Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane and pre-medicated with isolated acepromazine or in combination with tramadol / [Pressão intraocular e diâmetro pupilar em gatos saudáveis anestesiados com isoflurano e pré-medicados com acepromazina isolada ou em combinação com tramadol]

The objective of this study was to determine changes on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane, and premedicated with acepromazine alone or in combination with tramadol. Thirty cats were allocated in two groups (n=15/each) and were treated with acepromazine (AG) or acepromazine/tramadol (ATG). PD and IOP were assessed before and following 30 (PM1), and 40 minutes (PM2) of treatments. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, and IOP and DP were recorded (A10) at 10 minute intervals until the end of anesthesia (A40). IOP decreased in AG and ATG, when comparing baseline with PM1. IOP decreased only in AG, in comparisons between baseline and PM2. During anesthesia, IOP did not change within and between groups. Comparisons between baseline with those recorded at PM1 and 2 showed that PD increased in the ATG. During anesthesia, PD decreased significantly in AG and ATG. Both protocols maintained the IOP within the reference range to perform corneal or intraocular surgery in healthy cats but did not sustain pre-anesthetic pupil dilation observed in ATG.(AU)

O objetivo do presente artigo é determinar possíveis alterações na pressão intraocular (PIO) e no diâmetro pupilar (DP) em gatos saudáveis anestesiados com isoflurano e pré-medicados com acepromazina isolada ou em combinação com acepromazina/tramadol. Trinta gatos saudáveis foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=15/cada) e tratados com acepromazina (GA) ou acepromazina/tramadol (GAT). DP e PIO foram avaliadas antes (basal) e após 30 (PM1) e 40 minutos (PM2) dos tratamentos. A anestesia foi induzida com propofol, e a PIO e o DP foram registrados (A10) a cada 10 minutos até o final da anestesia com isoflurano (A40). Ao se compararem os valores obtidos no basal com PM1, a PIO diminuiu em GA e GAT; com PM2, a PIO reduziu apenas no GA. Durante a anestesia, a PIO não diferiu dentro e entre os grupos. Comparações entre os valores basais e os registrados em PM1 e em PM2 mostraram que a DP aumentou significativamente no GAT. Durante a anestesia, o DP diminuiu significativamente em GA e GAT. Ambos os protocolos mantêm a PIO dentro dos valores de referência para realizar cirurgias corneanas ou intraoculares em gatos saudáveis, mas não sustentam a dilatação pupilar pré-anestésica observada em GAT.(AU)

Footwear designed to enhance energy return improves running economy compared to a minimalist footwear: does it matter for running performance?

The present study compared the effects of a footwear designed to enhance energy return (thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU) vs minimalist shoes on running economy (RE) and endurance performance. In this counterbalanced and crossover design study, 11 recreational male runners performed two submaximal constant-speed running tests and two 3-km time-trials with the two shoe models. Oxygen uptake was measured during submaximal constant-speed running tests in order to determine the RE at 12 km/h and oxygen cost of running (CTO2) at individual average speed sustained during the 3-km running time-trials wearing either of the two shoes. Our results revealed that RE was improved (2.4%) with TPU shoes compared with minimalist shoes (P=0.01). However, there was no significant difference for CTO2 (P=0.61) and running performance (P=0.52) comparing the TPU (710±60 s) and the minimalist (718±63 s) shoe models. These novel findings demonstrate that shoes with enhanced mechanical energy return (i.e. TPU) produced a lower energy cost of running at low (i.e., 12 km/h) but not at high speeds (i.e., average speed sustained during the 3-km running time-trial, ∼15 km/h), ultimately resulting in similar running performance compared to the minimalist shoe.

Chronic osteomyelitis in canine penile bone: case report / Osteomielite crônica em osso peniano canino: relato de caso

A 10-year-old male mixed-breed dog was admitted for recurrent signs of urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinary bladder ultrasonography revealed decreased thickness of its wall with floating hyperopic particles within its lumen. Ultrasonography revealed a structure invading the dorsal wall of the penile urethral lumen, located in a segment distal to the bladder. Radiographies showed bone resorption with proliferation at the caudal aspect of the penile bone, stricture of the final aspect of the penile urethra, and no radiopaque images compatible with a urethrolith. Computed tomography showed bone proliferation causing stricture of the urethral lumen at two different sites. Presumptive diagnosis of penile neoplasia was considered more likely and the dog underwent penectomy along with orchiectomy and scrotal urethrostomy. Enterobacter spp. was cultured from the urine sample and antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that the bacterium was susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, and meropenem. Histopathology revealed severe suppurative urethritis, bone resorption, and hyperostosis, suggestive of osteomyelitis of the penile bone. Neoplastic cells were not observed at any part of the examined tissue. The findings in the present case suggest that osteomyelitis of the penile bone should be included in differential diagnosis for partial and complete urethral obstruction in dogs with recurrent UTI.(AU)

Um cão mestiço, com 10 anos, foi admitido por sinais recorrentes de infecção do trato urinário (ITU). A ultrassonografia da bexiga urinária revelou diminuição da espessura de sua parede com partículas flutuantes dentro de seu lúmen. A ultrassonografia demonstrou estrutura invadindo a parede dorsal do lúmen da uretra peniana, localizada em segmento distal à bexiga. Radiografias evidenciaram reabsorção óssea com proliferação no aspecto caudal do osso peniano, estenose do aspecto final da uretra peniana e ausência de imagens radiopacas compatíveis com uretrólito. Pela tomografia computadorizada, observou-se proliferação óssea causando estreitamento da luz uretral em dois locais diferentes. Diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasia peniana foi considerado mais provável e o cão foi submetido à penectomia, juntamente com orquiectomia e uretrostomia escrotal. Enterobacter spp. foi cultivada da amostra de urina e testes de sensibilidade revelaram susceptibilidade ao amicacina, imipenem e ao meropenem. A histopatologia revelou uretrite supurativa grave, reabsorção óssea e hiperostose compatível com osteomielite do osso peniano. Células neoplásicas não foram observadas em nenhuma parte do tecido examinado. Os achados do presente caso sugerem que a osteomielite do osso peniano deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de obstrução uretral parcial e completa em cães com ITU recorrente.(AU)

Physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial activity in novel systems containing buriti oil and structured lipids nanoemulsions.

Buriti oil nanoemulsions were prepared using non-interesterified buriti oil or buriti oil interesterified for 6 or 24 h (NBO, NBO6h, and NBO24 h), respectively. The aim was to investigate the effects of interesterified oils on the physicochemical and biological properties of nanoemulsions. Samples were stored at 4 and 25 °C for 30 days, and their physicochemical properties and biological activities were evaluated. The mean droplet diameter of nanoemulsions ranged from 196 to 270 nm. NBO24 h had the smallest droplet size and was the most stable during the storage period. Furthermore, NBO24 h demonstrating the good oxidative stability, had a high antioxidant capacity, and was less susceptible to droplet aggregation. NBO and NBO24 h had similar biological activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli O157: H7); bacterial growth was inhibited by at least 60% at 3.12 mg mL-1. The nanoemulsions have interesting properties for the production of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food formulations with antimicrobial activity.

Physical approach for a quantitative analysis of the phytosterols in free phytosterol-oil blends by X-ray Rietveld method.

This study investigates and compares the thermal phase transition and crystallization characteristics of a commercial food grade free phytosterol blend (FP) with a stigmasterol analytical standard (SS), the FP behavior in a food model system after its addition to high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO). The properties of the FP:HOSO blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, solid content, crystal morphology, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The Rietveld method (RM) was applied associated with the XRD measurements to support phase analysis and the study of crystallinity degree. The materials were also characterized by means of chemical composition, such as fatty acids and triacylglycerol profiles, for HOSO, and phytosterol profile, for FP. Regarding phase behavior and crystallinity properties, FP has very similar characteristics to SS. The thermal behavior of FP:HOSO blends has two characteristic peaks, one from FP and the other from HOSO. The similarity reported in the literature between the diffraction pattern of FP and pure phytosterols is a positive characteristic for FP. A high FP concentration resulted in high supersaturation and thus the formation of small crystals. The incorporation of HOSO reduced of the large agglomeration of FP crystals and the dispersion crystalline aggregates (spherulites) of FP crystals. The application of RM in FP:HOSO blends to quantify the crystalline and amorphous phases was successfully used. The application has provided the expected value for these phases, according to the same experimental mass ratio of the blends, thereby validating the applicability of this approach in this type of material.

Evaluation of cell toxicity and DNA and protein binding of green synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared by GREEN chemistry relying on the reduction of AgNO3 by phytochemicals present in black tea extract. AgNPs were fully characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy ((UV-vis)), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive absorption spectroscopy (EDS). The synthesized AgNPs induced a decrease of the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner with a low IC50 (0.5 ±â€¯0.1 µM) for an ovarian carcinoma cell line (A2780) compared to primary human fibroblasts (IC50 5.0 ±â€¯0.1 µM). The DNA binding capability of CT (calf thymus) DNA was investigated using electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, circular dichroism and viscosity titration methods. Additionally, the AgNPs strongly quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA, as determined by synchronous fluorescence spectra.

Impacto do grau de uveíte em diferentes tipos de úlceras de córneas em cães submetidos ao enxerto pediculado de conjuntiva bulbar - 34 casos / Impact of uveitis score on different types of corneal ulcers in dogs subjected to the bulbar conjunctival pedicle graft - 34 cases

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os resultados de 34 olhos submetidos ao enxerto conjuntival pediculado (ECP) em ceratites ulcerativas profundas (n=5), em ceratites ulcerativas com colagenólise (n=2), descemetocele (n=7), perfuração corneal (n=15) e prolapso de íris (n=5). Os impactos do grau de uveíte e da integridade da córnea foram correlacionados com presença e ausência de visão por tabelas de contingência. Raças braquicefálicas foram acometidas em 91,11% dos casos. O número de córneas consideradas perfuradas [20/34 (58,82%)] foi maior que o de córneas íntegras [14/34 (41,17%)]. Ao 50º dia de pós-operatório, o número de olhos visuais que apresentavam córneas íntegras previamente às cirurgias (n=13) não diferiu significativamente dos olhos com córneas perfuradas (n=12) (P=0,05). Avaliações relativas ao grau de uveíte, revelaram que a metade dos casos foi considerada severa [17/34 (50%)] e na outra metade as uveítes foram consideradas discretas. Dos 17 casos que apresentaram uveíte severa, oito recuperaram a visão. Já nos 17 olhos onde a uveíte foi considerada leve, 15 mantiveram a visão ao final do período de avaliação. Apesar de a integridade da córnea não se correlacionar com a severidade da uveíte (P=0,48), constatou-se que o número de olhos visuais com uveíte discreta foi significativamente maior que os olhos com uveíte severa (P=0,006). Neste estudo, a taxa geral de sucesso visual após ECP foi de 73,52% e a integridade da córnea não exerceu impacto significativo sobre a manutenção da visão. Todavia, olhos acometidos por uveítes severas apresentaram menor chance de recuperar a visão.(AU)

The present study aimed to evaluate the results of 34 eyes of dogs presenting deep corneal ulcer (n=5), colagenolytic corneal ulcer (n=2), descemetocele (n=7), corneal perforation (n=15), and iris prolapse (n=5) that were corrected by the bulbar conjuntival pedicle graft (CPG). The uveitis score and the corneal integrity were correlated with the presence or absence of vision by contingency tables. Brachycephalic breeds accounted for 91.11% of all cases. The number of perforated corneas [20/34 (58.82%)] were higher than the non-perforated ones [14/34 (41.17%)]. At post-operative day 50, the number of visual eyes with non-perforated corneas before surgery (n=13) did not differ significantly from the eyes with perforated corneas (n=12) (P = 0.05). In half of the cases, uveitis score was considered severe [17/34 (50%)], and in the other half, mild. Eight out of 17 eyes classified with severe uveitis regained vision. In 17 eyes where uveitis score was considered mild, 16 regained vision at the end of the study. Although corneal integrity was non-correlated with the uveitis score (P = 0.48), the number of visual eyes scored with mild uveitis were significantly larger than the eyes with severe uveitis (P = 0.006). In this study, the overall success visual rate after CPG was 73,52% % and the corneal integrity did not play an important role regarding maintenance of vision. However, eyes presenting severe uveitis score had less chance to regain vision.(AU)

Effect of 0, 15% sodium hialuronate and 0, 5% carboxymethylcellulose on tear film breakup time in healthy dogs and in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Efeito do hialuronato de sódio a 0, 15% e da carboximetilcelulose sódica a 0, 5% no tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal de cães saudáveis e com ceratoconjuntivite seca

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the 0.15% sodium hyaluronate (SH) and of 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on tear film breakup time (TFBUT) in 10 healthy dogs and in 32 eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivis sicca (KCS). In addition, the goblet cell density (GCD) of this population was quantified. TFBUT was assessed at baseline and at different time points following the instillation of SH and CMC. KCS was graded as mild, moderate, and severe. GCD were quantified from conjunctival biopsies. The number of GCD differed significantly between patients with mild and moderate KCS (P<0.01). TFBUT of healthy dogs increased only for 1 minute after treatment with SH (P<0.01). Regarding baseline and treatments, SH significantly increased TFBUT for up to 30 minutes on the ocular surface, in comparison to CMC, in all categories of KCS (P<0.01). TFBUT and GCD correlated positively when the healthy and diseased eyes were grouped (r=0.41, P=0.006). It can be concluded that in dogs with KCS, SH lasts longer periods on the ocular surface than CMC, but such agents does not increase TFBUT in healthy dogs. Additionally, tear film stability tends to reduce in a linear fashion from the mild to severe form of KCS.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do hialuronato de sódio a 0,15% (HS) e da carboximetilcelulose a 0,5% (CMC) no teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL) em 10 cães saudáveis e em 32 olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). Ademais, quantificou-se a densidade de células caliciformes (DCC) deles. Mensurou-se o TRFL em momentos distintos antes e após a instilação do HS e da CMC. Graduou-se a CCS em leve, moderada e severa. Quantificou-se a DCC a partir de biópsias conjuntivais. A DCC diferiu apenas entre pacientes com CCS leve e severa (P<0,01). Em cães saudáveis, o TRFL se elevou apenas após um minuto do tratamento com HS (P<0,01). Relativamente ao período basal e entre os tratamentos, o HS elevou o TRFL de forma mais eficaz e permaneceu por até 30 minutos na superfície ocular, comparativamente à CMC, em todas as categorias de CCS (P<0,01). Ao se agruparem os olhos saudáveis e os com CCS, o TRFL se correlacionou com a DCC (r=0.41, P=0.006). Conclui-se que o HS permanece por maior tempo na superfície ocular que a CMC em cães com CCS, mas que tais substâncias não elevam o TRFL em cães saudáveis. Ademais, a estabilidade do filme lacrimal tende a se reduzir de modo linear da forma leve até à severa da CCS.(AU)

Ocular manifestations of leishmaniasis in a cat: first case report from Brazil / Manifestações oculares da leishmaniose em um gato: primeiro relato de caso do Brasil

An 8-year-old domestic short hair female cat initially presented with bilateral uveitis with pseudotumoral appearance. The patient tested negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and Toxoplasma gondii. Histopathology of a granulomatous lesion on the upper left conjunctiva revealed amastigotes compatible with Leishmania spp. Aqueous humor was aspired and the diagnosis was confirmed after isolation of promastigotes cultivated in biphasic NNN medium and by positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Leishmania infantum. Treatment with allopurinol (10mg/kg/ BID/PO) was commenced and a natural insect repellent was prescribed. Six months of treatment with allopurinol associated with the initial topical medications helped to improve ocular signs. Leishmaniasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats presenting uveitis with pseudotumoral appearance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of feline leishmaniasis with ocular manifestation in Brazil, in which diagnosis was confirmed by aqueous humor analysis.(AU)

Uma gata, sem raça definida, de oito anos de idade, foi atendida inicialmente com uveíte bilateral, com aparência pseudotumoral em íris. Foi realizado teste para o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV), da leucemia felina (FeLV) e de Toxoplasma gondii, obtendo-se resultados negativos. O exame histopatológico da conjuntiva superior do olho esquerdo revelou amastigotas compatíveis com Leishmania spp. Foi realizada paracentese, e promastigotas foram isoladas no humor aquoso, cultivadas em meio NNN bifásica. Reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) confirmou diagnóstico positivo para Leishmania infantum. Tratamento com alopurinol (10mg/kg/BID/PO) foi iniciado, e um repelente natural de insetos foi prescrito. Seis meses de tratamento com alopurinol associado aos medicamentos tópicos iniciais ajudaram a melhorar os sinais oculares. Leishmaniose deve ser considerada como um diagnóstico diferencial nos gatos que apresentam uveíte com aparência pseudotumoral de íris. Até o presente momento, este é o primeiro relato de leishmaniose felina com manifestação exclusivamente ocular da doença no Brasil cujo diagnóstico foi confirmado por meio de análise de humor aquoso.(AU)

Effects of timolol maleate, levobunolol and apraclonidine on intraocular pressure, pupil size, blood pressure and heart rate in beagles / Efeitos do maleato de timolol, do levobunolol e da apraclonidina sobre a pressão intraocular, o diâmetro pupilar, a pressão sanguínea e a frequência cardíaca, em cães da raça Beagle

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil size (PS), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and ECG variables (Pms wave PmV, PR interval, QRS complex, RMV wave and QT intervals) over time during the instillation of 0.5% timolol, 0.5% levobunolol and 0.5% apraclonidine in clinically normal dogs. Ten adult beagles were used. Baseline values were measured at 8a.m., 2p.m. and 8p.m., for three consecutive days. A waiting period of 10 days between the administrations of each drug was established. For 15 consecutive days, the drug being tested was instilled in one eye of each dog twice a day (7a.m. and 7p.m.). The parameters were evaluated at the aforementioned times on days 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15. Data were statistically compared using the Bonferroni test and one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (P<0.05). The Pearson test was used to evaluate any correlation between QT interval, HR and BP. The tested drugs did not find a decrease in IOP. A significant decreased in PS was observed in almost all dogs following levobunolol administration, relative to the control eye. A significant decrease in HR was observed on day 3 following levobunolol treatment, while apraclonidine induced an increase on day 15. Blood pressure was reduced in all measurement time points following apraclonidine treatment. A negative correlation between QT interval and HR was only observed in dogs treated with timolol. In conclusion, levobunolol was the only drug that induced significant alterations in PS. Apraclonidine was the only drug that induced systemic hypotension. Timolol was the only drug to that induced a negative correlation between QT and HR.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as mudanças na pressão intraocular (PIO), no diâmetro pupilar (DP), na pressão sanguínea (PS), na frequência cardíaca (FC) e nas variáveis eletrocardiográficas (onda Pms, PmV, intervalo PR, complexo QRS, onda RmV e intervalo QT), ao longo do tempo da instilação do timolol 0,5%, do levobunolol 0,5% e da apraclonidina 0,5% em cães clinicamente normais. Dez Beagles adultos compuseram o estudo. Valores basais foram mensurados às oito,, 14 e 20 horas, durante três dias consecutivos. Foi instituído um período de espera de 10 dias entre a administração de cada fármaco. Durante 15 dias consecutivos, um olho de cada animal recebeu uma gota de cada um deles, a intervalos de 12 horas (às sete e às 19 horas). Os parâmetros foram avaliados nos momentos acima referidos, nos dias três, seis, nove, 12 e 15. Os dados foram comparados estatisticamente empregando-se o teste de Bonferroni após análise de variância para medidas repetidas (P<0,05). Teste de Pearson foi utilizado para correlação entre o intervalo QT com a FC e a PS. Não se encontrou diminuição da PIO. Observou-se redução significativa do DP na quase totalidade dos animais que receberam levobunol, relativamente ao olho controle. Diminuição significativa da FC foi vista ao terceiro dia após a administração do levobunolol, enquanto apraclonidina induziu aumento no 15º dia. A pressão arterial foi reduzida em todos os momentos com a apraclonidina. Observou-se correlação negativa entre o intervalo QT e a FC apenas nos indivíduos tratados com o timolol. Em conclusão, levobunolol foi o único fármaco que induziu alterações significativas no DP. A apraclonidina foi o único fármaco que induziu hipotensão sistêmica significativa. O timolol foi o único a ensejar correlação negativa entre o intervalo QT e a FC.(AU)

Aspectos clínicos, cirúrgicos, histológicos e pós-operatórios de oito cadelas com leiomioma vaginal / Clinical, surgical, histological and postoperative aspects in the case of eight bitches with vaginal leiomyoma

O presente trabalho reporta as características clínicas e cirúrgicas de oito casos de cadelas portadoras de leiomioma vaginal, com histórico de aumento de volume na região perineal, aparecimento de massa pela vulva, disquezia, tenesmo e disúria. As pacientes foram submetidas à cirurgia de episiotomia para ressecção da massa neoplásica, e em quatro casos foi necessária a ovariossalpingo-histerectomia. Porém, uma delas apresentou recidiva, e, no segundo procedimento cirúrgico de exérese de neoformação, o histopatológico diagnosticou leiomiossarcoma. A paciente ainda apresentou mais duas recidivas, até o proprietário optar pela eutanásia. Decorridos quatro meses, as sete cadelas diagnosticadas com leiomioma não apresentaram recidiva, e os proprietários relataram ausência de sinais relacionados com a doença descrita. Conclui-se que a episiotomia para ressecção da massa vaginal e a ovariossalpingo-histerectomia nas cadelas inteiras nos casos de tumores vaginais benignos são tratamentos satisfatórios, com bom prognóstico, ao contrário do leiomiossarcoma.

This study reports the clinical and surgical procedures of eight cases of bitches with vaginal leiomyoma. All animals presented increased volume in the perineal region, and exteriorization of the vulva, dyschezia, tenesmus and dysuria. The patients underwent episiotomy surgery for resection of the neoplastic mass, and ovariosalpingohisterectomy in four cases. However, one had recurrence on the second surgical procedure for removal of neoformation, histopathological diagnosed leiomyosarcoma, the patient also had two more relapses, until the owner chose euthanasia. After four months, the seven dogs diagnosed with leiomyoma showed no recurrence and the owners reported no signs of the disease described. We concluded that episiotomy for vaginal mass resection combined with ovariohysterectomy in cases of benign vaginal tumors have shown satisfactory treatment with good prognostic.

Highly efficient and reusable CNT supported iron(ii) catalyst for microwave assisted alcohol oxidation.

The highly efficient eco-friendly synthesis of ketones (yields over 99%) from secondary alcohols is achieved by combination of [FeCl2{η(3)-HC(pz)3}] (pz = pyrazol-1-yl) supported on functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and microwave irradiation, in a solvent-free medium. The carbon homoscorpionate iron(ii) complex is the first one of this class to be used as catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols.

Cytocompatibility of HEMA-free resin-based luting cements according to application protocols on dentine surfaces.

AIM: To evaluate the transdentinal cytotoxicity of resin-based luting cements (RBLCs), with no HEMA in their composition, to odontoblast-like cells. METHODOLOGY: Human dentine discs 0.3 mm thick were adapted to artificial pulp chambers (APCs) and placed in wells of 24-well plates containing 1 mL of culture medium (DMEM). Two categories of HEMA-free RBLCs were evaluated: group 1, self-adhesive Rely X Unicem (RU; 3M ESPE), applied directly to the dentine substrate; and group 2, Rely X ARC (RARC; 3M ESPE), applied to dentine previously acid-etched and treated with a bonding agent. In group 3 (control), considered as representing 100% cell metabolic activity, no treatment was performed on dentine. The APC/disc sets were incubated for 24 h or 7 days at 37 °C and 5% CO2 . Then, the extracts (DMEM + dental materials components that diffused through dentine) were applied to cultured odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells for 24 h. After that, the cell viability (MTT assay), cell morphology (SEM), total protein production (TP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were assessed. Data from MTT assay and TP production were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α = 5%). Data from ALP activity were analysed by one-way anova and Tukey's test (α = 5%). RESULTS: In group 1, a slight reduction in cell viability (11.6% and 16.8% for 24-h and 7-day periods, respectively) and ALP activity (13.5% and 17.9% for 24-h and 7-day periods, respectively) was observed, with no significant difference from group 3 (control) (P > 0.05). In group 2, a significant reduction in cell viability, TP production and ALP activity compared with group 3 (control) occurred (P < 0.05), regardless of incubation time. Alteration in MDPC-23 cell morphology was observed only in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: HEMA-free Rely X ARC cement caused greater toxicity to odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells than did Rely X Unicem cement when both resin-based luting materials were applied to dentine as recommended by the manufacturer.

Electroretinography and immunohistochemistry of retina in rabbits treated with sildenafil citrate / Eletrorretinografia e imuno-histoquímica da retina de coelhos tratados com citrato de sildenafil

Sildenafil citrate is a type-5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE-5), able to inhibit type-6 phosphodiesterase (PDE-6) as well, providing clinical benefits and paraeffects, some of them potentially related to the retina. The effects of the sildenafil on the retrobulbar and retinal circulation were studied in 27 adult male rabbits of the White New Zealand breed. The electric activity of the retina was evaluated before and at the end of the treatments, and immunohistochemistry studies were conducted. An amplitude increase of the b wave was found in the mixed response of cones and rods after 7 days of treatment with sildenafil citrate. However, in the other evaluations and periods, the values did not differ from the basal ones. Through immunohistochemistry, no significant decrease of the expression of PDE-5 and PDE-6 proteins was observed. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to admit that the sildenafil citrate did not change the expression of PDE-5 and PDE-6, neither the electroretinographic activity of the retina of male rabbits of the White New Zealand breed.

O citrato de sildenafil é um inibidor da fosfodiesterase do tipo 5 (PDE-5), capaz de inibir também a fosfodiesterase do tipo 6 (PDE-6), proporcionando benefícios clínicos e paraefeitos, alguns deles potencialmente relacionados à retina. Foram estudados efeitos do sildenafil sobre a circulação retrobulbar e a retiniana em 27 coelhos machos adultos, da raça Nova Zelândia Branco. Avaliou-se a atividade elétrica da retina antes e ao término dos tratamentos e realizaram-se estudos à imunoistoquímica. Encontrou-se aumento da amplitude da onda b na resposta mista de cones e de bastonetes, após 7 dias de tratamento com citrato de sildenafil. Entretanto, nas demais avaliações e períodos, os valores não divergiram dos basais. Pela imunoistoquímica, não se observou diminuição significativa da expressão das proteínas PDE-5 e PDE-6. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é possível admitir que o citrato de sildenafil não alterou a expressão de PDE-5 e PDE-6, tampouco, a atividade eletrorretinográfica da retina de coelhos machos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco.

Effect of image resolution manipulation in rearfoot angle measurements obtained with photogrammetry

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of image resolution manipulation on the photogrammetric measurement of the rearfoot static angle. The study design was that of a reliability study. We evaluated 19 healthy young adults (11 females and 8 males). The photographs were taken at 1536 pixels in the greatest dimension, resized into four different resolutions (1200, 768, 600, 384 pixels) and analyzed by three equally trained examiners on a 96-pixels per inch (ppi) screen. An experienced physiotherapist marked the anatomic landmarks of rearfoot static angles on two occasions within a 1-week interval. Three different examiners had marked angles on digital pictures. The systematic error and the smallest detectable difference were calculated from the angle values between the image resolutions and times of evaluation. Different resolutions were compared by analysis of variance. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability was calculated by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). The rearfoot static angles obtained by the examiners in each resolution were not different (P > 0.05); however, the higher the image resolution the better the inter-examiner reliability. The intra-examiner reliability (within a 1-week interval) was considered to be unacceptable for all image resolutions (ICC range: 0.08-0.52). The whole body image of an adult with a minimum size of 768 pixels analyzed on a 96-ppi screen can provide very good inter-examiner reliability for photogrammetric measurements of rearfoot static angles (ICC range: 0.85-0.92), although the intra-examiner reliability within each resolution was not acceptable. Therefore, this method is not a proper tool for follow-up evaluations of patients within a therapeutic protocol.

Nutritional status, dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin C upon diagnosis of cancer in children and adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of malnutrition upon diagnosis, together with reduced food intake secondary to disease and treatment, make the periodic assessment of nutritional status (including the intake of antioxidant nutrients) of considerable importance to the follow up of patients with cancer. OBJECTIVES: Assess the nutritional status and frequency of inadequate vitamin C levels among children and adolescents with cancer at the beginning of treatment and determine associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 30 patients under 18 years. Nutritional status was assessed using laboratory methods and anthropometric measurements. Vitamin C adequacy was assessed through its serum concentration and dietary intake. RESULTS: In the sample, 10% were short for their age and 13.3% were underweight. The triceps skinfold measurement revealed fat depletion in 68% and the arm muscle circumference measurement revealed muscle depletion in 32.0%. Seventy percent of the patients had vitamin C deficiency and had greater weight loss, lower Z scores for all anthropometric indicators analyzed, lower serum albumin and higher C-reactive protein than those without vitamin C deficiency, but these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Children with cancer may have nutritional deficits upon diagnosis. Further studies are needed on the association between serum levels of antioxidant and nutritional status in order to offer safe, effective nutritional support.

Ultrasonographic analysis of senile cataractous lens of dogs and its correlation to phacoemulsification / Análise ultrassonográfica da lente cataratogênica senil de cães e sua correlação com parâmetros de facoemulsificação

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a computer-assisted ultrasound analysis of senile dogs cataractous lens and identify its correlation to phacoemulsification surgical parameters. Simultaneous A- and B- mode ultrasonic evaluation of the lens was performed on 15 dogs with cataract. A computer-assisted image analysis was used to objectively calculate the lens echogenicity. Following ultrasonographic examination the cataracts were removed by phacoemulsification and the ultrasonographic and phacoemulsification findings were compared to identify possible correlations. Lens echogenicity obtained by the computer-assisted ultrasonographic analysis correlated to the phacoemulsification time, such that the whiter the ultrasound image, the longer was the phacoemulsification time. The B-mode ultrasonography was helpful for the prediction of lens opacity location, but not predictive of lens hardness.

Avaliou-se a eficácia da análise ultrassonográfica, assistida por computador, da lente cataratogênica senil de cães e identificou-se sua correlação com parâmetros da facoemulsificação. A avaliação ultrassonográfica da lente em modos A e B simultâneos foi realizada em 15 cães portadores de catarata. Procedeu-se à análise das imagens, assistida por computador. Posteriormente, os olhos selecionados foram submetidos à facoemulsificação. Os achados ultrassonográficos e a facoemulsificação foram comparados visando à identificação de possíveis correlações. A ecogenicidade obtida por meio da análise ultrassonográfica correlacionou-se diretamente com o tempo de facoemulsificação, de maneira que quanto mais branca a imagem ultrassonográfica, maior o tempo de facoemulsificação. A ultrassonografia em modo-B auxiliou na predição da localização das opacidades lenticulares, porém não auxiliou na predição da dureza da lente.

Evaluation of tear production with modified Schirmer tear test-1 during the neonatal period in cats / Avaliação da produção lacrimal pelo teste da lágrima de Schirmer-1 modificado durante o período neonatal em gatos

The study aimed to evaluate tear production by means of modified Schirmer tear tes-1 (mSTT-1) in neonate cats. Likewise, correlation between mSTT-1 and STT-1 was assessed in vitro. Standard SST strips were cut in half and after eye lid opening, tear production of neonates (n=15) was daily measured in both eyes (mSTT-1), until the 7th day, and at day 14, 21, and 28. Animals were daily weighted until 28 days of age. Results were compared statistically (P<0.05). During the first 7 days, the overall mSTT-1 mean was 0.76 wetting/minute. Significant differences between right and left eyes were not observed at any time point (P=1.00). Tear secretion increased significantly, from the 14th to 28th day, in comparison with 7 first days (P<0.05). Positive correlation between maturity parameters and tear secretion was observed (P<0.0001). Distance between slopes of each strip changed significantly (P<0.0001). It was concluded that tear secretion in the neonatal period of cats is very below the reference values described for young and adults of the same species. It is not possible to extrapolate results obtained with mSTT-1 to standard STT-1.

Objetivou-se avaliar a produção lacrimal, por meio do teste da lágrima de Schirmer-1 modificado (TLS-1m) em gatos neonatos. Outrossim, estabelecer in vitro a existência de correlação entre o TLS e o TLS-1m. Tiras pa-dronizadas para realização do TLS foram partidas ao meio e após a abertura das pálpebras, a produção lacrimal dos neonatos (n=15) foi aferida em ambos os olhos (TLS-1m), diariamente, até o sétimo e aos 14, 21 e 28 dias. Os animais foram pesados diariamente até os 28 dias de idade. Os resultados foram comparados estatisticamente (p<0,05). Durante os primeiros sete dias de avaliação, a média geral obtida pelo TLS-1m foi de 0,76±0,08 mm/minuto. Não se constatou diferença significativa entre os olhos direito e esquerdo, em nenhum dos períodos avaliados (p=1,00). A produção lacrimal elevou-se significativamente, do 14º até o 28º dia, comparativamente aos primeiros sete dias (p<0,05). Observou-se correlação positiva entre parâmetros de maturidade e a produção lacrimal (p<0,0001). A distância entre as linhas de cada tira foi significativa (p<0,0001). Conclui-se que a produção lacrimal no período neonatal em gatos é bem inferior aos valores de referência descritos para adultos e jovens da mesma espécie. Não é possível extrapolar valores obtidos com o TLS-1 modificado para o TLS-1 padrão.

A- and B-modes echobiometry in cataractous and noncataractous eyes of English Cocker Spaniel dogs / Ecobiometria nos modos A e B, de olhos de cães da raça Cocker Spaniel Inglês com e sem catarata

A- and B-modes ultrasonographic changes in the thickness of various structures of the eyeball in male and female English Cocker Spaniel dogs with and without nondiabetic cataracts were evaluated. Sixteen dogs with cataracts (32 eyes) and seven normal dogs (14 eyes) older than eight years were selected. A- and B-modes ultrasonography was performed with a 10MHz transducer. Data was statistically evaluated by one way ANOVA. Mean and standard deviations of various ocular structures for dogs with and without cataracts were, respectively, anterior chamber: 3.041±0.828mm, 3.373±1.040mm; lens: 6.817±1.117mm, 7.062±0.477mm; vitreous: 10.056±0.754mm, 9.523±0.705mm; and axial length: 19.909±1.103mm, 19.958±1.050mm. Ocular measurements between right and left eyes, males and females, as well as in eyes with and without cataract were not different (P>0.05).

Avaliaram-se as alterações na dimensão de estruturas do bulbo do olho de cães da raça Cocker Spaniel Inglês, machos e fêmeas, com ou sem catarata não diabética. Dezesseis animais com catarata (n = 32 olhos) com idade acima de oito anos e um grupo-controle, composto por sete cães, com idades também acima de oito anos, sem catarata (n = 14 olhos) compuseram a pesquisa. Realizou-se ultrassonografia transcorneana nos modos A e B com transdutor de 10MHz. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste Tukey para comparação de médias. O comprimento axial do bulbo do olho dos animais com catarata e dos animais do grupo-controle foram, respectivamente, 19,909±1,103mm e 19,958±1,050mm. Para a câmara anterior, encontraram-se 3,041±0,828mm; 3,373±1,040mm, respectivamente. Para o diâmetro lenticular, os valores foram 6,817±1,117mm e 7,062±0,477mm, respectivamente, e para o segmento posterior, 10,056±0,754mm e 9,523±0,705mm, respectivamente. Não se encontraram diferenças significativas entre olhos com catarata e do grupo-controle, tampouco entre machos e fêmeas com e sem catarata, nem entre olhos direitos e esquerdos (P>0,05).

Soropositividade e lesões sugestivas de brucelose em bovinos abatidos no estado de Tocantins, Brasil / Serumpositivity and lesions suggestive of brucellosis in cattle slaughtered in Tocantins state, Brazil

De outubro a dezembro de 2007, 845 amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 836 vacas (98,9%) e nove touros (1,1%), em um matadouro com inspeção federal no Estado do Tocantins. Cento e quarenta e duas amostras [(16,8%) IC 95% 14,3-19,4] tiveram reação positiva ao teste do antígeno acidificado e tamponado de Brucella abortus. Um touro foi positivo ao teste. Quinhentos e sessenta e um bovinos (66,3%) procederam do Estado do Pará e 284 (33,7%) do Estado do Tocantins. A prevalência de soropositividade foi de 17,2% [IC (95%) 13,6 - 19,9] e de 16,6% [IC (95%) 13,0 - 22,2] para o gado do Pará e Tocantins, respectivamente. Estas prevalências não são significativamente diferentes (p > 0,05). Nenhuma das vacas tinha registro de vacinação contra brucelose. Os exames "ante e post-mortem" não detectaram qualquer sinal ou lesão sugestiva à brucelose, como descargas vaginais, orquites, artrites ou bursites [(0,00%) IC 95% 0,00-0,43] em todos os bovinos da amostra. Esta situação, associada às altas prevalências da doença e à falta de diagnóstico da brucelose nos rebanhos, aumenta o número de bovinos infectados abatidos sob condições sanitárias inadequadas, o risco de contaminação dos trabalhadores e a colocação no mercado, sem restrição, de carne de animais infectados.

From October to December 2007, 845 blood samples were collected from 836 cows (98.9%) and nine bulls (1.1%), in a slaughterhouse with federal inspection in the state of Tocantins. One hundred and forty-two samples [(16.8%) 95% CI 14.3-19.4] had positive reaction to the plate agglutination test carried out with acidified and buffered antigen of Brucella abortus. One bull was positive to the test. Five hundred and sixty one bovines came from the State of Pará (66.3%) and 284 (33.7%) came from the State of Tocantins. The prevalence of serum positivity was 17.2% [CI (95%) 13.6 ­ 19.9] and 16.6% [CI (95%) 13.0 ­ 22.2] for cattle came from Pará and Tocantins, respectively, with no significant difference between these frequencies (p > 0.05). None of the cows had record of vaccination against brucellosis. "Ante and post-mortem" examinations could not find any sign or lesion attributable to brucellosis, such as vaginal discharges, joint inflammation or bursitis [(0.00%) 95% CI 0.00-0.43] in all bovines sampled. This situation, coupled with the high prevalence of the disease and the lack of brucellosis diagnostic at herds, increases the number of infected cattle slaughtered under inadequate sanitary conditions, the risk of contamination of workers and placing on the market, without restriction, the meat from infected animals.