Molecularly imprinted composite-based biosensor for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.

This article aims to present a comparative study of three polypyrrole-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) systems for the detection of the recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein (rN). The rN is known for its relatively low propensity to mutate compared to other SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The aforementioned systems include screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) modified with gold nanostructures (MIP1), platinum nanostructures (MIP2), and the unmodified SPCE (MIP3), which was used for control. Pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was employed as the detection technique, offering the advantage of label-free detection without the need for an additional redox probe. Calibration curves were constructed using the obtained data to evaluate the response of each system. Non-imprinted systems were also tested in parallel to evaluate the contribution of non-specific binding and assess the affinity sensor's efficiency. The analysis of calibration curves revealed that the AuNS-based MIP1 system exhibited the lowest contribution of non-specific binding and displayed a better fit with the chosen fitting model compared to the other systems. Further analysis of this system included determining the limit of detection (LOD) (51.2 ± 2.8 pg/mL), the limit of quantification (LOQ) (153.9 ± 8.3 pg/mL), and a specificity test using a recombinant receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a control. Based on the results, the AuNS-based MIP1 system demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity for the label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. The utilization of PAD without the need for additional redox probes makes this sensing system convenient and valuable for rapid and accurate virus detection.

Molecular imprinting technology for biomedical applications.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), a type of biomimetic material, have attracted considerable interest owing to their cost-effectiveness, good physiochemical stability, favourable specificity and selectivity for target analytes, and widely used for various biological applications. It was demonstrated that MIPs with significant selectivity towards protein-based targets could be applied in medicine, diagnostics, proteomics, environmental analysis, sensors, various in vivo and/or in vitro applications, drug delivery systems, etc. This review provides an overview of MIPs dedicated to biomedical applications and insights into perspectives on the application of MIPs in newly emerging areas of biotechnology. Many different protocols applied for the synthesis of MIPs are overviewed in this review. The templates used for molecular imprinting vary from the minor glycosylated glycan-based structures, amino acids, and proteins to whole bacteria, which are also overviewed in this review. Economic, environmental, rapid preparation, stability, and reproducibility have been highlighted as significant advantages of MIPs. Particularly, some specialized MIPs, in addition to molecular recognition properties, can have high catalytic activity, which in some cases could be compared with other bio-catalytic systems. Therefore, such MIPs belong to the class of so-called 'artificial enzymes'. The discussion provided in this manuscript furnishes a comparative analysis of different approaches developed, underlining their relative advantages and disadvantages highlighting trends and possible future directions of MIP technology.

Development of Essential Oil Delivery Systems by 'Click Chemistry' Methods: Possible Ways to Manage Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Recently, rare diseases have received attention due to the need for improvement in diagnosed patients' and their families' lives. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare, severe, progressive, muscle-wasting disease. Today, the therapeutic standard for treating DMD is corticosteroids, which cause serious adverse side effects. Nutraceuticals, e.g., herbal extracts or essential oils (EOs), are possible active substances to develop new drug delivery systems to improve DMD patients' lives. New drug delivery systems lead to new drug effects, improved safety and accuracy, and new therapies for rare diseases. Herbal extracts and EOs combined with click chemistry can lead to the development of safer treatments for DMD. In this review, we focus on the need for novel drug delivery systems using EOs as the therapy for DMD and the potential use of click chemistry for drug delivery systems. New EO complex drug delivery systems may offer a new approach for improving muscle conditions and mental health issues associated with DMD. However, further research should identify the potential of these systems in the context of DMD. In this review, we discuss possibilities for applying EOs to DMD before implementing expensive research in a theoretical way.

Towards Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polypyrrole for the Detection of Bacteria-Listeria monocytogenes.

Detecting bacteria-Listeria monocytogenes-is an essential healthcare and food industry issue. The objective of the current study was to apply platinum (Pt) and screen-printed carbon (SPCE) electrodes modified by molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) in the design of an electrochemical sensor for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes. A sequence of potential pulses was used to perform the electrochemical deposition of the non-imprinted polypyrrole (NIP-Ppy) layer and Listeria monocytogenes-imprinted polypyrrole (MIP-Ppy) layer over SPCE and Pt electrodes. The bacteria were removed by incubating Ppy-modified electrodes in different extraction solutions (sulphuric acid, acetic acid, L-lysine, and trypsin) to determine the most efficient solution for extraction and to obtain a more sensitive and repeatable design of the sensor. The performance of MIP-Ppy- and NIP-Ppy-modified electrodes was evaluated by pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). According to the results of this research, it can be assumed that the most effective MIP-Ppy/SPCE sensor can be designed by removing bacteria with the proteolytic enzyme trypsin. The LOD and LOQ of the MIP-Ppy/SPCE were 70 CFU/mL and 210 CFU/mL, respectively, with a linear range from 300 to 6700 CFU/mL.

Stable and Reusable Lace-like Black Silicon Nanostructures Coated with Nanometer-Thick Gold Films for SERS-Based Sensing.

We propose a simple, fast, and low-cost method for producing Au-coated black Si-based SERS-active substrates with a proven enhancement factor of 106. Room temperature reactive ion etching of silicon wafer followed by nanometer-thin gold sputtering allows the formation of a highly developed lace-type Si surface covered with homogeneously distributed gold islands. The mosaic structure of deposited gold allows the use of Au-uncovered Si domains for Raman peak intensity normalization. The fabricated SERS substrates have prominent uniformity (with less than 6% SERS signal variations over large areas, 100 × 100 µm2). It has been found that the storage of SERS-active substrates in an ambient environment reduces the SERS signal by less than 3% in 1 month and not more than 40% in 20 months. We showed that Au-coated black Si-based SERS-active substrates can be reused after oxygen plasma cleaning and developed relevant protocols for removing covalently bonded and electrostatically attached molecules. Experiments revealed that the Raman signal of 4-MBA molecules covalently bonded to the Au coating measured after the 10th cycle was just 4 times lower than that observed for the virgin substrate. A case study of the reusability of the black Si-based substrate was conducted for the subsequent detection of 10-5 M doxorubicin, a widely used anticancer drug, after the reuse cycle. The obtained SERS spectra of doxorubicin were highly reproducible. We demonstrated that the fabricated substrate permits not only qualitative but also quantitative monitoring of analytes and is suitable for the determination of concentrations of doxorubicin in the range of 10-9-10-4 M. Reusable, stable, reliable, durable, low-cost Au-coated black Si-based SERS-active substrates are promising tools for routine laboratory research in different areas of science and healthcare.

Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Determination of Antibodies against Prostate-Specific Antigen Based on ZnO Nanostructures.

In this study, ZnO nanostructures with different types of morphologies and particle sizes were evaluated and applied for the development of an immunosensor. The first material was composed of spherical, polydisperse nanostructures with a particle size in the range of 10-160 nm. The second was made up of more compact rod-like spherical nanostructures with the diameter of these rods in the range of 50-400 nm, and approximately 98% of the particles were in the range of 20-70 nm. The last sample of ZnO was made up of rod-shaped particles with a diameter of 10-80 nm. These ZnO nanostructures were mixed with Nafion solution and drop-casted onto screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), followed by a further immobilization of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The affinity interaction of PSA with monoclonal antibodies against PSA (anti-PSA) was evaluated using the differential pulse voltammetry technique. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of anti-PSA were determined as 1.35 nM and 4.08 nM for compact rod-shaped spherical ZnO nanostructures, and 2.36 nM and 7.15 nM for rod-shaped ZnO nanostructures, respectively.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Determination of Cancer Biomarkers.

Biomarkers can provide critical information about cancer and many other diseases; therefore, developing analytical systems for recognising biomarkers is an essential direction in bioanalytical chemistry. Recently molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been applied in analytical systems to determine biomarkers. This article aims to an overview of MIPs used for the detection of cancer biomarkers, namely: prostate cancer (PSA), breast cancer (CA15-3, HER-2), epithelial ovarian cancer (CA-125), hepatocellular carcinoma (AFP), and small molecule cancer biomarkers (5-HIAA and neopterin). These cancer biomarkers may be found in tumours, blood, urine, faeces, or other body fluids or tissues. The determination of low concentrations of biomarkers in these complex matrices is technically challenging. The overviewed studies used MIP-based biosensors to assess natural or artificial samples such as blood, serum, plasma, or urine. Molecular imprinting technology and MIP-based sensor creation principles are outlined. Analytical signal determination methods and the nature and chemical structure of the imprinted polymers are discussed. Based on the reviewed biosensors, the results are compared, and the most suitable materials for each biomarker are discussed.

Scanning electrochemical microscopy based irreversible destruction of living cells.

In this research, scanning electrochemical microscopy combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been applied to irreversible electroporation of active yeast cells by causing cell death. This finding is important for the development of irreversible electroporation technique, which could be suitable for the curing of cancerous tissues, because during this research cell death has been achieved using relatively low ultramicro-electrode (UME) voltage, precisely of 2.0 V vs Ag/AgCl,Cl-sat. It was determined that the irreversibly electroporated area of immobilized yeast cells was located directly below the UME and was of approximately 20 times larger width than the diameter of the UME, leaving undamaged cells out of this area. The ability of SECM to move the UME with high accuracy in x, y, and z directions and the ability to use electrodes of various diameters as well as the fact that the diameter of the electroporated area depends on the diameter of the UME and on the distance between the UME and the surface, what offers the possibility to establish targeted electroporation systems for selective treatment of tissues.

Determination of rSpike Protein by Specific Antibodies with Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Modified by Electrodeposited Gold Nanostructures.

In this research, we assessed the applicability of electrochemical sensing techniques for detecting specific antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike proteins in the blood serum of patient samples following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Herein, screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) with electrodeposited gold nanostructures (AuNS) were modified with L-Cysteine for further covalent immobilization of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (rSpike). The affinity interactions of the rSpike protein with specific antibodies against this protein (anti-rSpike) were assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. It was revealed that the SPCE electroactive surface area increased from 1.49 ± 0.02 cm2 to 1.82 ± 0.01 cm2 when AuNS were electrodeposited, and the value of the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0) changed from 6.30 × 10-5 to 14.56 × 10-5. The performance of the developed electrochemical immunosensor was evaluated by calculating the limit of detection and limit of quantification, giving values of 0.27 nM and 0.81 nM for CV and 0.14 nM and 0.42 nM for DPV. Furthermore, a specificity test was performed with a solution of antibodies against bovine serum albumin as the control aliquot, which was used to assess nonspecific binding, and this evaluation revealed that the developed rSpike-based sensor exhibits low nonspecific binding towards anti-rSpike antibodies.

Development and Practical Application of Glucose Biosensor Based on Dendritic Gold Nanostructures Modified by Conducting Polymers.

In this study, graphite rod (GR) electrodes were electrochemically modified by dendritic gold nanostructures (DGNs) followed by immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) in the presence of mediator phenazine methosulfate (PMS). Modified with polyaniline (PANI) or polypyrrole (Ppy), GOx/DGNs/GR electrodes were used in glucose biosensor design. Different electrochemical methods were applied for the registration of glucose concentration, and constant potential amperometry (CPA) was chosen as the best one. PANI and Ppy layers synthesized enzymatically on the GOx/DGNs/GR electrodes extended the linear glucose determination range, the width of which depended on the duration of PANI- and Ppy-layers formation. Enzymatically formed polypyrrole was determined as the most suitable polymer for the modification and formation of the glucose biosensor instead of polyaniline, because it was 1.35 times more sensitive and had a 2.57 times lower limit of detection (LOD). The developed glucose biosensor based on the Ppy/GOx/DGNs/GR electrode was characterized by appropriate sensitivity (59.4 µA mM-1 cm-2), low LOD (0.070 mmol L-1), wide linear glucose determination range (up to 19.9 mmol L-1), good repeatability (8.01%), and appropriate storage stability (33 days). The performance of the developed glucose biosensor was tested in biological samples and beverages.

Conducting Polymers for the Design of Tactile Sensors.

This paper provides an overview of the application of conducting polymers (CPs) used in the design of tactile sensors. While conducting polymers can be used as a base in a variety of forms, such as films, particles, matrices, and fillers, the CPs generally remain the same. This paper, first, discusses the chemical and physical properties of conducting polymers. Next, it discusses how these polymers might be involved in the conversion of mechanical effects (such as pressure, force, tension, mass, displacement, deformation, torque, crack, creep, and others) into a change in electrical resistance through a charge transfer mechanism for tactile sensing. Polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polydimethylsiloxane, and polyacetylene, as well as application examples of conducting polymers in tactile sensors, are overviewed. Attention is paid to the additives used in tactile sensor development, together with conducting polymers. There is a long list of additives and composites, used for different purposes, namely: cotton, polyurethane, PDMS, fabric, Ecoflex, Velostat, MXenes, and different forms of carbon such as graphene, MWCNT, etc. Some design aspects of the tactile sensor are highlighted. The charge transfer and operation principles of tactile sensors are discussed. Finally, some methods which have been applied for the design of sensors based on conductive polymers, are reviewed and discussed.

Investigation and Comparison of Specific Antibodies' Affinity Interaction with SARS-CoV-2 Wild-Type, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 Spike Protein by Total Internal Reflection Ellipsometry.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines provide strong protection against COVID-19. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns about the efficacy of vaccines. In this study, we investigated the interactions of specific polyclonal human antibodies (pAb-SCoV2-S) produced after vaccination with the Vaxzevria vaccine with the spike proteins of three SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: wild-type, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351. Highly sensitive, label-free, and real-time monitoring of these interactions was accomplished using the total internal reflection ellipsometry method. Thermodynamic parameters such as association and dissociation rate constants, the stable immune complex formation rate constant (kr), the equilibrium association and dissociation (KD) constants and steric factors (Ps) were calculated using a two-step irreversible binding mathematical model. The results obtained show that the KD values for the specific antibody interactions with all three types of spike protein are in the same nanomolar range. The KD values for B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 suggest that the antibody produced after vaccination can successfully protect the population from the alpha (B.1.1.7) and beta (B.1.351) SARS-CoV-2 mutations. The steric factors (Ps) obtained for all three types of spike proteins showed a 100-fold lower requirement for the formation of an immune complex when compared with nucleocapsid protein.

Development of molecularly imprinted polymer based phase boundaries for sensors design (review).

Achievements in polymer chemistry enables to design artificial phase boundaries modified by imprints of selected molecules and some larger structures. These structures seem very useful for the design of new materials suitable for affinity chromatography and sensors. In this review, we are overviewing the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the applicability of these MIPs in the design of affinity sensors. Such MIP-based layers or particles can be used as analyte-recognizing parts for sensors and in some cases they can replace very expensive compounds (e.g.: antibodies, receptors etc.), which are recognizing analyte. Many different polymers can be used for the formation of MIPs, but conducing polymers shows the most attractive capabilities for molecular-imprinting by various chemical compounds. Therefore, the application of conducting polymers (e.g.: polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and ortho-phenylenediamine) seems very promising. Polypyrrole is one of the most suitable for the development of MIP-based structures with molecular imprints by analytes of various molecular weights. Overoxiation of polypyrrole enables to increase the selectivity of polypyrrole-based MIPs. Methods used for the synthesis of conducting polymer based MIPs are overviewed. Some methods, which are applied for the transduction of analytical signal, are discussed, and challenges and new trends in MIP-technology are foreseen.

Electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer based sensors for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications (review).

Recent challenges in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields require the development of new analytical methods. Therefore, the development of new sensors is a very important task. In this paper, we are outlining the development of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based sensors, which belongs to important branch of affinity sensors. In this review, recent advances in the design of MIP-based sensors are overviewed. MIPs-based sensing structures can replace expensive natural affinity compounds such as receptors or antibodies. Among many different polymers, conducting polymers show the most versatile properties, which are suitable for sensor application. Therefore, significant attention is paid towards MIPs based on conducting polymers, namely polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyaniline and ortho-phenylenediamine. Moreover, many other materials, which could be imprinted analyte molecules, are overviewed. Among many conducting polymers, polypyrrole is highlighted as one of the most suitable for molecular imprinting. Some attention is dedicated to overview polymerization methods applied for the design of sensing structures used in various affinity sensors. The transduction of analytical signal is an important issue, therefore, physicochemical methods suitable for analytical signal transduction are also outlined. Advances, trends and perspectives in MIP application are discussed.

Towards electrochemical surface plasmon resonance sensor based on the molecularly imprinted polypyrrole for glyphosate sensing.

In this research the molecular imprinting technology was applied for the formation of glyphosate-sensitive layer. The glyphosate imprinted conducting polymer polypyrrole (MIPpy) was deposited on a gold chip/electrode and used as an electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) sensor. The results described in this study disclose some restrictions and challenges, which arise during the development of glyphosate ESPR sensor based on the molecularly imprinted polymer development stage. It was demonstrated, that glyphosate could significantly affect the electrochemical deposition process of molecularly imprinted polymer on the electrode. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have demonstrated that glyphosate molecules tend to interact with bare gold electrode and thus hinder the polypyrrole deposition. As a possible solution, the formation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-(1H-Pyrrol-1-yl)undecane-1-thiol (PUT) before electrochemical deposition of MIPpy and NIPpy was applied. Dissociation constant (KD) and free energy of Gibbs (ΔG0) values of glyphosate on MIPpy and Ppy without glyphosate imprints (NIPpy) were calculated. For the interaction of glyphosate with MIPpy the KD was determined as 38.18 ± 2.33⋅10-5 and ΔG0 as -19.51 ± 0.15 kJ/mol.

Electrochemically Deposited Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors.

This review is dedicated to the development of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the application of MIPs in sensor design. MIP-based biological recognition parts can replace receptors or antibodies, which are rather expensive. Conducting polymers show unique properties that are applicable in sensor design. Therefore, MIP-based conducting polymers, including polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyaniline and ortho-phenylenediamine are frequently applied in sensor design. Some other materials that can be molecularly imprinted are also overviewed in this review. Among many imprintable materials conducting polymer, polypyrrole is one of the most suitable for molecular imprinting of various targets ranging from small organics up to rather large proteins. Some attention in this review is dedicated to overview methods applied to design MIP-based sensing structures. Some attention is dedicated to the physicochemical methods applied for the transduction of analytical signals. Expected new trends and horizons in the application of MIP-based structures are also discussed.

Evaluation of a Yeast-Polypyrrole Biocomposite Used in Microbial Fuel Cells.

Electrically conductive polymers are promising materials for charge transfer from living cells to the anodes of electrochemical biosensors and biofuel cells. The modification of living cells by polypyrrole (PPy) causes shortened cell lifespan, burdens the replication process, and diminishes renewability in the long term. In this paper, the viability and morphology non-modified, inactivated, and PPy-modified yeasts were evaluated. The results displayed a reduction in cell size, an incremental increase in roughness parameters, and the formation of small structural clusters of polymers on the yeast cells with the increase in the pyrrole concentration used for modification. Yeast modified with the lowest pyrrole concentration showed minimal change; thus, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) was designed using yeast modified by a solution containing 0.05 M pyrrole and compared with the characteristics of an MFC based on non-modified yeast. The maximal generated power of the modified system was 47.12 mW/m2, which is 8.32 mW/m2 higher than that of the system based on non-modified yeast. The open-circuit potentials of the non-modified and PPy-modified yeast-based cells were 335 mV and 390 mV, respectively. Even though applying a PPy layer to yeast increases the charge-transfer efficiency towards the electrode, the damage done to the cells due to modification with a higher concentration of PPy diminishes the amount of charge transferred, as the current density drops by 846 µA/cm2. This decrease suggests that modification by PPy may have a cytotoxic effect that greatly hinders the metabolic activity of yeast.

Molecularly imprinted polypyrrole based sensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein.

This study describes the application of a polypyrrole-based sensor for the determination of SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein. The SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein is a spike protein of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that recently caused the worldwide spread of COVID-19 disease. This study is dedicated to the development of an electrochemical determination method based on the application of molecularly imprinted polymer technology. The electrochemical sensor was designed by molecular imprinting of polypyrrole (Ppy) with SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein (MIP-Ppy). The electrochemical sensors with MIP-Ppy and with polypyrrole without imprints (NIP-Ppy) layers were electrochemically deposited on a platinum electrode surface by a sequence of potential pulses. The performance of polymer layers was evaluated by pulsed amperometric detection. According to the obtained results, a sensor based on MIP-Ppy is more sensitive to the SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein than a sensor based on NIP-Ppy. Also, the results demonstrate that the MIP-Ppy layer is more selectively interacting with SARS-CoV-2-S glycoprotein than with bovine serum albumin. This proves that molecularly imprinted MIP-Ppy-based sensors can be applied for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins.

Dispersed Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Glucose Oxidase and Gold Nanoparticles for the Design of Enzymatic Glucose Biosensors.

Biosensors for the determination of glucose concentration have a great significance in clinical diagnosis, and in the food and pharmaceutics industries. In this research, short-chain polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (Ppy)-based nanocomposites with glucose oxidase (GOx) and 6 nm diameter AuNPs (AuNPs(6 nm)) were deposited on the graphite rod (GR) electrode followed by the immobilization of GOx. Optimal conditions for the modification of GR electrodes by conducting polymer-based nanocomposites and GOx were elaborated. The electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and constant potential amperometry in the presence of the redox mediator phenazine methosulfate (PMS). The improved enzymatic biosensors based on GR/PANI-AuNPs(6 nm)-GOx/GOx and GR/Ppy-AuNPs(6 nm)-GOx/GOx electrodes were characterized by high sensitivity (65.4 and 55.4 µA mM-1 cm-2), low limit of detection (0.070 and 0.071 mmol L-1), wide linear range (up to 16.5 mmol L-1), good repeatability (RSD 4.67 and 5.89%), and appropriate stability (half-life period (τ1/2) was 22 and 17 days, respectively). The excellent anti-interference ability to ascorbic and uric acids and successful practical application for glucose determination in serum samples was presented for GR/PANI-AuNPs(6 nm)-GOx/GOx electrode.

Molecular Imprinting Technology for Determination of Uric Acid.

The review focuses on the overview of electrochemical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the determination of uric acid. The importance of robust and precise determination of uric acid is highlighted, a short description of the principles of molecular imprinting technology is presented, and advantages over the others affinity-based analytical methods are discussed. The review is mainly concerned with the electro-analytical methods like cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, amperometry, etc. Moreover, there are some scattered notes to the other electrochemistry-related analytical methods, which are capable of providing additional information and to solve some challenges that are not achievable using standard electrochemical methods. The significance of these overviewed methods is highlighted. The overview of the research that is employing MIPs imprinted with uric acid is mainly targeted to address these topics: (i) type of polymers, which are used to design uric acid imprint structures; (ii) types of working electrodes and/or other parts of signal transducing systems applied for the registration of analytical signal; (iii) the description of the uric acid extraction procedures applied for the design of final MIP-structure; (iv) advantages and disadvantages of electrochemical methods and other signal transducing methods used for the registration of the analytical signal; (vi) overview of types of interfering molecules, which were analyzed to evaluate the selectivity; (vi) comparison of analytical characteristics such as linear range, limits of detection and quantification, reusability, reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. Some insights in future development of uric acid sensors are discussed in this review.