Padrão de Atividade Física "Guerreiros de Fim de Semana": Risco ou Benefício para a Saúde? / "Weekend Warriors" Physical Activity Pattern: Health Risk or Benefit?

A vida frenética, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, dificulta, para algumas pessoas, a realização de atividade física de forma regular (3-5 vezes por semana). Todavia, a possibilidade de realizar essas atividades em um ou dois dias da semana pode ser uma alternativa bastante interessante, uma vez que este padrão de atividade física tem sido associado a menor mortalidade por todas as causas, cardiovasculares e câncer. Nesta breve revisão narrativa, abordaremos os principais estudos científicos sobre os "Guerreiros de Fim de Semana" e sua relação com os benefícios e riscos à saúde. Certamente, a incorporação desse padrão de atividade física nas recomendações e orientações futuras promoverá melhora das condições de saúde e auxiliará o poder público a adequar as estratégias de combate ao sedentarismo.

Leisure time physical activity among older adults in Brazil: a time series analysis of a population-based survey (2009-2020) / Atividade física no lazer entre idosos no Brasil: análise de séries temporais de um inquérito de base populacional (2009-2020) / Actividad física por ocio entre adultos mayores en Brasil: análisis de series temporales de una encuesta basada en la población (2009-2020)

The practice of leisure time physical activity brings several health benefits, such as the prevention of noncommunicable diseases. Investigating the temporal trend of physical activity practice in older adults by sociodemographic characteristics and geographical regions could be important to plan public health policies and effective interventions. This is a time series study that analyzes the temporal trend of leisure time physical activity among Brazilian older adults with data from 2009 to 2020. For this, we used a sample of 186,097 older adults (≥ 60 years old) obtained from the Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Noncomunicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview (Vigitel) (2009-2020). Information on leisure time physical activity and sociodemographic and health characteristics were collected. Prais-Winsten regression was used to identify significant trends in the annual variation of the leisure time physical activity indicators. Practice of ≥ 150 minutes/week of moderate intensity leisure time physical activity varied from 23.3% to 27.5% (0.41p.p./year) (2009-2020), with a higher increase during 2015-2020 (0.59p.p./year). The increase in the most recent period occurred among men, aged from 60 to 69 years, with lower educational level, residing in the Northeast Region, and without self-reported chronic diseases. These results may contribute to the evaluation of Brazilian health policies targeting the leisure time physical activity practice in older adults.

A prática de atividade física no lazer traz diversos benefícios à saúde, como a prevenção de doenças não transmissíveis. Investigar a tendência temporal da prática de atividade física em idosos de acordo com características sociodemográficas e regiões geográficas pode ser importante para formular políticas públicas de saúde e intervenções efetivas. Este é um estudo de série temporal para analisar a tendência temporal de idosos brasileiros à prática de atividade física no lazer entre 2009 e 2020. Uma amostra de 186.097 idosos (≥ 60 anos) foi obtida do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel) (2009-2020). Foram coletadas informações sobre prática de atividade física no lazer e características sociodemográficas e de saúde. A regressão de Prais-Winsten foi utilizada para identificar tendências significativas na variação anual dos indicadores de prática de atividade física no lazer. A prática de atividades físicas moderadas por ≥ 150 minutos/semana variou de 23,3% a 27,5% (0,41p.p./ano) (2009-2020) com maior aumento em 2015-2020 (0,59p.p./ano). O aumento mais recente ocorreu entre homens, indivíduos entre 60 e 69 anos de idade, aqueles com menor escolaridade, residentes na Região Nordeste e sem doença crônica autorreferida. Esses resultados podem contribuir para a avaliação das políticas de saúde brasileiras voltadas à prática de atividade física no lazer em idosos.

La práctica de actividad física por ocio trae diversos beneficios a la salud, como la prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles. Investigar la tendencia temporal de la práctica de actividad física en adultos mayores según las características sociodemográficas y las regiones geográficas puede ser importante para formular políticas de salud pública e intervenciones efectivas. Este es un estudio de serie temporal para analizar la tendencia temporal de adultos mayores brasileños a la práctica de actividad física por ocio entre 2009 y 2020. Se obtuvo una muestra de 186,097 adultos mayores (≥ 60 años) del Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica (Vigitel) (2009-2020). Se recopiló información sobre práctica de actividad física por ocio y las características sociodemográficas y de salud. Se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten para identificar tendencias significativas en la variación anual de los indicadores de práctica de actividad física por ocio. La práctica de actividades físicas moderada por ≥ 150 minutos/semana varió de 23,3% a 27,5% (0,41p.p./año) (2009-2020) con el mayor aumento en 2015-2020 (0,59p.p./año). El aumento más reciente ocurrió entre hombres, las personas entre 60 y 69 años de edad, aquellos con menor educación, residentes en la Región Nordeste y sin enfermedad crónica autoinformada. Estos resultados pueden contribuir a la evaluación de las políticas de salud brasileñas dirigidas a la práctica de actividad física por ocio en adultos mayores.

Physical activity during adolescence and risk of colorectal adenoma later in life: results from the Nurses' Health Study II.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity during adulthood has been consistently associated with lower risk of colorectal cancers, but whether physical activity during adolescence may also play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis is unclear. METHODS: We included 28,250 women in the Nurses' Health Study II who provided data on physical activity during adolescence (ages 12-22 years) in 1997 and underwent lower bowel endoscopy (1998-2011). We used logistic regression models for clustered data to examine the association between physical activity during adolescence and risk of adenoma later in life. RESULTS: Physical activity during adolescence was inversely associated with risk of colorectal adenoma (2373 cases), independent of physical activity during adulthood. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of adenoma was 0.89 (95% CI 0.77-1.02; Ptrend = 0.03) comparing women with ≥ 72 metabolic equivalent of tasks-hours/week (MET-h/week) to < 21 MET-h/week. Women with high physical activity during both adolescence (≥53.3 MET-h/week) and adulthood (≥23.1 MET-h/week) had significantly lower risk of adenoma (all adenomas: OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.66-0.88; advanced adenoma: OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.45-0.82) compared to women with low physical activity during both stages of life. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that physical activity during adolescence may lower the risk of colorectal adenoma later in life.

Proportion of cancer cases and deaths attributable to lifestyle risk factors in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle risk factors (tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, and lack of physical activity) have been associated with increased risk of at least 20 types of cancer. We estimated the proportion of cancer cases and deaths that could be potentially avoided by eliminating or reducing lifestyle risk factors in Brazil. METHODS: We obtained the distribution of lifestyle risk factors by sex and age groups from recent representative health surveys in Brazil; relative risks from pooled analyses of prospective studies and meta-analyses; and cancer cases and deaths in 2012 from GLOBOCAN. RESULTS: We found that 26.5% (114,497 cases) of all cancer cases and 33.6% (63,371 deaths) of all cancer deaths could be potentially avoided by eliminating lifestyle risk factors in Brazil. Plausible reductions in these exposures based on policy targets and cancer prevention recommendations could have potentially avoided 4.5% (19,731 cases) and 6.1% (11,480 deaths) of all cancer cases and deaths, respectively. Tobacco smoking accounted for most of the preventable cancer cases and deaths, followed by high body mass index and alcohol consumption. Larynx, lung, oropharynx, esophagus and colorectum cancer cases and deaths could be at least halved by eliminating these lifestyle risk factors. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study may be useful to inform strategies for cancer prevention and control across Brazil.

Physical activity and preventable premature deaths from non-communicable diseases in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Studies on the impact of counterfactual scenarios of physical activity on premature deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are sparse in the literature. We estimated preventable premature deaths from NCDs (diabetes, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and breast and colon cancers) in Brazil by increasing population-wide physical activity (i) to theoretical minimum risk exposure levels; (ii) reaching the physical activity recommendation; (iii) reducing insufficient physical activity by 10%; and (iv) eliminating the gender differences in physical activity. METHODS: Preventable fractions were estimated using data from a nationally representative survey, relative risks from a meta-analysis and number of premature deaths (30-69 years) from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. RESULTS: Physical activity could potentially avoid up to 16 700 premature deaths from NCDs in Brazil, corresponding to 5.75 and 3.23% of premature deaths from major NCDs and of all-causes, respectively. Other scenarios suggested the following impact on premature deaths: reaching physical activity recommendation (5000 or 1.74% of major NCDs); 10% reduction in insufficient physical activity (500 or 0.17% of major NCDs); eliminating gender differences in physical activity (1000 or 0.33% of major NCDs). CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity may play an important role to reduce premature deaths from NCD in Brazil.

Mortalidade no primeiro dia de vida: tendências, causas de óbito e evitabilidade em oito Unidades da Federação brasileira, entre 2010 e 2015 / Mortalidad en el primer día de vida: tendencias, causas de muerte y evitabilidad en ocho Unidades de la Federación brasileña, entre 2010 y 2015 / Mortality on the first day of life: trends, causes of death and avoidability in eight Brazilian Federative Units, between 2010 and 2015

Objetivo: calcular taxas de mortalidade no primeiro dia de vida entre 2010 e 2015 em oito Unidades da Federação brasileira com melhor qualidade de informação, avaliar fatores associados e classificar os óbitos segundo causa básica e evitabilidade. Métodos: estudo descritivo; as taxas foram comparadas conforme características maternas e da criança; a análise de evitabilidade usou a 'Lista brasileira de causas de mortes evitáveis'. Resultados: 21,6% (n=20.791) dos óbitos infantis ocorreram no primeiro dia de vida; a taxa de mortalidade reduziu-se de 2,7 para 2,3 óbitos/1.000 nascidos vivos; observaram-se maiores taxas em NV com baixo peso, nascidos pré-termo e filhos de mães sem escolaridade; as principais causas dos óbitos foram síndrome da angústia respiratória (8,9%) e imaturidade extrema (5,2%); 66,3% das causas de óbito foram consideradas evitáveis. Conclusão: dois terços dos óbitos no primeiro dia de vida poderiam ser evitados por atenção adequada à mulher na gestação e no parto, e ao NV.

Objetivo: calcular la mortalidad en el primer día de vida entre 2010 y 2015 en ocho Unidades de la Federación brasileña con mejor calidad de información, analizar factores asociados y clasificar las causas básicas y la evitabilidad de los óbitos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo; las tasas de mortalidad fueron comparadas según las características maternas y del recién nacido (RN); el análisis de evitabilidad utilizó la 'Lista brasileña de causas de muertes evitables'. Resultados: un 21,6% (n=20.791) de los óbitos infantiles ocurrió en el primer día de vida; la tasa de mortalidad se redujo de 2,7 a 2,3 óbitos/1.000 nacidos vivos (NV); las tasas fueron mayores en NV de bajo peso, prematuros e hijos de madres sin escolaridad; las principales causas de óbito fueron síndrome de angustia respiratoria (8,9%) e inmadurez extrema (5,2%); un 66,3% de las causas de óbito fueron consideradas evitables. Conclusión: 2/3 de los óbitos en el primer día de vida podrían haber sido evitados con una atención adecuada a la mujer embarazada, al parto y al NV.

Objective: to calculate mortality rates on the first day of life from 2010 to 2015 in eight Brazilian Federative Units providing better quality information, to assess associated factors and to classify deaths by underlying causes and avoidability. Methods: this was a descriptive study; mortality rates were compared according to maternal and child characteristics; avoidability analysis used the 'Brazilian list of avoidable causes of death'. Results: 21.6% (n=20,791) of all infant deaths occurred on the first day of life; the mortality rate reduced from 2.7 to 2.3 deaths/1,000 live births; rates were higher in live births with low birthweight and preterm births, and among babies born to mothers with no schooling; main causes of death were respiratory distress syndrome (8.9%) and extreme immaturity (5.2%); 66.3% of causes of death were avoidable. Conclusion: 2/3 of deaths on the first day of life could have been avoided with adequate care for women during pregnancy and delivery and adequate care for live births.

Preventable fractions of colon and breast cancers by increasing physical activity in Brazil: perspectives from plausible counterfactual scenarios.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is associated with lower risk of colon and breast cancers. Herein we estimated preventable fractions of colon and breast cancers in Brazil by increasing population-wide physical activity to different counterfactual scenarios. METHODS: We used data from a representative national survey in Brazil and corresponding relative risks of colon and postmenopausal breast cancers from a meta-analysis. Estimated cancer incidence was retrieved from GLOBOCAN and Brazilian National Cancer Institute. Five counterfactual scenarios for physical activity were considered: (i) theoretical minimum risk exposure level (≥8,000 metabolic equivalent of tasks-minute/week - MET-min/week); (ii) physical activity recommendation (≥600 MET-min/week); (iii) a 10% reduction in prevalence of insufficient physical inactivity (<600 MET-min/week); (iv) physical activity level in each state equals the most active state in Brazil; (v) closing the gender differences in physical activity. RESULTS: About 19% (3,630 cases) of colon cancers and 12% (6,712 cases) of postmenopausal breast cancers could be prevented by increasing physical activity to ≥8,000 MET-min/week. Plausible counterfactual scenarios suggested the following impact on cancer prevention: reaching physical activity recommendation: 1.7% (1,113 cases) of breast and 6% (1,137 cases) of colon; 10% reduction in physical inactivity prevalence: 0.2% (111 cases) of breast and 0.6% (114 cases) of colon; most active state scenario: 0.3% (168 cases) of breast and 1% (189 cases) of colon; reducing gender differences in physical activity: 1.1% (384 cases) of breast and 0.6% (122 cases) of colon. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of physical activity are required to achieve a sizable impact on breast and colon cancer prevention in Brazil.

The increasing burden of cancer attributable to high body mass index in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) has been constantly increasing over the last decades in most parts of the world, most notably in transitioning nations such as Brazil. High BMI (>22 kg/m2) is associated with an increased risk of 14 types of cancer. We estimated the extent to which reducing high BMI could lower cancer incidence in Brazil, nationally as well as at regional and state levels. METHODS: We calculated fractions of cancer incidence in 2012 attributable to high BMI as well as projections for attributable cases in 2025 using BMI data from representative national surveys and relative risks published in meta-analyses. Estimates of cancer incidence were retrieved from GLOBOCAN and the Brazilian National Cancer Institute. RESULTS: We found that 15,465 (3.8%) of all new cancer cases diagnosed in Brazil in 2012 were attributable to high BMI, with a higher burden in women (5.2%) than in men (2.6%). The cancer sites contributing most to the number of attributable cases were breast (n = 4777), corpus uteri (n = 1729), and colon (n = 681) in women, and colon (n = 1062), prostate (n = 926), and liver (n = 651) in men. The highest population attributable fractions (PAFs) for all cancers were found in the richer states of the country, located in the south (1.5% men/3.4% women) and the southeast (1.5% men/3.3% women). CONCLUSIONS: Cancer cases attributable to high BMI will reach 29,490, which will be 4.6% of all cancers in Brazil in 2025; the extent will be greater in women (6.2% or 18,837) than in men (3.2% or 10,653). This information is a tool to support policy makers for future cancer prevention strategies in Brazil.

Why precision medicine is not the best route to a healthier world.

Precision medicine has been announced as a new health revolution. The term precision implies more accuracy in healthcare and prevention of diseases, which could yield substantial cost savings. However, scientific debate about precision medicine is needed to avoid wasting economic resources and hype. In this commentary, we express the reasons why precision medicine cannot be a health revolution for population health. Advocates of precision medicine neglect the limitations of individual-centred, high-risk strategies (reduced population health impact) and the current crisis of evidence-based medicine. Overrated "precision medicine" promises may be serving vested interests, by dictating priorities in the research agenda and justifying the exorbitant healthcare expenditure in our finance-based medicine. If societies aspire to address strong risk factors for non-communicable diseases (such as air pollution, smoking, poor diets, or physical inactivity), they need less medicine and more investment in population prevention strategies.

Physical activity and cancer: an umbrella review of the literature including 22 major anatomical sites and 770 000 cancer cases.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the breadth and validity of claimed associations between physical activity and risk of developing or dying from cancer. DESIGN: Umbrella review. DATA SOURCES: We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Systematic reviews about physical activity and cancer incidence and cancer mortality in different body sites among general population. RESULTS: We included 19 reviews covering 22 cancer sites, 26 exposure-outcome pairs meta-analyses and 541 original studies. Physical activity was associated with lower risk of seven cancer sites (colon, breast, endometrial, lung, oesophageal, pancreas and meningioma). Only colon (a protective association with recreational physical activity) and breast cancer (a protective association with overall physical activity) were supported by strong evidence and highly suggestive evidence, respectively. Evidence from endometrial, lung, oesophageal, pancreas and meningioma presented hints of uncertainty and bias in the literature (eg, not reaching P values<10-6) showing large between-study heterogeneity and/or not demonstrating a definite direction for the effect when 95% prediction intervals were considered. Four of the 26 meta-analyses showed small study effects and 4 showed excess significance. CONCLUSION: Physical activity is associated with a lower risk of several cancers, but only colon and breast cancer associations were supported by strong or highly suggestive evidence, respectively. Evidence from other cancer sites was less consistent, presenting hints of uncertainty and/or bias.

Why precision medicine is not the best route to a healthier world

ABSTRACT Precision medicine has been announced as a new health revolution. The term precision implies more accuracy in healthcare and prevention of diseases, which could yield substantial cost savings. However, scientific debate about precision medicine is needed to avoid wasting economic resources and hype. In this commentary, we express the reasons why precision medicine cannot be a health revolution for population health. Advocates of precision medicine neglect the limitations of individual-centred, high-risk strategies (reduced population health impact) and the current crisis of evidence-based medicine. Overrated "precision medicine" promises may be serving vested interests, by dictating priorities in the research agenda and justifying the exorbitant healthcare expenditure in our finance-based medicine. If societies aspire to address strong risk factors for non-communicable diseases (such as air pollution, smoking, poor diets, or physical inactivity), they need less medicine and more investment in population prevention strategies.

Prevalence of active transportation among adults in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review of population-based studies / Prevalencia del transporte activo en los adultos de América Latina y el Caribe: revisión sistemática de estudios poblacionales / Prevalência do deslocamento ativo em adultos na América Latina e Caribe: revisão sistemática de estudos populacionais

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of "active" (self-propelled, human-powered) transportation in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region over the past decade. Methods MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica (Embase), SportDiscus, Lilacs, MediCarib, Web of Science, OVID, CINAHL, Scopus, Google Scholar, National Transportation Library, and TRIS/TRID were searched for articles on active transportation published between January 2003 and December 2014 with (at least) a title and abstract in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Research was included in the study if the two reviewing authors agreed it 1) was conducted in an adult sample (≥ 18 years old), 2) was designed to be representative of any LAC area, and 3) reported at least one measure of active transportation. Reference lists of included papers and retrieved reviews were also checked. A total of 129 key informants (87 scientific experts and 42 government authorities) were contacted to identify additional candidate publications. Two other authors extracted the data independently. Results A total of 10 459 unique records were found; the full texts of 143 were reviewed; and a total of 45 studies were included in the study, yielding estimates for 72 LAC settings, most of which were in Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia. No eligible studies were found for the years 2003-2004, resulting in a 10-year study time frame. Estimates were available for walking, cycling, or the combination of both, with a high degree of heterogeneity (heterogeneity index (I2) ≥ 99%). The median prevalence of active transportation (combining walking and cycling) was 12.0%, ranging from 5.1% (in Palmas, Brazil) to 58.9% (in Rio Claro, Brazil). Men cycled more than women in all regions for which information was available. The opposite was true for walking. Conclusions Prevalence of active transportation in LAC varied widely, with great heterogeneity and uneven distribution of studies across countries, indicating the need for efforts to build comprehensive surveillance systems with standardized, timely, and detailed estimates of active transportation in order to support policy planning and evaluation.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever a prevalência do "deslocamento ativo" (uso de modais de transporte autopropulsados e de propulsão humana) na região da América Latina e Caribe (ALC) na última década. Métodos Foi realizada uma busca nos bancos de dados MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica (Embase), SportDiscus, Lilacs, MediCarib, Web of Science, OVID, CINAHL, Scopus, Google Scholar, National Transportation Library e TRIS/TRID por artigos sobre deslocamento ativo publicados entre janeiro de 2003 e dezembro de 2014 com (pelo menos) título e resumo em inglês, espanhol ou português. Pesquisas foram incluídas no estudo se os dois autores da revisão concordaram que a pesquisa 1) havia sido realizada em uma amostra de adultos (≥ 18 anos de idade), 2) tinha o intuito de ser representativa de uma área da ALC e 3) relatava pelo menos uma medida de deslocamento ativo. As referências bibliográficas dos artigos e revisões incluídos também foram analisadas. Foram contatados 129 informantes-chave (87 peritos científicos e 42 autoridades de governo) para identificar possíveis publicações adicionais de interesse. Outros dois autores extraíram os dados de maneira independente. Resultados Foram encontrados 10 459 registros não duplicados; os textos completos de 143 foram examinados; e 45 foram incluídos na revisão, gerando estimativas para 72 regiões da ALC, a maioria na Argentina, Brasil e Colômbia. Não foi encontrado nenhum estudo dos anos 2003-2004 que atendesse os critérios de inclusão; portanto, o período de análise foi de 10 anos. Foram obtidas estimativas para caminhada, deslocamento com bicicleta ou a combinação de ambos os modais; con alto grau de heterogeneidade (índice de heterogeneidade (I2) ≥ 99%). A prevalência mediana de deslocamento ativo (combinação de caminhada e deslocamento com bicicleta) foi de 12,0%, variando de 5,1% (em Palmas, Brasil) a 58,9% (em Rio Claro, Brasil). Homens andaram de bicicleta mais do que as mulheres em todas as regiões para as quais havia informações disponíveis. Constatou-se o oposto em relação à caminhada. Conclusões A prevalência de deslocamento ativo variou muito na ALC, com grande heterogeneidade e distribuição desigual de estudos entre países. Isso indica necessidade de esforços para construir sistemas de vigilância integrais que proporcionem estimativas padronizadas, oportunas e detalhadas do deslocamento ativo para subsidiar a formulação e avaliação de políticas.

The Fraction of Cancer Attributable to Ways of Life, Infections, Occupation, and Environmental Agents in Brazil in 2020.

Many human cancers develop as a result of exposure to risk factors related to the environment and ways of life. The aim of this study was to estimate attributable fractions of 25 types of cancers resulting from exposure to modifiable risk factors in Brazil. The prevalence of exposure to selected risk factors among adults was obtained from population-based surveys conducted from 2000 to 2008. Risk estimates were based on data drawn from meta-analyses or large, high quality studies. Population-attributable fractions (PAF) for a combination of risk factors, as well as the number of preventable deaths and cancer cases, were calculated for 2020. The known preventable risk factors studied will account for 34% of cancer cases among men and 35% among women in 2020, and for 46% and 39% deaths, respectively. The highest attributable fractions were estimated for tobacco smoking, infections, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, excess weight, reproductive factors, and physical inactivity. This is the first study to systematically estimate the fraction of cancer attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in Brazil. Strategies for primary prevention of tobacco smoking and control of infection and the promotion of a healthy diet and physical activity should be the main priorities in policies for cancer prevention in the country.

Modos de vida entre pessoas que tiveram câncer no Brasil em 2013 / Lifestyle among former cancer patients in Brazil in 2013

Resumo Pessoas que tiveram diagnóstico de câncer tendem a adotar modos de vida mais saudáveis. Este estudo analisa a prevalência de tabagismo, consumo de frutas e hortaliças, atividade física e uso de bebidas alcoólicas entre adultos que relataram ter tido diagnóstico de câncer na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). Foram calculadas as prevalências e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança referentes ao consumo de frutas e hortaliças, inatividade física, uso de bebidas alcoólicas, excesso de peso e tabagismo. A associação entre ter tido diagnóstico de câncer e fatores de risco e proteção foi avaliada por regressão de Poisson e ajustada por variáveis sociodemográficas e por outras comorbidades crônicas. As análises foram estratificas pelo tempo de diagnóstico e por tipos de câncer relacionados aos fatores analisados. Os cânceres mais frequentes informados entre as mulheres foram os de mama e colo de útero, e entre os homens próstata e estômago. Entre os que tiveram diagnósticos de câncer, observou-se maior consumo de frutas e hortaliças, maior proporção de ex-fumantes, porém, maior uso de álcool. Não houve diferença entre a frequência e a atividade física e excesso de peso entre os dois grupos. Ações de promoção de saúde e de prevenção de doenças crônicas devem ser implementadas no acompanhamento de pessoas que tiveram câncer na perspectiva de assegurar o cuidado integral de saúde.

Abstract People who have been diagnosed with cancer tend to adopt healthier lifestyles. This study analyzes the prevalence of smoking, eating fruits and vegetables, exercise and the use of alcoholic beverages among individuals who reported to have been diagnosed with cancer in the PNS (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde or National Health Survey). The prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated for consuming fruits and vegetables, sedentary lifestyle (no exercise), use of alcoholic beverages, being overweight and tobacco use. The associa-tion between having received a diagnosis of cancer and the risk and protection factors was analyzed using a Poisson regression, adjusted by sociodemographic variables and other chronic comorbidities. The analyses were stratified by time since the diagnosis and the type of cancer related to the factors analyzed. The types of cancer most often reported were breast and cervix in women, and prostate and stomach in men. Among those who had cancer diagnoses, there was a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, higher proportion of ex-smokers, however, increased use of alcohol. There was no difference in the frequency of exercise or incidence of being overweight between the two groups. Measures to promote health and prevent chronic diseases should be implemented in the follow-up of people who have had cancer, in an effort to ensure integrated healthcare.

Population attributable fraction: planning of diseases prevention actions in Brazil / Fração atribuível populacional: planejamento de ações de prevenção de doenças no Brasil

ABSTRACT Epidemiology is the study of occurrence, distribution and determinants of health-related events, including the application of that knowledge to the prevention and control of health problems. However, epidemiological studies, in most cases, have limited their research questions to determinants of health outcomes. Research related to the application of knowledge for prevention and control of diseases have been neglected. In this comment, we present a description of how population attributable fraction estimates can provide important elements for planning of prevention and control of diseases in Brazil.

RESUMO Epidemiologia é o estudo da ocorrência, distribuição e determinantes de eventos relacionados à saúde da população, incluindo a aplicação desse conhecimento para a prevenção e o controle dos problemas de saúde. Entretanto, estudos epidemiológicos, na maioria das vezes, têm limitado suas perguntas de pesquisa aos fatores determinantes de desfechos em saúde. Pesquisas relacionadas à aplicação do conhecimento para ações de prevenção e controle de doenças têm sido negligenciadas. Nesse comentário, apresentamos uma descrição de como as estimativas de fração atribuível populacional podem fornecer importantes elementos para planejamento de ações de prevenção e controle de doenças no Brasil.

Handgrip strength as a predictor of physical fitness in children and adolescents / Força de preensão manual como preditor de aptidão física em crianças e adolescentes.

The objective of this study was to examine the association between hangrip strength and physical fitness in children and adolescents at different stages of sexual maturation. We measured body composition and handgrip strength in 233 children and adolescents (10 - 17 years-old), who varied in terms of pubertal status. The subjects also performed the vertical jump test, standing long jump and sit-ups, as well as tests of flexibility, agility and speed. The level of energy expenditure was assessed with the international physical activity questionnaire. Handgrip strength differed by pubertal status, regardless of gender, whereas other parameters of physical fitness differed by gender and in the sample as a whole. Handgrip strength was consistently and independently associated with all other physical fitness variables, regardless of gender; some of those were mediated by energy expenditure (i.e., speed in seconds and in meters per second for the sample as a whole). The strength of the association between handgrip strength and physical fitness ranged from 20% (vertical jump test: R 2=.20; P=.001) to 47% (speed in meters per second: R 2=.47; P=.001). Our results support the idea that handgrip strength is consistently associated with several distinct parameters of physical fitness, regardless of age, gender or sexual maturation, suggesting that handgrip strength could be a highly accurate, independent predictor of physical fitness.

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a associação entre a força de preensão manual e a aptidão física de crianças e adolescentes de diferentes estágios de maturação sexual. Foram medidos a composição corporal e a força de preensão em 233 crianças e adolescentes (10 - 17 anos de idade), de diferentes estágios de maturação biológica. Também foram realizados os testes de impulsão vertical sem auxílio dos membros superiores, teste de abdominal, flexibilidade, agilidade e velocidade. O gasto de energético foi avaliado através das respostas ao questionário IPAQ. A força de preensão manual diferiu entre os diferentes estágios de maturação sexual. As outras variáveis de aptidão física diferiram entre os sexos. A força de preensão manual esteve associada com todas as outras variáveis ​​da aptidão física, independentemente do sexo e da maturação sexual. Algumas dessas associações foram mediadas pelo gasto energético. A força da associação entre a força de preensão e de aptidão física variou de 20 % (teste de salto vertical: R2=0,20, P = 0,001) a 47% (velocidade em metros por segundo: R2=0,47, P = 0,001). Nossos resultados suportam a hipótese de que a força de preensão manual está associada com vários parâmetros distintos de aptidão física, independentemente da idade, sexo ou maturação sexual, sugerindo que a força de preensão manual pode ser um preditor da aptidão física geral de crianças e adolescentes. .

Relationship between obesity and biochemical markers in Brazilian adolescents / Relação entre obesidade e biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes de escolas públicas do Brasil

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of biochemical markers and associate with obesity in Brazilian adolescents enrolled in public schools in a rural area. The sample consisted of 199 adolescents between 10 to 14 years old from Piracicaba, Brazil. The obesity was measured by body mass index (BMI) and according to the World Health Organization curves. We collected blood for biochemical markers analysis (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, triacylglycerol, insulin and glycemia). Mann Whitney test was used to compare continuous variables between sexes. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions. To investigate the association between the independent variables and biochemical markers a multiple logistic regression model was performed. Among 199 adolescents, 23.1% was obese and 65.8% were insufficiently active. A high prevalence of dyslipidemia (71.4%) was observed, whereas the low levels of high density lipoprotein (40.7%) were the most prevalent. An association between obesity and undesirable values for high density lipoprotein, triacylglycerol and insulin resistance was found. Obese adolescents were less likely to present a desirable value for high density lipoprotein. It is understood that obesity is detrimental to metabolic profile and should be prevented and treated even in adolescence.

O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever a prevalência de marcadores bioquímicos e associar com a obesidade em adolescentes brasileiros de escolas públicas. A amostra consistiu de 199 adolescentes, de 10 a 14 anos de idade, da cidade de Piracicaba, Brasil. A obesidade foi medida pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) de acordo com as curvas da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Coletamos amostra de sangue para analisar os marcadores bioquímicos (colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade, lipoproteína de baixa densidade, triacilglicerol, insulina e glicemia). O teste Mann Whitney foi utilizado para comparar variáveis contínuas entre meninos e meninas. Para comparar proporções, utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado. Para investigar a associação entre as variáveis independentes e os marcadores bioquímicos, foi realizada a regressão logística multivariada. Dos 199 adolescentes, 23,1% eram obesos e 65,8% insuficientemente ativos. Uma alta prevalência de dislipidemia (71,4%) foi observada, enquanto baixos níveis de lipoproteína da alta densidade foram os mais prevalentes (40,7%). Uma Associação entre obesidade e valores indesejáveis de lipoproteína de baixa densidade, triacilglicerol, e glicemia foi encontrada. Adolescentes obesos tiveram menor probabilidade de apresentar valores adequados de lipoproteína de alta densidade. Os efeitos deletérios da obesidade no perfil metabólico são sabidos e devem ser prevenidos e tratados durante a adolescência.

A prática do futebol acentua os graus de Geno Varo / Does soccer practice stress the degrees of genu varo

Estudos têm mostrado uma varização progressiva entre os períodos de infância e adolescência. Variáveis como idade, peso, ingestão hormonal e vitamínica, ambiente e o treinamento de futebol podem interferir no alinhamento do joelho. OBJETIVOS: A) Comparar o alinhamento do joelho de praticantes e não praticantes de futebol; e B) Determinar associações entre este alinhamento com variáveis antropométricas e neuromotoras da aptidão física. MÉTODOS: A distância intercondilar (DIC) e a intermaleolar (DIM) foram mensuradas em centímetros em 128 adolescentes com idades entre 14 a 17 anos, dentre os quais 65 eram praticantes de futebol e 63 não eram praticantes de tal modalidade. As variáveis antropométricas mensuradas foram peso e estatura, enquanto as neuromotoras inclusas foram agilidade e velocidade. RESULTADOS: Os praticantes de futebol apresentaram graus mais acentuados de joelho varo do que os não jogadores de futebol em todas as idade; entretanto, apenas nos 14 e 17 anos e no grupo total (todas idade juntas) essa diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05). Geno valgo (DIM) tende a ser menor nos praticantes de futebol em todas as idade quando comparados com os não jogadores de futebol; entretanto, tal diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05) apenas nos 17 anos de idade e no grupo total. A DIC nos praticantes de futebol apresentou correlação (p < 0,05) com a agilidade (r = -0,27) e o peso (r = -0,27), enquanto a DIM apresentou correlação (p < 0,05) com o peso (r = 0,26). CONCLUSÃO: Praticantes de futebol mostram um alinhamento do joelho mais acentuado a favor do varismo do que os não praticantes de futebol. Houve associação significativa entre os graus de geno varo e valgo com o peso e a agilidade; nesse sentido, sugere-se mais estudos para explicar essa interessante relação. Os achados do presente estudo suportam a hipótese de que o futebol acentua os graus de geno varo e/ou os sujeitos são selecionados naturalmente para tal prática.

Studies have shown a progressive variation between the childhood and adolescence periods. Variables such as age, weight, vitamin/hormone intake, the environment and soccer training may interfere in the knee alignment. OBJECTIVE: a- to compare the knee alignment in soccer and non-soccer practitioners, and b- to determine associations between this alignment and anthropometric and neuromotor variables. METHODS: The intercondylar (IC) and intermalleolar (IM) distances were measured in centimeters in 128 male aged from 14-17 years, soccer practitioners (n=65) and non-practitioners (n=63). The anthropometric variables measured were: body weight and height, whereas the neuromotor variables included agility and speed. RESULTS: Soccer players revealed a greater degree of genu varum (IC) than non-soccer players in all ages, but just in 14, 17 years-old and total group (all ages together) these differences were statistically significant (p< .05). Genu valgum (IM) tended to be less remarkable in soccer players than in non-soccer players in all ages; however, significant differences were observed only in 17 years and total group (p< .05). The IC distances in soccer players correlated (p< .05) with agility (r= .-27), weight (r= .-27); while IM distances correlated (p< .05) with weight(r=.26). CONCLUSION: Soccer players showed more remarkable genu varum than the non-soccer players. There was a significant association between degrees of varus and valgum with body weight and agility. Such fact deserves further investigation in order to explain this interesting correlation. Present findings support the hypothesis that soccer leads to greater varus and/or this sport naturally selects subjects with a certain degree of varus.