RNA Combined with Nanoformulation to Advance Therapeutic Technologies.

Nucleic acid-based therapies have the potential to address numerous diseases that pose significant challenges to more traditional methods. RNA-based therapies have emerged as a promising avenue, utilizing nanoformulation treatments to target a range of pathologies. Nanoformulation offers several advantages compared to other treatment modalities, including targeted delivery, low toxicity, and bioactivity suitable for drug loading. At present, various types of nanoformulations are available, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), magnetic NPs, nanoshells, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). RNA-based therapy utilizes intracellular gene nanoparticles with messenger RNA (mRNA) emerging prominently in cancer therapy and immunotechnology against infectious diseases. The approval of mRNA-based technology opens doors for future technological advancements, particularly self-amplifying replicon RNA (repRNA). RepRNA is a novel platform in gene therapy, comprising viral RNA with a unique molecular property that enables the amplification of all encoded genetic information countless times. As a result, repRNA-based therapies have achieved significant levels of gene expression. In this context, the primary objective of this study is to furnish a comprehensive review of repRNA and its applications in nanoformulation treatments, with a specific focus on encapsulated nanoparticles. The overarching goal is to provide an extensive overview of the use of repRNA in conjunction with nanoformulations across a range of treatments and therapies.

The Importance of RNA-Based Vaccines in the Fight against COVID-19: An Overview.

In recent years, vaccine development using ribonucleic acid (RNA) has become the most promising and studied approach to produce safe and effective new vaccines, not only for prophylaxis but also as a treatment. The use of messenger RNA (mRNA) as an immunogenic has several advantages to vaccine development compared to other platforms, such as lower coast, the absence of cell cultures, and the possibility to combine different targets. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of mRNA as a vaccine became more relevant; two out of the four most widely applied vaccines against COVID-19 in the world are based on this platform. However, even though it presents advantages for vaccine application, mRNA technology faces several pivotal challenges to improve mRNA stability, delivery, and the potential to generate the related protein needed to induce a humoral- and T-cell-mediated immune response. The application of mRNA to vaccine development emerged as a powerful tool to fight against cancer and non-infectious and infectious diseases, for example, and represents a relevant research field for future decades. Based on these advantages, this review emphasizes mRNA and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) for vaccine development, mainly to fight against COVID-19, together with the challenges related to this approach.

Leishmania dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1 (DYRK1) is required for sustaining Leishmania stationary phase phenotype.

Although the multiplicative and growth-arrested states play key roles in Leishmania development, the regulators of these transitions are largely unknown. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of these processes, we characterised one member of a family of protein kinases with dual specificity, LinDYRK1, which acts as a stasis regulator in other organisms. LinDYRK1 overexpressing parasites displayed a decrease in proliferation and in cell cycle re-entry of arrested cells. Parasites lacking LinDYRK1 displayed distinct fitness phenotypes in logarithmic and stationary growth phases. In logarithmic growth phase, LinDYRK1-/- parasites proliferated better than control lines, supporting a role of this kinase in stasis, while in stationary growth phase, LinDYRK1-/- parasites had important defects as they rounded up, accumulated vacuoles and lipid bodies and displayed subtle but consistent differences in lipid composition. Moreover, they expressed less metacyclic-enriched transcripts, displayed increased sensitivity to complement lysis and a significant reduction in survival within peritoneal macrophages. The distinct LinDYRK1-/- growth phase phenotypes were mirrored by the distinct LinDYRK1 localisations in logarithmic (mainly in flagellar pocket area and endosomes) and late stationary phase (mitochondrion). Overall, this work provides first evidence for the role of a DYRK family member in sustaining promastigote stationary phase phenotype and infectivity.

Activity of antimalarial drugs in vitro and in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The currently used treatments for leishmaniasis, a neglected parasitic disease, are associated with several side effects, high cost and resistance of the Leishmania parasites. Here we evaluated in vitro and in vivo the antileishmanial activity of five antimalarial drugs against Leishmania amazonensis. Mefloquine was effective against promastigotes in axenic cultures and showed an IC50 (concentration giving half-maximal inhibition) value of 8.4±0.7 µM. In addition, mefloquine, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were active against intracellular amastigotes in macrophage-infected cultures, presenting IC50 values of 1.56±0.19 µM, 0.78±0.08 µM and 0.67±0.12 µM, respectively. The ultrastructural analysis of chloroquine- or mefloquine-treated amastigotes showed an accumulation of multivesicular bodies in the cytoplasm of the parasite, suggesting endocytic pathway impairment, in addition to the formation of myelin-like figures and enlargement of the Golgi cisternae. CBA mice were infected with L. amazonensis in the ear dermis, and treated by oral and/or topical routes with chloroquine and mefloquine. Treatment of L. amazonensis-infected mice with chloroquine by the oral route reduced lesion size, which was associated with a decrease in the number of parasites in the ear, as well as the parasite burden in the draining lymph nodes. In contrast, mefloquine administration by both routes decreased the lesion size in infected mice without causing a reduction in parasite burden. Our results revealed a promising antileishmanial effect of chloroquine and suggest its use in cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.

Avaliação de atividade antileishmania de fármacos antimaláricos in vitro e em modelo murino de leishmaniose tegumentar / Evaluation of antileishmanial activity of antimalarial drugs in vitro and in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis

A leishmaniose compreende um complexo de doenças causadas por parasitos do gênero Leishmania, e é endêmica em 88 países, com uma população de 350 milhões de indivíduos sob o risco de contrair a infecção. O tratamento convencional da leishmaniose é realizado com antimoniais pentavalentes, e está associado a inúmeros efeitos adversos e falha terapêutica. Dessa forma, a busca por novas alternativas terapêuticas para esta doença é de extrema relevância. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a atividade antileishmania de fármacos antimaláricos in vitro e em modelo murino de leishmaniose tegumentar causada por Leishmania amazonensis. Os fármacos antimaláricos testados foram o artesunato, a cloroquina, a hidroxicloroquina, a mefloquina e a primaquina. Destes, a cloroquina e a hidroxicloroquina não reduziram, de forma significativa, o crescimento de formas promastigotas do parasito na concentração de 50 μM. Entretanto, estes dois fármacos foram eficazes em reduzir o número de amastigotas em macrófagos murinos, apresentando valores de IC50 de 0,78 ± 0,08 μM e 0,67 ± 0,12 μM, respectivamente. A mefloquina apresentou valor de IC50 de 8,4 ± 0,70 μM contra promastigotas do parasito, enquanto que, contra formas amastigotas o IC50 foi 1,56 ± 0,19 μM. A análise ultraestrutural de células infectadas e tratadas com a cloroquina ou com a mefloquina mostrou o acúmulo de corpos multivesiculares no citoplasma do parasito. Este resultado sugere o comprometimento da via endocítica da Leishmania após o tratamento com estas moléculas. O tratamento oral de camundongos CBA infectados com L. amazonensis reduziu a lesão e o parasitismo nos animais infectados. Diferente destes resultados, o tratamento com a mefloquina não reduziu o parasitismo nos animais infectados, apesar de ter reduzido o tamanho da lesão. Com base nestes resultados é possível concluir que a cloroquina pode representar uma alternativa terapêutica ao tratamento convencional da leishmaniose tegumentar.