Randomized Feasibility Study Evaluating Multiple FDA-approved Microbubbles for CEUS Lymphography.

Prior studies on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) lymphography for preoperative mapping before lymphaticovenous anastomosis surgery in patients with extremity lymphedema have been limited to using only Lumason and Sonazoid as microbubble contrast agents. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using two other Food & Drug Administration-approved microbubble agents, Optison and Definity, for imaging lymphatic vessels in the upper extremities. Nine female adults with unilateral upper extremity lymphedema anticipating lymphaticovenous anastomosis surgery underwent CEUS lymphography of the unaffected upper extremity randomized to either Lumason, Definity, or Optison. Lymphatic vessels were visualized in all but one case when undilated Definity was used. In the eight upper extremities where lymphatic vessels were visualized, an average of eight intradermal injections of microbubbles were performed in the extremity. Lymphatic vessels could be identified in 57% (36 of 63) of the injections. The effective dilution for each of the microbubble agents is provided. This was the first successful demonstration of lymphatic vessel visualization using either Definity or Optison. Broadening the range of available microbubble agents for CEUS lymphography could improve accessibility to the procedure and provide potentially safer alternatives.

An Allergic Reaction in Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Lymphography for Lymphovenous Bypass Surgery.

Lymphedema following oncologic intervention can cause significant lifelong morbidity for patients in whom conservative management fails. The associated swelling, discomfort, pain, and recurrent cellulitis greatly diminish quality of life. Surgical procedures, including suction-assisted lipectomy, lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA), and vascularized lymph node transfers, show effectiveness in both volume reduction in affected extremities and symptom relief. However, the success of procedures like LVA is dependent on effective preoperative lymphatic mapping to identify suitable vessels for anastomosis. Traditional superficial lymphatic mapping uses near infrared fluorescence indocyanine green (ICG) imaging. Moreover, recent advances in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) lymphography increased lymphovenous bypass target identification for LVA in the extremities.7 CEUS lymphography uses microbubbles as a contrast-enhancing agent injected intradermally into the affected extremity with subsequent identification of superficial collecting lymphatic vessels using ultrasound. Although a recent report noted an uptick in severe and critical adverse drug reactions to an ultrasound contrast agent injected intravenously in stress echocardiography, adverse drug reactions associated with ultrasound contrast-enhancing agents in body ultrasound are rare. The safety profile and potential complications from CEUS lymphography in the lymphedema population have yet to be fully characterized. In this case report, the authors present the first cutaneous adverse drug event following a secondary exposure to the contrast used for CEUS imaging. Mechanisms and justifications for an immune-mediated process are explored, and a review of similar manifestations in other related contrast applications is discussed.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Associated Generalized Lipodystrophy: Reconstructive Challenges of an Emerging and Distinct Form of Lipodystrophy.

Total and permanent loss of facial and nonfacial fat is a rare side effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Consequently, effective treatment modalities for patients remain undefined. Here, we discuss the surgical treatment of a patient with both ICI-related acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL). We additionally performed a comprehensive literature review (Cochrane, Embase, and MEDLINE) to summarize what is known about ICI-related lipodystrophy and available treatments for this rare complication. A 66-year-old female diagnosed with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma started ICI (pembrolizumab) treatment. She developed generalized lipodystrophy 13 months after her first cycle. Her primary concern was the loss of facial fat volume, which significantly aged her appearance. The patient underwent a 2-staged restoration of her facial fat compartments using dermal grafts from the lower abdomen and medial thighs. The patient recovered uneventfully and was satisfied with the aesthetic improvement at 18 months of follow-up. The authors identified 8 case reports with patients with ICI-AGL. The mean age was 53.63 years, and the mean BMI was 36.72 kg/m2. The average onset of symptoms was 7.44 months after ICI initiation. None of the studies described any sort of surgical or nonsurgical options to restore the volume of the facial fat compartments. The management of combined facial and nonfacial lipodystrophy remains challenging due to the lack of suitable autologous fat donor sites. In this report, the authors demonstrate that staged volume restoration can be achieved using autologous dermal grafts from the thigh, making it a viable reconstructive option in this subset of patients.

Perceptions of Surgical Drains among Breast Reconstruction Patients and Health Care Staff: A Qualitative Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: Surgical drains are a key component for recovery in breast reconstruction procedures. However, they are often cumbersome and carry a risk of infection with prolonged use. We aimed to develop a more thorough understanding of patient and health care provider perspectives on surgical drains, to inform future efforts in improving the breast reconstruction patient experience. METHODS: Twenty-nine breast reconstruction patients and eight plastic surgery providers were recruited to complete surveys focused on surgical drains. Likert scales ranging from 1 to 5 were developed to gauge how bothersome drains felt, as well as concern for infection. Ordinal variable and categorical multiple-choice analyses were applied as appropriate. RESULTS: Fifteen (51.7%) patients underwent implant-based breast reconstruction, and 14 (48.3%) patients underwent autologous breast reconstruction. The most common duration of drain placement was 2 weeks (N = 13). The surgical site infection (SSI) rate requiring antibiotics was 28% (N = 8). On a scale of 1 to 5, both patients (median = 3) and providers (median = 2.5) viewed drains as bothersome. Patients were "frequently" concerned about infection risk (median = 3). Other high-frequency patient concerns included general pain and discomfort. CONCLUSION: Surgical drains are a common component of breast reconstruction procedures and are viewed as cumbersome by both patients and providers. Patients expressed concerns about drain site pain, discomfort, and tugging on clothing. Patients and providers both believed that drains could contribute to SSI. Overall, these data provide insight to drive future improvements in the patient drain experience.

Integrated Health Maintenance Reminders for Improved HPV Vaccine Administration: Toward Improvements in Completion Disparities.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a health maintenance reminder (HMR) on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine administration and completion across different age, insurance, and race cohorts. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective pre-post analysis. SETTING: Academic primary care. METHODS: Patients aged 9 to 26 who had initiated the HPV vaccine series from 2016 to 2021 were analyzed, based on current age-based standards. The cohort was divided based on vaccine uptake before and after the implementation of the HMR program in February 2020. The multivariate analysis estimated the odds of vaccine completion based on sociodemographic factors, and variable interactions were investigated to determine independent associations between sociodemographic factors and HMR implementation. RESULTS: There were 7654 individual patients (mean age was 15.8 years; 46.7 were males; and 50.7% were white). HPV vaccine completion rates increased post-HMR implementation by 59.2% (37% pre-, and 58.9% post-HMR; p < .001) in the entire cohort. Overall, black patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.60, 0.70) and patients ≥18 years (aOR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.15) were significantly less likely to complete their vaccine series; however, this improved significantly following HMR in these groups (p < .001). Post-HMR, race, and insurance status were not independently associated with disparate vaccine completion rates, however, age was, and patients ≤14 or younger had higher odds of vaccine completion (aOR = 3.54; 95% CI: 2.91, 4.32). CONCLUSION: The implementation of an HMR was associated with increased HPV vaccine uptake across age and race groups in this single-institution study. Future research should explore barriers to implementing HMRs in different health care settings.

Survival and tumor characteristics of patients presenting with single primary versus second primary melanoma lesions.

BACKGROUND: Patients with single primary melanomas have an increased risk of developing subsequent melanomas. Secondary tumors diagnosed within and after 3 months are termed "synchronous" and "asynchronous," respectively. OBJECTIVE: To compare tumor distributions and survival characteristics between patients with second primary melanomas and those with single primary melanomas. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. Data were collected from an institutional database from 14,029 patients with a diagnosis of a primary melanoma seen between 1970 and 2004. RESULTS: The synchronous and asynchronous cohorts demonstrated significantly improved survival probabilities compared with the single primary cohort (P = .04 and .002, respectively). Single primary lesions (2.2 ± 2.3 mm) were significantly thicker than the first-identified synchronous (2.0 ± 1.7 mm) and asynchronous (1.7 ± 1.3 mm) lesions. Synchronous lesions were more likely to be anatomically concordant compared with asynchronous lesions (55.7% vs 38.2%, P < .001). LIMITATIONS: Single-center study design and incomplete records for second primary melanoma Breslow depth and histopathology. CONCLUSION: Patients with second primary melanomas demonstrated a significant survival advantage and thinner lesions compared with those with single primary melanomas. Our reported tumor distributions support the role of full body skin examinations, with attention to the region of initial diagnosis.

Guideline Awareness Disparities in Plastic Surgery: A Survey of American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) clinical practice guidelines were constructed to help direct evidence-based surgical management in plastic surgery. Societal member awareness of the recommendations for breast reconstruction has yet to be studied among ASPS members. Methods: Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using electronic survey data from 243 ASPS members. Characteristics, including respondent demographics, practice distribution, and geographic locations, were correlated to the awareness of autologous and expander/implant-based reconstruction guidelines. Results: Of the respondents, 52% and 35.7% reported awareness for autologous breast reconstruction and expander/implant-based reconstruction guidelines, respectively. Surgeons who performed more general and autologous breast reconstruction were more likely to be aware of autologous breast reconstruction and expander/implant-based guidelines (P = 0.0034 and 0.032). Autologous breast reconstruction guideline awareness was geographically disparate (P = 0.031), with greater awareness in the Northeast (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.63-12.53; P = 0.01) and Southwest (OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.18-13.83; P = 0.01). Respondents with larger practice percentages of breast reconstruction and those with higher annual academic meeting attendance reported greater awareness of expander/implant-based guidelines (P = 0.044 and 0.040). Meeting attendance (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.15-8.91; P = 0.022) and practice-based (OR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.52-8.91; P = 0.027) awareness disparities were also appreciated on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Guideline awareness in plastic surgery varies by practice composition and geography. These findings can be used to help inform more targeted educational and implementation strategies in breast reconstruction. Clinical Question/Level of Evidence: Quality Improvement/Level IV.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Surgical Outcomes after Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Women of color with breast cancer are less likely to undergo post-mastectomy reconstruction compared with White women, but it is unclear whether their perioperative outcomes are worse. The goal of this study was to investigate differences in preoperative comorbidities and postoperative complications by race/ethnicity among women with breast cancer undergoing postmastectomy reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Data were collected from the National Inpatient Sample database of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project from 2012 to 2016. Patient demographics, types of reconstruction, comorbid conditions, Charlson-Deyo Combined Comorbidity (CDCC) scores, length of stay (LOS), and perioperative complications were abstracted. Multivariate linear and logistic regression were performed to model LOS and likelihood of postoperative complications, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with White women (n = 19,730), Black women (n = 3,201) underwent autologous reconstruction more frequently (40.7% vs 28.3%), had more perioperative comorbidities (eg diabetes: 12.9% vs 5.8%), higher CDCC scores (% CDCC ≥ 4: 5.5% vs 2.7%), and longer LOS (median 3 vs 2 days, all p < 0.001). Being Black (vs White: +0.13 adjusted days, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.19) was also associated with longer LOS and an increased likelihood of surgical complications (vs White: odds ratio 1.24, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.42, both p < 0.01), but this association did not persist when outcomes were limited to microsurgical complications. CONCLUSION: Disparities in postmastectomy breast reconstruction between Black and White women extend beyond access to care and include perioperative factors and outcomes. These findings suggest an important opportunity to mitigate inequities in reconstruction through perioperative health optimization and improved access to and co-management with primary care.

Contextualizing Breast Implant Removal Patterns with Google Trends: Big Data Applications in Surgical Demand.

The demand for breast implant removal (BIR) has increased substantially in recent years. This study leveraged large datasets available through Google Trends to understand how changes in public perception could be influencing surgical demand, both geographically and temporally. METHODS: Using Google Trends, we extracted relative search volume for BIR-related search terms in the United States from 2006 to 2019. A network of related search terms was established using pairwise correlative analysis. Terms were assessed for correlation with national BIR case volume based on annual reports provided by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. A surgical demand index for BIR was created on a state-by-state basis. RESULTS: A network of internally correlated BIR search terms was found. Search volumes for such terms, including "explant" [ρ = 0.912], "breast implant removal" [ρ = 0.596], "breast implant illness" [ρ = 0.820], "BII" [ρ = 0.600], and "ALCL" [ρ = 0.895] (P < 0.05), were found to be positively correlated with national BIR case volume, whereas "breast augmentation" [ρ = -0.596] (P < 0.05) was negatively correlated. Our 2019 BIR surgical demand index revealed that Nevada, Arizona, and Louisiana were the states with the highest BIR demand per capita. CONCLUSIONS: Google Trends is a powerful tool for tracking public interest and subsequently, online health information seeking behavior. There are clear networks of related Google search terms that are correlated with actual BIR surgical volume. Understanding the online health queries patients have can help physicians better understand the factors driving patient decision-making.