Relaxation with heat and procedural information to diminish anxiety in presurgical patients of hernia surgery.

Presurgical anxiety has been associated with postsurgical pain and complications, therefore we decided to compare two psychological interventions in order to reduce presurgical anxiety-state and pain in patients undergoing hernia surgery. Patients undergoing the presurgical consultation for hernia repair (umbilical or inguinal), were invited. The group of procedural information consisted in administering an informative brochure after the presurgical consultation, while the relaxation with heat group (RWH) consisted in giving a heat pack to the patients while asking them to think in the benefits of the surgery and instructions of relaxation were given, this was performed at the operating theater before surgery. Anxiety-state and pain levels were measured after presurgical consultation and a day after just before surgery. Ninety-five patients were included in 3 groups of study (control = 36, procedural information = 31 and RWH = 28); when we included only those individuals with moderate or high anxiety at the presurgical consultation, we found that procedural information (-4.72 ± 6.10) and RWH diminished anxiety (-9.29 ± 6.91) but only RWH group reached statistical significance when compared with control group (-9.29 ± 6.91 vs -0.56 ± 9.82, p = 0.007). In conclusion, RWH produced a significantly higher reduction of anxiety-state before hernia surgery.

Novel antimalarial chloroquine- and primaquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids: Design, synthesis, Plasmodium life cycle stage profile, and preliminary toxicity studies.

Emergence of drug resistance and targeting all stages of the parasite life cycle are currently the major challenges in antimalarial chemotherapy. Molecular hybridization combining two scaffolds in a single molecule is an innovative strategy for achieving these goals. In this work, a series of novel quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids containing either chloroquine or primaquine pharmacophores was designed, synthesized and tested against both chloroquine sensitive and multidrug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Only chloroquine-based compounds exhibited potent blood stage activity with compounds 4b and 4e being the most active and selective hybrids at this parasite stage. Based on their intraerythrocytic activity and selectivity or their chemical nature, seven hybrids were then evaluated against the liver stage of Plasmodium yoelii, Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum infections. Compound 4b was the only chloroquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrid with a moderate liver activity, whereas compound 6a and 6b were identified as the most active primaquine-based hybrids against exoerythrocytic stages, displaying enhanced liver activity against P. yoelii and P. berghei, respectively, and better SI values than primaquine. Although both primaquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids slightly reduced the infection of mosquitoes, they inhibited sporogony of P. berghei and compound 6a showed 92% blocking of transmission. In vivo liver efficacy assays revealed that compound 6a showed causal prophylactic activity affording parasitaemia reduction of up to 95% on day 4. Absence of genotoxicity and in vivo acute toxicity were also determined. These results suggest the approach of primaquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids as new potential dual-acting antimalarials for further investigation.

Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activity of Raw Plant Extracts as Reported by Knowledgeable Indigenous People of the Amazon Region (Vaupés Medio in Colombia).

The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of 122 raw extracts prepared in ethanol and water from 35 medicinal plants reported by the Cubeo indigenous village of the Amazon region (Vaupés Medio in Colombia) was evaluated for efficacy against 3D7 (sensitive to chloroquine) and FCR-3 (resistant to chloroquine) Plasmodium falciparum strains. Five percent of these extracts presented a significant antiplasmodial activity (< 5 µg/mL) and 83 % of them were not cytotoxic. These findings highlight the importance of investigating traditional medicinal plants implemented by these ancestral communities of the Amazon region as well as their potential to become a source of new drugs against malaria.

Diez años de eficacia terapéutica de la cloroquina en malaria no complicada por Plasmodium vivax , Turbo, Antioquia, años 2002 y 2011 / Ten years of chloroquine efficacy for uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment, Turbo, Antioquia, 2002 and 2011

Introducción. La eficacia terapéutica de los antipalúdicos debe ser vigilada permanentemente debido al problema de resistencia. En Colombia existen pocos estudios que evalúen la eficacia de la cloroquina en la malaria no complicada por Plasmodium vivax . Objetivo. Evaluar la respuesta terapéutica de la cloroquina en el tratamiento del paludismo no complicado por P. vivax en el año 2011 en Turbo, Antioquia, y comparar estos resultados con los del estudio realizado en el año 2002 en el mismo municipio. Materiales y métodos. Se llevaron a cabo dos estudios en los que se incluyeron 152 participantes (50 en el año 2002 y 102 en el año 2011), todos mayores de cinco años, con malaria no complicada e infección simple por P. vivax , según los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se evaluó la eficacia terapéutica de la cloroquina, según los protocolos vigentes de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (1998) y la OMS (2009); se dio tratamiento estándar supervisado con 1.500 mg de cloroquina en tres días y se hizo seguimiento clínico y parasitológico los días 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 y 21 en el año 2002 y, además, el día 28 en el año 2011. Al finalizar el seguimiento se suministró primaquina a una dosis diaria de 0,25 mg/kg durante 14 días en todos los participantes. Resultados. Los resultados clínico y parasitológicos fueron adecuados en el 100 % de los participantes de ambos estudios. Conclusiones. La cloroquina continúa siendo eficaz para el tratamiento de la malaria no complicada por P. vivax en Turbo, Antioquia.

Introduction: The therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs should be monitored continuously because of the emergence of drug resistance. In Colombia, there are few studies evaluating the efficacy of chloroquine in uncomplicated malaria by Plasmodium vivax . This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine at two different times, with an interval of ten years, in the same municipality. Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic response to chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated P. vivax malaria in Turbo, Antioquia, in 2002, and to compare these results with those observed in 2011 in the same municipality. Materials and methods: Two studies included 152 volunteers (50 in 2002 and 102 in 2011), older than 5 years old, with uncomplicated malaria according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and simple infection with P. vivax. The efficacy of chloroquine, according to the current standard treatment of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (1998) and WHO (2009), was monitored with 1,500 mg of chloroquine in 3 days and was followed clinically and parasitologically on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 21 in 2002, and also on day 28 in 2011. At the end of the follow-up a dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day of primaquine was administered to each patient for 14 days. Results: A hundred percent of the volunteers had adequate clinical and parasitological response in both studies. Conclusions: Chloroquine continues to be highly effective for the treatment of uncomplicated P. vivax malaria in Turbo, Antioquia, Colombia.

Estudio piloto de la eficacia y de los efectos sobre los gametocitos del esquema artesunato-mefloquina-primaquina para la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum / Therapeutic efficacy of a regimen of artesunate-mefloquine-primaquine treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria and treatment effects on gametocytic development

Introducción. El tratamiento de la malaria por P. falciparum requiere de un esquema seguro, eficaz y de impacto en la transmisión. En 2006, se implementó en Antioquia el esquema artesunato-mefloquina y se adicionó primaquina para eliminar los gametocitos. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia y acción gametocida de los esquemas artesunato-mefloquina-primaquina y artesunato-mefloquina en pacientes con malaria no complicada por P. falciparum de Turbo, Antioquia. Materiales y métodos. Ensayo clínico aleatorio; los tratamientos se suministraron de forma supervisada y se realizó seguimiento clínico-parasitológico en los días 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, y 42, para evaluar la respuesta según el protocolo OMS-2003 modificado. Resultados. Entre abril de 2007 y febrero de 2008, 50 pacientes fueron reclutados; los resultados mostraron una eficacia de 100% (IC95% 86,3%-100%) para el esquema artesunato-mefloquina (con/sin primaquina); la parasitemia y la fiebre fueron eliminadas completamente al tercer día de tratamiento en todos los pacientes. La eliminación de gametocitos fue mayor con el uso de primaquina; al tercer día de seguimiento, el 92% (IC95% 74%-99%) de los pacientes que recibieron primaquina no tuvieron gametocitos, en comparación con 78,3% (IC95% 59%-93%) de pacientes del grupo artesunato-mefloquina. Además, el esquema artesunato-mefloquina-primaquina eliminó la gametocitemia una semana antes que el esquema sin primaquina. Conclusión. Se recomienda el uso del esquema artesunato-mefloquina para la malaria por P. falciparum por su alta eficacia y se sugieren futuras evaluaciones del beneficio de la PQ en la reducción de la densidad y prevalencia de gametocitos.

Introduction. The treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria requires a safe and effective therapeutic treatment regimen, which in turn has high impact on the transmission. In 2006, an artesunate (AS)-mefloquine (MQ) treatment program was implemented in Antioquia. In addition, primaquine (PQ) was added to eliminate malaria gametocytes in the bloodstream. Objective. The efficacy and gametocytocidal activity was evaluated for two treatment regimens, AS-MQ-PQ and AS-MQ, in patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. Materials and methods. Between April 2007 and February 2008, 50 patients were recruited for the trial in Turbo, Antioquia. A randomized clinical trial was conducted. Treatment compliance was supervised, with a clinical and parasitological assessment on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 to evaluate response rate according to the WHO 2003 protocol. Results. Clinical response and parasite elimination efficacy of AS-MQ (with or without PQ) was 100% (95% CI 86.3%-100%), and parasitemia and fever were absent on day 3 of treatment in all patients. Gametocyte elimination was superior when PQ was used--92% (95% CI: 74%-99%) of patients who received PQ had no gametocytes on day 3, compared to 78.3% (95% CI: 59%-93%) of patients who only received AS-MQ. Furthermore, circulating gametocytes were eliminated on average one week faster when the AS-MQ-PQ treatment scheme was used compared to the scheme without PQ. Conclusion. These studies recommend the use of AS-MQ to treat P. falciparum malaria given its good therapeutic efficacy. However, further assessment is suggested concerning the benefit of adding PQ to this treatment scheme.

Deficiencia de glucosa 6-fostato deshidrogenasa en hombres sanos y en pacientes maláricos; Turbo (Antioquia, Colombia) / Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in healthy men and malaria patients; Turbo (Antioquia, Colombia)

INTRODUCCIÓN: En América Latina la deficiencia de glucosa 6-fosfato deshidrogenasa (d-G6PD) ha sido poco estudiada y en Colombia solo conocemos tres publicaciones antiguas. Urge conocer más la prevalencia de d-G6PD, sobre todo ahora que el tratamiento de la malaria vivax plantea aumentar la dosis diaria o total de primaquina. OBJETIVO: Medir la prevalencia de d-G6PD en poblaciones masculina sana y de enfermos con malaria por Plasmodium vivax, en Turbo (Urabá, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia). METODOLOGÍA: Encuestas de prevalencia, para evaluar la G6PD en dos poblaciones de Turbo (Antioquia): hombres sanos; hombres y mujeres con malaria vivax. Se trabajó con muestras diseñadas con criterios estadístico-epidemiológicos. La actividad enzimática se midió con el método normalizado de Beutler para valorar la G6PD en hemolizados. RESULTADOS: Entre los hombres sanos (n = 508), el intervalo de confianza 95 por ciento para el promedio (IC95 por ciento) estuvo entre 4,15 y 4,51 UI/g hemoglobina y 14,8 por ciento presentaron valores por debajo del "límite normal" de < 2,29 UI/g hemoglobina (prevalencia de d-G6PD). Entre los hombres con malaria (n = 206) el IC95 por ciento fue 3,81 a 4,16 UI/g hemoglobina y entre las mujeres palúdicas fue 3,86 a 4,20 UI/g hemoglobina. Los promedios masculinos (sanos vs. maláricos) fueron estadísticamente diferentes (p = 0,028). Únicamente 9,5 por ciento (13/137) de los enfermos con paludismo, todos de sexo masculino, presentaron d-G6PD. CONCLUSIONES: la d-G6PD es relativamente alta (14,8 por ciento) en la población masculina sana de Turbo y en los enfermos maláricos por P. vivax (9,5 por ciento, todos hombres).