleomycin-A5. Cells lacking Agp2 are hyper-resistant to polyamine and bleomycin-A5. In these earlier studies, we showed that the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide blocked the uptake of bleomycin-A5 into the cells suggesting that the drug uptake system may require de novo synthesis. However, our recent findings demonstrated that cycloheximide, instead, induced rapid degradation of Agp2, and in the absence of Agp2 cells are resistant to cycloheximide. These observations raised the possibility that the degradation of Agp2 may allow the cell to alter its drug resistance network to combat the toxic effects of cycloheximide. In this study, we show that membrane extracts from agp2Δ mutants accentuated several proteins that were differentially expressed in comparison to the parent. Mass spectrometry analysis of the membrane extracts uncovered the pleiotropic drug efflux pump, Pdr5, involved in the efflux of cycloheximide, as a key protein upregulated in the agp2Δ mutant. Moreover, a global gene expression analysis revealed that 322 genes were differentially affected in the agp2Δ mutant versus the parent, including the prominent PDR5 gene and genes required for mitochondrial function. We further show that Agp2 is associated with the upstream region of the PDR5 gene, leading to the hypothesis that cycloheximide resistance displayed by the agp2Δ mutant is due to the derepression of the PDR5 gene.

Quantification of the Bioactivity of Ethanolic Extract From Phoenix dactylifera.

AIM: This study aims to quantitatively assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of Phoenix dactylifera seeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Around 30 seeds of Phoenix dactylifera were collected, crushed, and powdered; 10 gm of powder was added to 100 ml of ethanolic extract and boiled for further analysis. Egg albumin denaturation assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay were done to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, respectively. An independent t-test was used to compare the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract of Phoenix dactylifera using SPSS Statistics version 22.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0; Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), and values less than 0.05 are considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The seeds of Phoenix dactylifera have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties improved with higher concentrations and were comparable to the control substances diclofenac sodium, vitamin E, and ascorbic acid, respectively. The most significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect was observed at a dosage of 50 µL, with a p-value of 0.001. CONCLUSION: To conclude, we found that the ethanolic extract of Phoenix dactylifera has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, which can further be used for the improvement of pharmaceuticals.

Glandular odontogenic cyst: Review of literature and report of two cases.

Glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare developmental odontogenic cyst from the cell rests of Serres. GOC is locally aggressive with a tendency toward recurrence. The most common site of occurrence is the anterior mandible with an asymptomatic presentation. Radiographically, it presents as unilocular or multilocular radiolucency. It bears histopathological resemblance to low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. We report two cases of GOC occurring in a 16-year-old and a 33-year-old male patient with a review of the clinical presentation, histopathological features, and diagnostic aspects of GOC reported so far in literature.

Encapsulation of Lidocaine nanoparticles in Gadus morhua derived lipoic acid.

Local Anesthetics are used clinically for anesthesia and analgesia either following surgery or for management of acute and chronic pain conditions. Liposomal Encapsulation aids in improved delivery at the tissue level. This paper deals with formulation and characterization of Gadus morhua derived liposome encapsulated Lidocaine nanoparticles. Materials and methods: Water Soluble liposomes were synthesized and encapsulated to lidocaine. The prepared liposomes were assessed using field emission scanning electron microscope, TEM, FTIR, Zetapotential, Anti-inflammatory property and Drug release kinetics. Results: The structural and morphological characters of the conjugated liposomes were studied using SEM & TEM, surface charge Zetapotential. The cumulative drug release was studied for up to 72 h in which more than 70 % of the drug was released from the Liposomal nanoparticles. FTIR revealed similar functional groups like the control. Stability of the drug was superior than the control. Conclusion: Liposomal conjugation delays the drug release which can be used in slow release applications. Improving the drug release kinetics can be advantageous in many chronic pain conditions. Additionally, the changes in the functional groups can also aid in reduction or masking of bitterness.

Comparative Evaluation of Buccal Exfoliated Cells in Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus and Healthy Controls: A Cytomorphometric Analysis.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the third most frequent cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Patients with diabetes exhibit a variety of oral symptoms, and hence the early detection of this condition can be addressed by a dentist. Aim: The current study aimed to study the cytomorphometric alterations of buccal exfoliated cells in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus. Methodology: The study included thirty diabetics and thirty healthy controls. The smears were obtained from the buccal mucosa and stained with Papanicolaou stain and hematoxylin and eosin stain. The presence of inflammatory cells, microbial carriage, nuclear enlargement, and perinuclear halo and binucleation were examined on the slides. Cellular and nuclear parameters were quantitatively measured using Image J software. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software, and the Student's t-test was employed. Results: No inflammatory cells or microbes were observed in Group I individuals; however, the perinuclear halo was observed in 16.6% and binucleated cells in 3.3% of the controls. Inflammatory cells, consisting mainly of neutrophils and lymphocytes were seen in 40%, microbial carriage in 26.6%, perinuclear halo in 73.3%, and binucleated cells in 36.6% of the diabetic patients. The mean nuclear diameter, area, and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio were significantly high in diabetic patients when compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: Oral exfoliated mucosal cells of patients with diabetes mellitus exhibit distinct cytomorphometric alterations such as increased nuclear diameter, nuclear area, and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio.

Assessment of Therapeutic Bio-Activity of Cinnamoyl Sulfonamide Hydroxamate in Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background Cancer is the second most common cause of death. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents the most frequent of all oral neoplasms. Many treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy are emerging but still, the patients' quality of life is questionable. Despite the advances in therapeutic approaches, the percentages of morbidity and mortality of OSCC have not improved significantly during the last 30 years. Treatment using natural products can act as a potent anti-cancer agent with reduced adverse effects. Cinnamic acid derivatives exhibit anti-cancer potential through histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC) enzyme inhibition. Methodology In an experimental study design, cinnamoyl hydroxamate derivatives were prepared. The structure was confirmed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrophotometry. An in-vitro antioxidant assay using nitric oxide scavenging and reducing power assay was done and an in-vitro cytotoxic (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay and viability assay were carried out using tryphan blue dye. Results Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Cinnamoyl hydroxamate derivatives were obtained and named as compounds 3a (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-(N-(phenyl bromo) sulfamoyl) phenyl) acrylamide-) and 3b ((E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-(N-(phenyl nitro) sulfamoyl) phenyl) acrylamide). In the nitric oxide scavenging assay, compound 3a showed good antioxidant activity than 3b. Reducing power assay was higher in 3a compared to 3b. Cell viability using tryphan blue exhibited a concentration decrease in % cell viability with an increase in the concentration of human oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma cell line (OECM 1), a unique head and neck squamous carcinoma cell line (UM SCC 6) & human oral squamous cell carcinoma forming metastatic foci (HSC 3) cell lines. Conclusion The results of the present study revealed that the study compounds play a vital role in the up-regulation of apoptotic pathways and regulation of terminal differentiation pathways. The compounds showed good anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activities in lesser concentrations, hence they can be used as a therapeutic agent for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Clinicopathological characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising from oral submucous fibrosis: A systematic review.

Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is considered to be a potentially malignant oral disorder with high risk of malignant transformation. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arising from OSMF has peculiar clinical and histopathological features. Aim: To assess the clinicopathological features of OSCC arising in the background of OSMF in an attempt to identify the patients with OSMF who are at increased risk of developing OSCC. Methodology: A systematic review was performed based on PRISMA guidelines to include articles published until May 2021 in English, relating the clinicohistopathological characteristics of OSCC arising from OSMF (OSMF-OSCC) or OSMF associated with OSCC (OSCC-OSMF). All the eligible articles were analyzed and relevant data were extracted. Results: Seventeen articles were included for systematic review after following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The malignant transformation rate of OSMF-OSCC ranged from 1.9 to 9.13 and the prevalence of OSCC-OSMF ranged from 2.8 to 66. The mean age of the patients ranged from 36.6 years to 47.2 years and buccal mucosa was the common site to be affected. Majority of the OSCC-OSMF was well-to-moderately differentiated and majority of them did not metastasize to the lymph nodes. Conclusion: OSCC associated with OSMF presents at a younger age with early tumor stage, better differentiation, and better prognosis when compared to OSCC not associated with OSMF. However, more multicentric prospective studies with large sample size are required to determine the true biologic behavior of OSCC arising in the background of OSMF to establish less aggressive treatment strategies considering them as a separate entity.

Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis among areca nut chewers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide millions peoples consume AN who are at risk of OSMF. Prevalence of OSMF is reported between 0.03% and 30% irrespective of AN habit. Further, these estimates are based on sample population comprised of OSMF patients or general population rather AN chewers (ANC). Therefore, available evidence does not reflect the true prevalence of OSMF among ANC. METHOD: The studies providing the prevalence of OSMF in ANC were identified in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Pooled prevalence and quality assessment using New-Ottawa Scale were performed. RESULTS: Fifteen studies reported the prevalence of OSMF (929) in ANC (53,213). Most studies were from China (six studies) and India (four studies) correlating with regions having high ANC. The pooled prevalence of OSMF in ANC was 5% (0.05 [95% CI, 0.03, 0.08]). All studies' quality was satisfactory; however, the OSMF diagnosis method, age, gender, and habits need further scrutiny. CONCLUSION: Available evidence suggested a low prevalence of OSMF in ANC, although further large-scale studies are recommended to validate this finding. Understanding the prevalence and distribution patterns of OSMF might aid intervention healthcare programs and contribute to the reduction of the oral cancer burden related to OSMF.

Association of MICA gene Exon-5 polymorphism in oral submucous fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to explore the allele frequencies of MICA gene Exon-5 transmembrane and to measure the circulatory MICA levels in various histologic grades of patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) compared to healthy individuals. STUDY DESIGN: We enrolled a total of 595 patients for this cross-sectional study and divided them into 2 groups: healthy controls (n = 320) and patients with OSF (n = 275). Further, patients with OSF were subdivided based on their histologic gradings. The genomic DNA was extracted followed by a polymerase chain reaction and genotyping using the ABI Prism DNA Sequencer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). RESULTS: Our study showed that the A5 allele of the MICA gene in the Exon-5 region conferred significant risk for patients with OSF. With reference to the histologic gradings of OSF, we found that the MICA gene conferred statistically significant risk among patients with grade III OSF. On the other hand, the A8 allele of MICA gene in the Exon-5 region conferred significant protection among the overall OSF cohort and in the grade III of histologic grade. Finally, the circulatory human MICA levels were found to have a stepwise increase from grade I toward grade III in patients with OSF. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that the A5 allele in MICA might confer risk for the progression of OSF among the South Indian ethnic population.

Emerging technologies and potential applications of algae in dentistry - A critical review.

Algae are effective predecessors of nutrient foods and preventive drugs, gaining global attraction in recent years. It exhibits potent antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-glycemic, and cholesterol-lowering properties due to their richness in highly valuable secondary metabolites. Nevertheless, algae produce valuable bioproducts, its application in dentistry is in its primitive stage. This review focuses on the emergence and emerging role of micro/macroalgae as a natural source of therapeutic, preventive, and biocompatible agents in dentistry. Several studies unveiled that Cyanobacteria, Spirulina, and Chlorella species offer high oral antibacterial and antifungal properties compared to gold standard agents. The characteristic of algae to scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals, fabricate them as an anti-oxidative and anti-cancer agent. Either alone or by synergism with pinnacle therapies they are found to produce promising curative actions against periodontitis by embattling proinflammatory cytokines. Technologies extend the functions of microalgae as a detoxifying agent, potent drug delivery system, and adjunct regenerative material in chronic periodontitis. Its application as thickening, binding, anticariogenic agent in toothpaste, antibacterial agent in mouthwash, and biocompatible agent in dental impression materials remains very primitive. Low-cost and eco-friendly technologies are needed for the production of oral hygiene products using algal biomass.

Leaving no stone unturned: Role of profibrotic genes in oral submucous fibrosis - A systematic review.

Introduction: Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of an entity helps in devising the mode of progression as well as mode of therapy. Even with years of research to claim the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is limited. More deeper knowledge of the genes responsible for this will help in understanding and managing this disease better. Materials and Methods: The articles published during a time period of 1990-2020 were chosen in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: From a total of 80 articles obtained from both electronic search of PUBMED, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane registry as well as the manual search only 21 articles were selected and analyzed. Conclusion: Careful analysis of the samples revealed that transforming growth factor-beta may be a potential biomarker or a candidate for targeted therapy in OSMF.

Rapid economical acetic acid Papanicolaou staining procedure versus conventional staining procedure in normal oral mucosa.

Background: Papanicolaou (Pap) staining technique is a conventional technique used in cytology but it is time consuming. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of Rapid Economical Acetic acid Papanicolaou stain (REAP) over conventional staining technique in studying normal oral mucosa. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients were selected and were grouped based on their habits. Two smears were obtained from each patient and were subjected to both the staining techniques. A total of 160 slides were studied for features such as cellular outline, nuclear outline, nuclear details, cellular differentiation, micronuclei and cellular transparency. Results: The conventional staining procedure showed 79 cases of optimal cellular staining, 78 cases of optimal nuclear staining, 35 cases of optimal nuclear details, 57 cases of optimal differentiation and 27 cases of optimal transparency and 33 cases of optimal micronuclei. REAP staining showed 75 cases of optimal cellular staining, 64 cases of optimal nuclear staining, 20 cases of optimal nuclear details, 36 cases of optimal differentiation and 28 cases of optimal transparency and 25 cases of optimal micronuclei. Conclusion: REAP staining effectively reduces the time and the cost factor, but the cytological details are well observed under conventional staining technique in normal patients.

Quantification of inflammatory, angiogenic, and fibrous components of reactive oral lesions with an insight into the pathogenesis.

Background: Reactive oral lesions pose diagnostic difficulties as they mimic each other clinically. A definitive diagnosis is made based on the histopathological presentation of this group of lesion. Stromal microenvironment is the key to the sequence of the stages of these lesions. Stringent quantification of each component of the stroma is important to understand the pathogenesis. The aim is to evaluate inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis in the reactive group of lesions through quantitative analysis. Materials and Methods: Blocks of irritation fibroma, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, pyogenic granuloma, and normal mucosa were retrieved from the archives and Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Masson Trichrome staining were done. The severity of inflammation, epithelial thickness, collagen proportionate area, integrated density of collagen, Mean Vascular Area (MVA), Mean Vascular Perimeter (MVP), and Mean blood vessel percentage area (MBVPA) were analysed quantitatively using Image J software version 1.8. The pattern of rete ridges at the epithelium-connective tissue interface was analysed qualitatively. Results: Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia presented with severe inflammation (60%). Mean Vascular Percentage Area (MVPA) and Mean Vascular Perimeter (MVP) were increased in pyogenic granuloma. The mean collagen proportionate area and the integrated density of collagen were found to be more in irritation fibroma (64.47%, 2519638.01 ± 810471.58 µm2). The epithelial thickness was highest in inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (62.71 ± 18.86 µm). Conclusion: Reactive oral lesions are histologically distinct, yet they exhibit considerable overlap depending on the stage of the lesion. A morphometric quantitative exploration of the individual pathogenic components may aid in specific diagnosis.