Skin Protection by Carotenoid Pigments.

Sunlight, despite its benefits, can pose a threat to the skin, which is a natural protective barrier. Phototoxicity caused by overexposure, especially to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), results in burns, accelerates photoaging, and causes skin cancer formation. Natural substances of plant origin, i.e., polyphenols, flavonoids, and photosynthetic pigments, can protect the skin against the effects of radiation, acting not only as photoprotectors like natural filters but as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory remedies, alleviating the effects of photodamage to the skin. Plant-based formulations are gaining popularity as an attractive alternative to synthetic filters. Over the past 20 years, a large number of studies have been published to assess the photoprotective effects of natural plant products, primarily through their antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-immunosuppressive activities. This review selects the most important data on skin photodamage and photoprotective efficacy of selected plant carotenoid representatives from in vivo studies on animal models and humans, as well as in vitro experiments performed on fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines. Recent research on carotenoids associated with lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes, and micelles is reviewed. The focus was on collecting those nanomaterials that serve to improve the bioavailability and stability of carotenoids as natural antioxidants with photoprotective activity.

Nanoparticles for Topical Application in the Treatment of Skin Dysfunctions-An Overview of Dermo-Cosmetic and Dermatological Products.

Nanomaterials (NM) arouse interest in various fields of science and industry due to their composition-tunable properties and the ease of modification. They appear currently as components of many consumer products such as sunscreen, dressings, sports clothes, surface-cleaning agents, computer devices, paints, as well as pharmaceutical and cosmetics formulations. The use of NPs in products for topical applications improves the permeation/penetration of the bioactive compounds into deeper layers of the skin, providing a depot effect with sustained drug release and specific cellular and subcellular targeting. Nanocarriers provide advances in dermatology and systemic treatments. Examples are a non-invasive method of vaccination, advanced diagnostic techniques, and transdermal drug delivery. The mechanism of action of NPs, efficiency of skin penetration, and potential threat to human health are still open and not fully explained. This review gives a brief outline of the latest nanotechnology achievements in products used in topical applications to prevent and treat skin diseases. We highlighted aspects such as the penetration of NPs through the skin (influence of physical-chemical properties of NPs, the experimental models for skin penetration, methods applied to improve the penetration of NPs through the skin, and methods applied to investigate the skin penetration by NPs). The review summarizes various therapies using NPs to diagnose and treat skin diseases (melanoma, acne, alopecia, vitiligo, psoriasis) and anti-aging and UV-protectant nano-cosmetics.

Clinical usefulness of high-frequency ultrasonography in the monitoring of basal cell carcinoma treatment effects.

INTRODUCTION: To date, there has been no consensus either on the method, frequency or total duration of follow-up for patients that have developed a basal cell carcinoma (BCC). AIM: To evaluate usefulness of high-frequency ultrasound in monitoring patients with BCC, particularly to detect residual disease or early recurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-eight patients with suspicious lesions of BCC were enrolled in this study. Only patients for whom histologic evaluation confirmed diagnosis of BCC (70) continued the study. The dermatoscopic and ultrasonographic observation started before the treatment. Three control examinations were performed 4, 12 and 24 weeks after the treatment. RESULTS: A total of 70 basal cell carcinomas were examined in this study. The presence of cancer formation was observed in the margins of removed nodular BCC in 15% (6/40), in another 25% of cases the margin of surgical removal was narrow and was < 0.2 cm (10/40). For 4 of 6 (66%) lesions, in which histopathological examination demonstrated a positive margin, hypo or heteroechogenic, irregularly shaped focal lesions were found in the ultrasonographic examination just under the entrance echo on the first follow-up visit. In 2 other cases of positive margins of the removed BCC, no signs of residual disease were observed in ultrasonographic examination. For patients with a narrow margin of healthy tissues after surgical removal, hypo or heteroechogenic foci located directly under the entrance echo were also observed in the ultrasonographic examination 4 weeks after the surgery, suggesting the presence of cancer formation. Reduction in the suspected area and scar formation were observed on the subsequent visits. It was found that the characteristic feature of residual disease presence is an enlargement of the hypoechogenic area in subsequent ultrasonographic examinations. CONCLUSIONS: The use of high-frequency ultrasonography in the monitoring of patients after surgery can accelerate and improve the diagnosis of residual disease.

Linear verrucous epidermal nevi-effects of carbon dioxide laser therapy.

Linear epidermal nevus is a congenital malformation characterized by linear, often one-sided arrangement. The lesions are localized along the Blaschko's lines, are present at birth, or appear in early childhood. They can be single or multiple, and have various colors-from skin color to dark brown. These lesions persist through the whole life making a significant cosmetic defect. Here, we present three clinical cases of epidermal nevus treated with CO2 laser. In a female patient, verrucous, dark brown skin eruptions were observed at the back of earlobe and down the neck. In the cases of the male patients, the lesions were located in the area of the neck and left blade. The removal of nevi was performed in stages, by cutting and evaporation using a CO2 laser. A very good therapeutic effect was obtained. CO2 laser treatment is the method of choice for the removal of extensive epidermal nevi. It is characterized by high efficacy and safety.

Darier-White disease treated with fractional CO2 laser in two cases.

Darier-White disease is one of the most common genodermatoses. The most typical clinical symptoms such as diffuse hyperkeratotic papulae usually appear during puberty or early adulthood in seborrhoeic area. It is connected with substantial deterioration of the quality of life due to aesthetic defect. Although there exist many therapeutic options, the disease still causes considerable therapeutic difficulties. Treatment with fractional CO2 laser seems to be a promising therapeutic method. In this paper, we present two cases of patients with Darier's disease who have been treated with a fractional CO2 laser with very good clinical outcome.