SPLUNC1 as a biomarker of pulmonary exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Short palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone 1 (SPLUNC1) is an innate defence protein that acts as an anti-microbial agent and regulates airway surface liquid volume through inhibition of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). SPLUNC1 levels were found to be reduced in airway secretions of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). The potential of SPLUNC1 as a biomarker in children with CF is unknown. METHODS: We quantified SPLUNC1, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and neutrophil elastase (NE) in sputum of CF children treated with either intravenous antibiotics or oral antibiotics for a pulmonary exacerbation (PEx)s, and in participants of a prospective cohort of CF children with preserved lung function on spirometry, followed over a period of two years. RESULTS: Sputum SPLUNC1 levels were significantly lower before compared to after intravenous and oral antibiotic therapy for PEx. In the longitudinal cohort, SPLUNC1 levels were found to be decreased at PEx visits compared to both previous and subsequent stable visits. Higher SPLUNC1 levels at stable visits were associated with longer PEx-free time (hazard ratio 0.85, p = 0.04). SPLUNC1 at PEx visits did not correlate with IL-8 or NE levels in sputum or forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) but did correlate with the lung clearance index (LCI) (r=-0.53, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: SPLUNC1 demonstrates promising clinometric properties as a biomarker of PEx in children with CF.

Infant spirometry as a predictor of lung function at early childhood in cystic fibrosis patients.

BACKGROUND: Infant pulmonary function testing using the raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RVRTC) technique requires sedation and is time consuming. Many cystic fibrosis (CF) centers do not have access to equipment and the utility of routine testing remains to be determined. We aimed to assess whether RVRTC tests performed during infancy predict spirometry at early school age. METHODS: The RVRTC-based forced expiratory flow measures in infants were compared to the first adequately performed spirometry at school age. All tests were carried out during routine clinic visits and expressed as age related z-scores; only test occasions where patients were considered stable were included in the analysis. RESULTS: 47 patients had useable infant RVRTC as well as matching school age spirometry data. There was weak correlation between infant FEV0.5 and early school age FEV1 (R = 0.29, p = 0.05). Four infants had significantly low zFEV0.5 (zFEV0.5 < -1.96), of which one of those remained under that limit at childhood. Changes in spirometry between infancy and early childhood were negatively correlated to baseline FEV0.5 (R = 0.61 p<0.001) reflecting that the change was driven by where individuals started off with. There was no difference in clinical characteristics between those improving, those with stable or deteriorating in lung function. CONCLUSION: Infant RVRTC measures were not predictive of pulmonary function in early school age, likely due to the high proportion of measures of forced expiratory flows within the normal range at both time points.

Building global development strategies for cf therapeutics during a transitional cftr modulator era.

As CFTR modulator therapy transforms the landscape of cystic fibrosis (CF) care, its lack of uniform access across the globe combined with the shift towards a new standard of care creates unique challenges for the development of future CF therapies. The advancement of a full and promising CF therapeutics pipeline remains a necessary priority to ensure maximal clinical benefits for all people with CF. It is through collaboration across the global CF community that we can optimize the evaluation and approval process of new therapies. To this end, we must identify areas for which harmonization is lacking and for which efficiencies can be gained to promote ethical, feasible, and credible study designs amidst the changing CF care landscape. This article summarizes the counsel from core advisors across multiple international regions and clinical trial networks, developed during a one-day workshop in October 2019. The goal of the workshop was to identify, in consideration of the highly transitional era of CFTR modulator availability, the drug development areas for which global alignment is currently uncertain, and paths forward that will enable advancement of CF therapeutic development.

A randomized controlled trial of inhaled L-arginine in patients with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) airways are nitric oxide (NO) deficient. We studied safety and efficacy of repeated inhalations of nebulized L-arginine, the substrate for NO synthase (NOS), in patients with CF. METHODS: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover treatment trial of twice daily inhalation of 500 mg L-arginine for two weeks compared to inhalation of saline in 19 CF patients (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00405665). RESULTS: L-arginine inhalation was well tolerated and resulted in a significant increase in exhaled NO. FEV1 increased by an average of 56 ml compared to -8 ml after saline solution; but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Sputum concentrations of L-ornithine, the product of arginase activity, increased significantly while the L-ornithine derived polyamines did not. There was no change in inflammatory markers in sputum. CONCLUSION: Repeated inhalation of L-arginine in CF patients was safe and well tolerated. Inhaled L-arginine increased NO production without evidence for changes in airway inflammation.

Paediatrics in Barcelona: highlights from the 2010 ERS Annual Congress.

The aim of this update is to describe the paediatric highlights from the 2010 European Respiratory Society Annual Congress in Barcelona, Spain. Abstracts from the seven groups of the Paediatric Assembly (Respiratory physiology, Asthma and allergy, Cystic fibrosis, Respiratory infection and immunology, Neonatology and paediatric intensive care, Respiratory epidemiology and Bronchology) are presented in the context of the current literature.

The effect of dornase alfa on ventilation inhomogeneity in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Outcome measures to assess therapeutic interventions in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with mild lung disease are lacking. Our aim was to determine if the lung clearance index (LCI) can detect a treatment response to dornase alfa in paediatric CF patients with normal spirometry. CF patients between 6-18 yrs of age with FEV(1 )≥ 80% pred were eligible. In a crossover design, 17 patients received 4 weeks of dornase alfa and placebo in a randomised sequence separated by a 4-week washout period. The primary end-point was the change in LCI from dornase alfa versus placebo. A mixed model approach incorporating period-dependent baselines was used. The mean ± sd age was 10.32 ± 3.35 yrs. Dornase alfa improved LCI versus placebo (0.90 ± 1.44; p = 0.022). Forced expiratory flow at 25-75% expired volume measured by % pred and z-scores also improved in subjects on dornase alfa (6.1% ± 10.34%; p = 0.03 and 0.28 ± 0.46 z-score; p = 0.03). Dornase alfa significantly improved LCI. Therefore the LCI may be a suitable tool to assess early intervention strategies in this patient population.

Paediatrics in Vienna.

The aim of this article is to describe the paediatric highlights from the 2009 European Respiratory Society Annual Congress in Vienna, Austria. The best abstracts from the seven groups of the Paediatric Assembly (asthma and allergy, respiratory epidemiology, cystic fibrosis, respiratory physiology, respiratory infections and immunology, neonatology and paediatric intensive care, and bronchology) are presented alongside findings from the current literature.

Respiratory medicines for children: current evidence, unlicensed use and research priorities.

This European Respiratory Society task force has reviewed the evidence for paediatric medicines in respiratory disease occurring in adults and children. We describe off-licence use, research priorities and ongoing studies. Off-licence and off-label prescribing in children is widespread and potentially harmful. Research areas in asthma include novel formulations and regimens, and individualised prescribing. In cystic fibrosis, future studies will focus on screened infants and robust outcome measures are needed. Other areas include new enzyme and antibiotic formulations and the basic defect. Research into pneumonia should include evaluation of new antibacterials and regimens, rapid diagnostic tests and, in pleural infection, antibiotic penetration, fibrinolytics and surveillance. In uncommon conditions, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, congenital pulmonary abnormalities or neuromuscular disorders, drugs indicated for other conditions (e.g. dornase alfa) are commonly used and trials are needed. In neuromuscular disorders, the beta-agonists may enhance muscle strength and are in need of evaluation. Studies of antibiotic prophylaxis, immunoglobulin and antifungal drugs are needed in immune deficiency. We hope that this summary of the evidence for respiratory medicines in children, highlighting gaps and research priorities, will be useful for the pharmaceutical industry, the paediatric committee of the European Medicines Agency, academic investigators and the lay public.

Paediatrics in Berlin.

The aim of this report is to describe the highlights of the European Respiratory Society annual congress in Berlin, Germany. The best abstracts in asthma and allergy, cystic fibrosis, respiratory infection, paediatric and neonatal intensive care, paediatric investigative techniques (in particular respiratory physiology and bronchoscopy) and respiratory epidemiology are presented and set in the context of the current literature.

Screening for pulmonary and cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.

Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disease characterised by vascular dysplasia complicated by visceral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). To date, the diagnostic yield of screening procedures for pulmonary and cerebral AVMs in children with definite or potential HHT is not well defined. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic yield of a screening protocol for pulmonary and cerebral AVMs in children with either a definite or potential HHT diagnosis. All children referred for evaluation for HHT between 1996 and 2008 were included in the present analysis. Screening tests for AVMs included chest computed tomography and brain magnetic resonance imaging. 61 children with a definite clinical and/or genetic diagnosis of HHT were asymptomatic for visceral AVMs at their first baseline assessment (mean+/-SD age 8.7+/-4.7 yrs; range 0-17.0 yrs). Of these, 15 (25%) had pulmonary and/or cerebral AVMs diagnosed on initial screening tests. Pulmonary AVMs predominated in paediatric HHT patients (14 out of 15 patients) and were found in eight children aged <10 yrs. 55 children had a potential HHT diagnosis as they fulfilled only one or two HHT clinical diagnostic criteria and did not have a confirmatory genetic diagnosis (age 10.9+/-4.8 yrs; range 0-17.9 yrs). None of these children had pulmonary or cerebral AVMs on initial screening tests. The present data suggest that children with a definite HHT diagnosis have a high frequency of pulmonary AVMs even when clinically asymptomatic. In contrast, no AVMs were observed in children not fulfilling HHT diagnostic criteria. Genetic testing appears to be useful in defining an at-risk group for pulmonary AVMs in childhood.

Recent advances in cystic fibrosis.

Considerable advances in cystic fibrosis (CF) research have translated into improved patient care, reflected by a continuing trend of improving life expectancy in CF patients. This review summarises some of the major findings of CF research that have occurred in the past year. The review specifically focuses on those developments that have direct implications for patient care or those in which clinical trials suggest benefits that may impact on the treatment of CF patients in the near future.

Effect of growth hormone therapy on nitric oxide formation in cystic fibrosis patients.

Airway nitric oxide production is decreased in cystic fibrosis. As growth hormone therapy has been shown to increase nitric oxide production in growth hormone-deficient patients, it may also affect nitric oxide production in patients with cystic fibrosis. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of growth hormone therapy on systemic and airway nitric oxide formation in patients with cystic fibrosis. Nitric oxide metabolites in serum and urine, amino acid concentrations in serum and sputum, as well as exhaled nitric oxide, were measured in children with cystic fibrosis before, during and after 1 yr of treatment with human growth hormone. Nitric oxide metabolite concentrations increased significantly in serum and urine during the treatment period. Serum amino acid concentrations (including l-arginine, the substrate for nitric oxide synthases) also increased during treatment. The systemic bioavailability of l-arginine for nitric oxide synthases, expressed as ratio of l-arginine/l-ornithine+lysine, remained unchanged. In contrast, l-arginine concentrations in sputum decreased significantly during growth hormone treatment, as did exhaled nitric oxide levels. Treatment with growth hormone in children with cystic fibrosis decreases exhaled nitric oxide by reducing the concentration of l-arginine in the airways.

Massive hemoptysis in an 11-year-old girl with isolated pulmonary arteritis.

A 10-year-old girl developed recurrent bouts of massive hemoptysis over a 9-month period. No obvious bleeding source was detected. Her pulmonary angiogram showed a pulmonary aneurysm of the second branch of the left main pulmonary artery as well as widespread irregularities of the pulmonary arteries including areas of stenosis and pruning. Elective embolization of the aneurysm did not control hemoptysis and emergency left upper lobectomy had to be performed. Histology showed large artery wall injury with acute leucocytoclastic inflammation, fibrinoid necrosis, granulomatous inflammation, and ectasia of vessel wall. This combination of abnormalities has not been described to date and represents the first case of isolated pulmonary arteritis in children prior to puberty.

Comparison of throat swabs and nasopharyngeal suction specimens in non-sputum-producing patients with cystic fibrosis.

Both throat swabs and nasopharyngeal suction (NPS) specimens are used for microbiological assessment in non-sputum-producing patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), but studies comparing their diagnostic yield are lacking. We, therefore, conducted a prospective study in young CF patients, in which both techniques were performed in random order. Forty-seven consecutive CF children aged 6 months to 10 years were studied during routine visits to the clinic. CF relevant pathogens were found in the majority of patients with no significant differences in the rate of positive cultures for Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A statistically significant difference was observed in the rate of detection of other organisms with only 9/47 (19%) of throat swab specimens and 27/47 (57%) of NPS specimens being positive (P = 0.0004). This included 12 positive cultures for Streptococcus pneumoniae and 11 cultures that were positive for Moraxella catarrhalis, both of which are frequent colonizers of the upper airway. Therefore, the most common bacterial pathogens affecting the CF lung appear to be detected in similar frequency by throat swab as by nasopharyngeal suction. There is evidence that nasopharyngeal suction yields more specimens of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis, which may reflect upper airway colonization rather than lower airway infection. We conclude that nasopharyngeal suction is not routinely warranted as there is no benefit over throat swab in detection of CF pathogens in infants and young children with CF.

Anti-inflammatory cytokines in cystic fibrosis lung disease.

Lung inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of airway disease in cystic fibrosis (CF). An imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators has been observed and a deficiency in the anti-inflammatory response has been proposed, but this concept remains controversial. In the present study, the concentrations of two anti-inflammatory mediators, lipoxin A (LxA4) and Clara cell protein 10 (CC-10), were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of CF patients with a wide range of endobronchial inflammation and disease controls with neutrophilic inflammation unrelated to CF. No differences were observed in LxA4 BALF concentrations between CF patients and controls with a similar degree of neutrophilic airway inflammation. Concentrations were also similar in CF patients with mild versus more severe airway inflammation. In contrast, CC-10 concentrations were lower in CF patients, but this decrease was limited to patients with more intense airway inflammation. The present data do not support the concept of a primary defect in anti-inflammatory mediators in cystic fibrosis lung disease. Although Clara cell protein concentrations were found to be reduced, these alterations appear to be secondary to neutrophilic airway inflammation rather than due to a primary deficiency.

Mycobacterium chelonae in a CF patient with anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

A 13-year-old patient with cystic fibrosis was diagnosed with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. At the same time colonization with Mycobacterium chelonae was detected in sputum cultures. Despite massive immunosuppression, the patient did not show evidence of mycobacterial invasive disease. Colonisation persisted for 18 months after discontinuation of chemotherapy and was not detected in the 6 years thereafter. This case highlights the dilemma of differentiating between colonisation and infection if mycobacteria are found in CF sputum samples.

Pharmacokinetics of inhaled colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: Inhaled colistin is commonly used in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), but only limited data are available to define its pharmacokinetic profile. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a multicentre study in 30 CF patients to assess sputum, serum and urine concentrations after a single dose of 2 million units of colistin administered by inhalation. In a subgroup of patients we also compared the efficacy of two different nebulizers for administration of inhaled colistin. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of colistin reached their maximum 1.5 h after inhalation and decreased thereafter. Serum concentrations were well below those previously reported for systemic application in all patients. A mean 4.3+/-1.3% of the inhaled dose was detected in urine. Elimination characteristics did not differ significantly from those previously reported for systemic application. A positive correlation was found between forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in per cent predicted and both AUC and maximal colistin concentrations in serum (Cmax). Maximum sputum concentrations were at least 10 times higher than the MIC breakpoint for Pseudomonas aeruginosa proposed by the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Although sputum drug concentrations decreased after a peak at 1 h, the mean colistin concentrations were still above 4 mg/L after 12 h. No differences were seen in polymyxin E sputum concentrations, for CF patients between the two nebulizer systems. CONCLUSIONS: The low systemic and high local concentrations of colistin support the use of inhaled colistin in CF patients infected with P. aeruginosa.

Inhaled glutathione decreases PGE2 and increases lymphocytes in cystic fibrosis lungs.

Reduced glutathione (GSH), a major antioxidant and modulator of cell proliferation, is decreased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We previously have shown that GSH inhalation in CF patients significantly increased GSH levels in BALF and improved lung function (M. Griese et al., 2004, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.169, 822-828). GSH depletion in vitro enhances susceptibility to oxidative stress, increases inflammatory cytokine release, and impairs T cell responses. We therefore hypothesized that an increase in GSH in BALF reduces oxidative stress, decreases inflammation, and modulates T cell responses in lungs of CF patients. BALF from 17 CF patients (median FEV1 67% (43-105%) of predicted) was assessed before and after GSH inhalation for total protein, markers of oxidative stress (8-isoprostane, myeloperoxidase, and ascorbic and uric acid), pattern of protein oxidation, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and proinflammatory cytokines. BALF cells were differentiated using cytospin slides, and lymphocytes were further analyzed by flow cytometry. Inhalation of GSH decreased BALF levels of PGE2 and increased CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in BALF significantly but had no effect on markers of oxidative stress. BALF lymphocytes correlated positively with lung function, whereas levels of PGE2 showed an inverse correlation. The patients with the greatest improvement in lung function after GSH treatment also had the largest decline in PGE2 levels. We conclude that GSH inhalation in CF patients increases lymphocytes and suppresses PGE2 in the bronchoalveolar space. Thus, GSH primarily affected the pulmonary immune response rather than the oxidative status in CF patients. The effect of GSH inhalation on PGE2 levels and lymphocytes in CF warrants further investigation.

[Cystic fibrosis modifying genes]. / Modifizierende Gene bei der zystischen Fibrose.

Cystic fibrosis is a common autosomal recessive disease that is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The CFTR gene encodes a membrane-bound chloride ion channel. CFTR gene mutations cause alterations in fluid and salt secretion of various tissues. The CF phenotype is highly variable even in siblings and twins carrying the same CFTR mutations. The course of CF pulmonary disease is modulated by both environmental and genetic factors independent of CFTR. This review summarises association studies that focused on disease modifier genes in CF. Understanding the molecular and cellular basis of the genotype-phenotype associations will help to better understand the disease and to identify new targets for therapeutic interventions in CF.