Self-expanding Metal Stents in Malignant Obstruction of the Esophagus: A 25-Year Multicentric Study

Background: Self-expanding metal prostheses improve dysphagia in patients with incurable esophageal cancer (EC). New stents have been introduced, and chemoradiotherapy has been implemented for EC, changing patients' risk profiles. It is unknown whether this has affected palliation with stents. Patients and methods: Retrospective study in three centers in Medellín-Colombia; patients undergoing placement of palliative esophageal prostheses for malignant dysphagia (1997-2022). Major and minor complications after implantation, the influence of oncological therapies, and survival were evaluated for 1997-2009 (n = 289) and 2010-2022 (n = 318). Results: 607 patients underwent esophageal prostheses; 296 (48.8%) became complicated. It was higher in the second period (52.5% vs. 48.1%), as were major complications (20.8% vs. 14.2%, p = 0.033), with no differences in minor complications (33.9% vs 31.8%, p = 0.765). Also, 190 (31.3%) patients presented with recurrent dysphagia, stable in both periods. Migration increased over time (from 13.1% to 18.2%, p = 0.09). The most common minor adverse event was pain, increasing over time (from 24.9% to 33.95%, p < 0.01), and associated factors were chemoradiotherapy, absence of fistula, and squamous cell carcinoma. Acid reflux decreased in the second group (p = 0.038). Twelve percent of patients required another intervention for feeding. Survival was not impacted by time and use of stents. Conclusions: Stents are an alternative in non-surgical malignant dysphagia, although recurrent dysphagia has not decreased over time. Minor stent-related complications are increasing in association with the implementation of chemoradiotherapy.

Antecedentes: Las prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles mejoran la disfagia en pacientes con cáncer esofágico (CE) incurable. En las últimas décadas se han introducido nuevos tipos de stents y se ha implementado la quimiorradioterapia para el CE, generando cambios en los perfiles de riesgo de los pacientes. Se desconoce si estos cambios han afectado la paliación con stents. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en tres centros de Medellín-Colombia; pacientes sometidos a colocación de prótesis esofágicas paliativas para disfagia maligna (1997-2022). Se evaluaron en dos períodos: 1997-2009 (n = 289) y 2010-2022 (n = 318), complicaciones mayores y menores después del implante, la influencia de las terapias oncológicas y la sobrevida. Resultados: Se evaluaron 607 pacientes sometidos a prótesis esofágicas. 296 (48,8%) se complicaron, y fue mayor en el segundo periodo (52,5% frente a 48,1%), al igual que las complicaciones mayores (20,8% frente a 14,2%, p = 0,033), sin diferencias en complicaciones menores (33,9% frente a 31,8%, p = 0,765). 190 (31,3%) pacientes presentaron disfagia recurrente, estable en ambos períodos. La migración aumentó con el tiempo (de 13,1% a 18,2%, p = 0,09). El evento adverso menor más frecuente fue dolor, que aumentó con el tiempo (de 24,9% a 33,95%, p < 0,01), y los factores asociados fueron quimiorradioterapia, ausencia de fístula y carcinoma de células escamosas. El reflujo ácido disminuyó en el segundo grupo (p = 0,038). El 12% de pacientes requirieron otra intervención para alimentarse. No se impactó la sobrevida con el tiempo y uso de stents. Conclusiones: Los stents son una alternativa en la disfagia maligna no quirúrgica, aunque la disfagia recurrente no ha disminuido con el tiempo. Las complicaciones menores relacionadas con el stent van en aumento, asociadas a la implementación de la quimiorradioterapia.

[Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer: Evaluation of a cohort in its clinical and colonoscopic characteristics, survival and its causes according to the World Endoscopy Organization]. / Cáncer colorrectal post-colonoscopia: Evaluación de una cohorte en sus características clínicas, colonoscópicas, sobrevida y sus causas según la Organización Mundial de Endoscopia.

Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC) is a tumor that appears after a normal colonoscopy before the established time for the endoscopic follow up. Its origin reflects the quality of the colonoscopy and the different tumoral biologics between the CRC and the CRCPC. Our aim is to describe the characteristics of the PCCRC in our region, to identify risk factors, to discriminate the potential causes according to the World Endoscopý Organization (WEO) and to determine its impact in the patient's survival. We studied patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) attended at the gastro-oncology clinic of two institutions of Medellin-Colombia, between January 2012 and December 2021 that had been submitted to a colonoscopy between 6-36 months before the colonoscopy in which the CRC was diagnosed. 919 patients during 10 years for CRC, 68 cases of PCCRC (6.9%); It was more frequent in older patients (74 vs. 66 years; p=0.03), with background of adenomatous polyps (36.8% vs. 20.1%; p=0.01) and in right colon (57.4% vs. 40.6%; p=0.006), with a tendency in patients with diverticulosis (41.2% vs. 31.3%; p=0.05) and diabetes (25% vs. 14%; p=0.06); less survival at 5 and 10 years (58% and 55.2% vs. 67% and 63%; p < 0.001). According to the WEO, the PCCRC presents in 61.3% because of abnormal findings omitted in inadequate colonoscopies, 29% in a suitable colonoscopy and 9.7% incomplete resections of adenomas. In conclusion, the rate of PCCRC was 6.9% with more propension in older patients, a background of polyp resection, and proximal colon. According to the WEO, the abnormal findings omitted more frequently were related with inadequate colonoscopies. The patients with PCCRC had less survival.

Complete pathological response in patients with HER2 positive breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant therapy in Colombia / Respuesta patológica completa de pacientes con cáncer de mama HER2 positivo tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante en Colombia.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of death by cancer in women in Colombia. Approximately 15 to 20% of breast cancers overexpress HER2. Objective: To analyze the relationship between multiple clinical and histological variables and pathological complete response in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant therapy in a specialized cancer center in Colombia. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of non-metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant therapy between 2007 and 2020 at the Instituto de Cancerología Las Americas Auna (Medellín, Colombia). Assessed parameters were tumor grade, proliferation index, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2 status, type of neoadjuvant therapy, pathologic complete response rates, and overall survival. Results: Variables associated with low pathologic complete response rates were tumor grades 1-2 (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.37-0.81; p = 0.03), estrogen receptor positivity (OR =0.65; 95%; CI = 0.43-0.97; p=0.04), and progesterone receptor positivity (OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.29-0.65; p = 0.0001). HER2 strong positivity (score 3+) was associated with high pathological complete response rates (OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.3-8.35; p=0.013). Five-year overall survival was 91.5% (95% CI = 82.6-95.9) in patients with pathological complete response and 73.6% (95% CI = 66.4-79.6) in patients who did not achieve pathological complete response (p = 0.001). Additionally, the pathological complete response rate was three times higher in patients receiving combined neoadjuvant chemotherapy with anti-HER2 therapy than in those with chemotherapy alone (48% versus 16%). Conclusions: In patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, tumor grade 3, estrogen receptor negativity, progesterone receptor negativity, strong HER2 positivity (score 3+), and the use of the neoadjuvant trastuzumab are associated with higher pathological complete response rates.

Complete pathological response in patients with HER2 positive breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant therapy in Colombia / Respuesta patológica completa de pacientes con cáncer de mama HER2 positivo tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante en Colombia

Introduction. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of death by cancer in women in Colombia. Approximately 15 to 20% of breast cancers overexpress HER2. Objective. To analyze the relationship between multiple clinical and histological variables and pathological complete response in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant therapy in a specialized cancer center in Colombia. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of non-metastatic HER2- positive breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant therapy between 2007 and 2020 at the Instituto de Cancerología Las Americas Auna (Medellín, Colombia). Assessed parameters were tumor grade, proliferation index, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2 status, type of neoadjuvant therapy, pathologic complete response rates, and overall survival. Results. Variables associated with low pathologic complete response rates were tumor grades 1-2 (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.37-0.81; p = 0.03), estrogen receptor positivity (OR = 0.65; 95%; CI = 0.43-0.97; p=0.04), and progesterone receptor positivity (OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.29-0.65; p = 0.0001). HER2 strong positivity (score 3+) was associated with high pathological complete response rates (OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.3-8.35; p=0.013). Five-year overall survival was 91.5% (95% CI = 82.6-95.9) in patients with pathological complete response and 73.6% (95% CI = 66.4-79.6) in patients who did not achieve pathological complete response (p = 0.001). Additionally, the pathological complete response rate was three times higher in patients receiving combined neoadjuvant chemotherapy with anti- HER2 therapy than in those with chemotherapy alone (48% versus 16%). Conclusion. In patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, tumor grade 3, estrogen receptor negativity, progesterone receptor negativity, strong HER2 positivity (score 3+), and the use of the neoadjuvant trastuzumab are associated with higher pathological complete response rates.

Introducción. El adenocarcinoma de seno es el tipo de cáncer más frecuente y con mayor tasa de mortalidad asociada en mujeres en Colombia. Aproximadamente entre el 15 al 20 % de estos cánceres sobreexpresan el gen HER2. Objetivo. Analizar las asociaciones existentes entre múltiples variables clínicas e histológicas con respecto a la respuesta patológica completa en pacientes con cáncer de mama HER2 positivo que fueron tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante en un centro especializado en el tratamiento del cáncer en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de las pacientes con cáncer de mama HER2 positivo, no metastásicas, que recibieron quimioterapia neoadyuvante entre el 2007 y el 2020 en el Instituto de Cancerología Las Américas Auna (Medellín, Colombia). Se evaluaron los parámetros de grado tumoral, índice de proliferación, estatus de receptores de estrógeno y de progesterona, tipo de quimioterapia neoadyuvante recibida, tasas de respuesta patológica completa y supervivencia global. Resultados. Las variables asociadas con tasas de respuesta patológica completa más bajas fueron grados tumorales 1-2 (OR = 0,55; IC 95% = 0,37-0,81; p= 0,03), positividad de receptores de estrógeno (OR = 0,65; IC 95 % = 0,43-0,97; p = 0,04) y positividad de receptores de progesterona (OR = 0,44; IC 95 % = 0,29-0,65; p = 0,0001). La positividad fuerte para HER2 (puntaje 3+) se asoció a tasas de respuesta patológica completa más altas (OR = 3.3; IC 95 % = 1,3-8,35; p = 0,013). La supervivencia global a cinco años fue del 91,5 % (IC 95 % = 82,6-95,9) en pacientes con respuesta patológica completa y del 73,6 % (IC 95 % = 66.4-79.6) en pacientes sin respuesta patológica completa (p = 0.001). La tasa de respuesta patológica completa fue tres veces mayor en los pacientes que recibieron quimioterapia neoadyuvante con terapia anti-HER2 comparado con aquellos que recibieron quimioterapia sola sin agentes anti-HER2 (48 % versus 16 %). Conclusión. En pacientes con cáncer de mama con sobreexpresión de HER2, grado tumoral tres, receptores de estrógeno y progesterona negativos, positividad fuerte para HER2 (puntaje 3+) y uso de quimioterapia neoadyuvante con trastuzumab se asociaron con mayores tasas de respuesta patológica completa.

Cáncer colorrectal post-colonoscopia: Evaluación de una cohorte en sus características clínicas, colonoscópicas, sobrevida y sus causas según la Organización Mundial de Endoscopia

Cáncer colorrectal post-colonoscopia (CCRP) es el tumor que aparece posterior a una colonoscopia normal antes de cumplirse el tiempo establecido para seguimiento endoscópico. Origen multifactorial, refleja la calidad de la colonoscopia y las diferentes biologías tumorales entre los cánceres colorrectales detectados (CCRD) y el CCRP. Nuestro objetivo es describir las características del CCRP en nuestro medio, identificar factores de riesgo, discriminar sus causas según la Organización Mundial de Endoscopia (OME) y determinar el efecto en la sobrevida del paciente. El estudio se realizó en pacientes con cáncer-colorrectal (CCR) atendidos en consulta de gastro-oncología de dos instituciones en Medellín-Colombia, entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2021 que se habían sometido a una colonoscopia en los 6 a 36 meses anteriores a la colonoscopia en la que se diagnosticó el CCR. 919 pacientes durante 10 años por CCR, 68 casos de CCRP (6,9%), se encontró que se presenta con más frecuencia en pacientes mayores (74 vs. 66 años; p=0,03), con antecedentes de pólipos adenomatosos (36,8% vs. 20,1%; p=0,01) y en colon derecho (57,4% vs. 40,6%; p=0,006), con una tendencia en pacientes con diverticulosis (41,2% vs. 31,3%; p=0,05) y diabetes (25% vs. 14%; p=0,06); menor sobrevida a 5 y 10 años (58%-55,2% vs. 67%-63%; p<0,001). Según la OME, los CCRP se presentaron en 61,3% por lesiones omitidas en colonoscopias inadecuadas, 29% colonoscopias adecuadas y 9,7% resecciones incompletas de adenomas. En conclusión, la tasa de CCRP fue de 6,9%, con mayor propensión en pacientes de mayores, antecedente de resección de pólipos, y en colon derecho. Acorde a la OME, las lesiones omitidas más frecuentemente se relacionaron con colonoscopias inadecuadas. Los pacientes con CCRP tienen menor sobrevida.

Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC) is a tumor that appears after a normal colonoscopy before the established time for the endoscopic follow up. Its origin reflects the quality of the colonoscopy and the different tumoral biologics between the CRC and the CRCPC. Our aim is to describe the characteristics of the PCCRC in our region, to identify risk factors, to discriminate the potential causes according to the World Endoscopý Organization (WEO) and to determine its impact in the patient's survival. We studied patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) attended at the gastro-oncology clinic of two institutions of Medellin-Colombia, between January 2012 and December 2021 that had been submitted to a colonoscopy between 6-36 months before the colonoscopy in which the CRC was diagnosed. 919 patients during 10 years for CRC, 68 cases of PCCRC (6.9%); It was more frequent in older patients (74 vs. 66 years; p=0.03), with background of adenomatous polyps (36.8% vs. 20.1%; p=0.01) and in right colon (57.4% vs. 40.6%; p=0.006), with a tendency in patients with diverticulosis (41.2% vs. 31.3%; p=0.05) and diabetes (25% vs. 14%; p=0.06); less survival at 5 and 10 years (58% and 55.2% vs. 67% and 63%; p<0.001). According to the WEO, the PCCRC presents in 61.3% because of abnormal findings omitted in inadequate colonoscopies, 29% in a suitable colonoscopy and 9.7% incomplete resections of adenomas. In conclusion, the rate of PCCRC was 6.9% with more propension in older patients, a background of polyp resection, and proximal colon. According to the WEO, the abnormal findings omitted more frequently were related with inadequate colonoscopies. The patients with PCCRC had less survival.

Inteligencia emocional y su importancia en el proceso formativo de especialidades médico-quirúrgicas / Emotional Intelligence and its Importance on the Training Process as within Medical-Surgical Specialties

Introducción: La inteligencia emocional es una habilidad blanda, definida como la capacidad de reconocer las emociones propias y ajenas para gestionarlas frente a otros de manera adecuada. Este tipo de inteligencia se relaciona con competencias y aptitudes humanas en diferentes áreas sociales, académicas y de trabajo. Objetivo: Describir el papel de la inteligencia emocional en la práctica clínica de los residentes médicos, como marco de referencia para su aplicación en la educación teórico-práctica y la realización de futuras investigaciones. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS y Google Scholar. Se emplearon operadores lógicos mediante distintas combinaciones: MeSH: Emotional Intelligence, Medical Residencies, Education, Medical, Education, Medical, Graduate; y DeCS: Inteligencia Emocional, Residencia Médica, Educación Médica, Educación de Postgrado en Medicina. La búsqueda se limitó por año, idioma y acceso libre, teniendo en cuenta criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se obtuvieron 279 resultados, de los cuales fueron seleccionados 26 para ser incluidos en la revisión y síntesis de los resultados. Resultados: Los resultados se organizaron según su relación con la inteligencia emocional en: medición en residentes médico-quirúrgicos, niveles de estrés y burnout, empatía en la relación médico-paciente, desempeño académico, bienestar y satisfacción laboral. Conclusiones: La inteligencia emocional en los residentes médico-quirúrgicos se ha relacionado con menores niveles de estrés y burnout, comunicación asertiva, mayor empatía con los pacientes y calidad en la atención médica; además, con elevado rendimiento académico, mejores habilidades de enseñanza, liderazgo y motivación; y, finalmente, con mejor bienestar psicológico, satisfacción laboral y rendimiento clínico(AU)

Introduction: Emotional intelligence is a soft skill, defined as the ability to recognize one's own and others' emotions in view of managing them in front of others adequately. This type of intelligence is related to human competences and skills in different social, academic and occupational areas. Objective: To describe the role of emotional intelligence in the clinical practice of medical residents, as a frame of reference for its application in theoretical-practical education and the development of future research. Methods: A literature review was carried out in the PubMed, LILACS and Google Scholar databases. Logical operators were used by means of different combinations from the Medical Subject Headings: Emotional Intelligence, Medical Residencies, Education, Medical, Education, Medical, Graduate. The following combinations from the Health Sciences Descriptors were also used: "Inteligencia Emocional [emotional Intelligence], Residencia Médica [medical residence], Educación Médica [medical education], Educación de Postgrado en Medicina [postgraduate education in Medicine]. The search was limited by year, language and free access, taking into account inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 279 results were obtained, of which 26 were selected to be included in the review and synthesis. Results: The results were organized, according to their relationship with emotional intelligence, in measurement in medical-surgical residents, levels of stress and burnout, empathy in the doctor-patient relationship, academic performance, well-being, and job satisfaction. Conclusions: Emotional intelligence in medical-surgical residents has been related to lower levels of stress and burnout, assertive communication, greater empathy with patients, and quality in medical care; furthermore, with high academic performance, better skills for teaching, leadership and motivation; and, finally, with better psychological well-being, job satisfaction and clinical performance(AU)

Impacto de la publicidad tradicional y digital en la resiliencia de las mipymes del sur de Tamaulipas durante COVID-19 / Impact of conventional and digital advertising on the resilience of MSMEs in southern Tamaulipas during COVID-19

Resumen La publicidad es una parte de la mercadotecnia que ha demostrado, durante décadas y tal vez siglos, ser efectiva para la productividad de los negocios. En México, la pandemia de COVID-19, desde el mes de abril de 2020 y al menos a mayo de 2021, ha dejado estragos comerciales y empresariales diversos, que se pueden apreciar en la quiebra de algunos negocios y en el nacimiento o desarrollo de otros. La resiliencia de las empresas, capacidad de sobreponerse a las adversidades del entorno, ha sido un tema importante durante la pandemia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar en qué medida impacta la publicidad, tanto tradicional como digital, en la resiliencia de las empresas. Se realizó una investigación empírica cuantitativa en el mes de mayo de 2021, en la que se aplicó un cuestionario en línea de 30 ítems a una muestra de 302 micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas de la zona sur del estado de Tamaulipas, México. Los resultados mostraron que las empresas encuestadas manifestaron utilizar casi en la misma proporción la publicidad tradicional y digital. Se encontró además una correlación significativa y positiva entre los dos tipos de publicidad y la resiliencia de las empresas, por lo que se puede recomendar a los empresarios definir estrategias encaminadas a utilizar todos los medios publicitarios para anunciarse y así incrementar la posibilidad de tener sostenibilidad empresarial, en particular en tiempos adversos.

Abstract Advertising is a part of marketing that has proved over decades, and perhaps centuries, to be effective for business productivity. The COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, which paused large numbers of economic activities from April 2020 to at least May 2021, has left diverse commercial and business disruptions. These can be seen in the bankruptcy of some businesses and in the birth or development of others. The resilience of enterprises, understood as the capacity to overcome the adversities of the environment has been an important topic during the pandemic. The aim of this work was to determine the extent to which both, conventional and digital advertising impact on the resilience of enterprises. An empirical quantitative investigation was carried out in May 2021, in which a 30-item online questionnaire was administered to a sample of 302 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises located in the southern region of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Results showed that the surveyed companies claimed that they use conventional and virtual advertising in almost the same proportion. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between the use of the two types of advertising and the resilience of enterprises. Therefore, it is advisable for entrepreneurs to define strategies that lead to the use of all advertising mediums in order to increase the possibility of achieving entrepreneurial sustainability, especially in adverse circumstances.

La telesalud como estrategia de atención primaria en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Colombia / Telehealth as a primary care strategy in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: la monitorización de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es una estrategia costo-efectiva, la cual, con un abordaje integral, disminuye los gastos derivados de la atención. La telesalud es una herramienta enfocada en este propósito. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en describir el uso de la telesalud para el monitoreo de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Colombia, bajo el marco de la atención primaria. Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa mediante la búsqueda en bases de datos (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Cochrane y EMBASE) y documentos oficiales. Se reunieron 154 documentos y con un análisis de contenido, se seleccionaron 45 artículos y documentos. Resultados: la telesalud es una herramienta útil en el control de pacientes con diabetes. En los estudios revisados se evidencia el potencial de la telesalud en la reducción de los costos y el adecuado control glucémico de esta población. Las herramientas de la tecnología y la comunicación junto con la telesalud, en pacientes diabéticos, podrían favorecer su adecuado autocontrol, beneficiando la disminución de los gastos al sistema de seguridad social. Conclusiones: el uso de la telesalud se presenta como una alternativa para el control glucémico de los pacientes y debe considerarse por parte de los médicos de atención primaria, pues son la puerta de entrada al sistema de salud. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios sobre el tema para determinar su beneficio exacto como herramienta para el control de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Colombia, bajo el marco de la atención primaria en salud.

Summary Introduction: Monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is a cost-effective strategy, which with a comprehensive approach, reduces the costs of care. Telehealth is an adequate tool focused on this purpose. Objective: To describe the use of telehealth for monitoring type 2 diabetes mellitus in Colombia under the primary care framework. Methods: A narrative review was carried out by searching databases (PubMed, Google Scholar ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and EMBASE) and official documents. In total, 154 documents were collected; subsequently, a content analysis was carried out and 45 articles and documents were selected. Results: Telehealth is a useful tool in the control of patients with diabetes. In the reviewed studies, the potential of telehealth in reducing costs and adequate glycemic control in this population is evidenced. The tools of technology and communication, together with telehealth in diabetic patients, could favor their adequate self-control, reduction the costs to the social security system. Conclusions: The use of telehealth is presented as an alternative for patients with diabetes, which should be considered by primary care physicians who are the gateway to the health system. However, more studies are needed on the subject, to determine accurately the benefit of telehealth as a tool for control of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Colombia, under the framework of primary health care.

Factores de capital humano que impactan el capital social: estudio de hoteles del sur de Tamaulipas / Human capital factors that impact social capital: A study of hotels in southern Tamaulipas

Resumen Desde el siglo pasado se incrementó el interés por el capital social y el capital humano. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas, dentro de sus 17 objetivos para un desarrollo sostenible, contempla al capital humano como un factor importante del capital social en al menos 3 de ellos. No obstante, la relación entre los factores del capital humano como desarrolladores del capital social no han sido lo suficientemente estudiados en México, como tampoco en Tamaulipas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar si las variables de capital humano: educación, capacitación, motivación y cultura organizacional tienen un impacto en el capital social de pequeñas y medianas empresas de la zona sur de Tamaulipas, México. Se aplicaron 82 encuestas a propietarios, gerentes o encargados de hoteles de 3 y 4 estrellas adscritos a la Asociación de Hoteles y Moteles del Sur de Tamaulipas. Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para determinar las correlaciones entre los constructos. Los resultados indicaron que sí existe una relación entre los factores de capital humano y el capital social. Se estableció que el capital social, tiene una fuerte relación con la capacitación.

Abstract Since the last century, there has been increasing interest in social capital and human capital. At least 3 out of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (UN) contemplate capital human as an important factor of social capital. However, this relationship between human capital factors as developers of social capital has not been sufficiently studied in Mexico, including Tamaulipas. The objective of this research was to determine if the variables of education, training, motivation and organizational environment have an impact on the social capital of small and medium sized enterprises. 82 questionnaires were administered to owners, managers or managers of 3 and 4 star hotels affiliated to the Association of Hotels and Motels of Southern Tamaulipas. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the correlations between the constructs. The results indicated that there is a relationship between the factors of human capital and social capital. A strong link between social capital and training was established.

Antiproliferative activity of biomass extract from Pseudomonas cedrina

Background: The study of plant-associated microorganisms is very important in the discovery and development of bioactive compounds. Pseudomonas is a diverse genus of Gammaproteobacteria comprising more than 60 species capable of establishing themselves in many habitats, which include leaves and stems of many plants. There are reports of metabolites with diverse biological activity obtained from bacteria of this genus, and some of the metabolites have shown cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines. Because of the high incidence of cancer, research in recent years has focused on obtaining new sources of active compounds that exhibit interesting pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties that lead to the development of new therapeutic agents. Results: A bacterial strain was isolated from tumors located in the stem of Pinus patula, and it was identified as Pseudomonas cedrina. Extracts from biomass and broth of P. cedrina were obtained with chloroform:methanol (1:1). Only biomass extracts exhibited antiproliferative activity against human tumor cell lines of cervix (HeLa), lung (A-549), and breast (HBL-100). In addition, a biomass extract from P. cedrina was fractioned by silica gel column chromatography and two diketopiperazines were isolated: cyclo-(L-Prolyl-L-Valine) and cyclo-(L-Leucyl-L-Proline). Conclusions: This is the first report on the association of P. cedrina with the stems of P. patula in Mexico and the antiproliferative activity of extracts from this species of bacteria against human solid tumor cell lines.

A Balanced Proinflammatory and Regulatory Cytokine Signature in Young African Children Is Associated With Lower Risk of Clinical Malaria.

BACKGROUND: The effect of timing of exposure to first Plasmodium falciparum infections during early childhood on the induction of innate and adaptive cytokine responses and their contribution to the development of clinical malaria immunity is not well established. METHODS: As part of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Mozambique using monthly chemoprophylaxis with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus artesunate to selectively control timing of malaria exposure during infancy, peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from participants at age 2.5, 5.5, 10.5, 15, and 24 months were stimulated ex vivo with parasite schizont and erythrocyte lysates. Cytokine messenger RNA expressed in cell pellets and proteins secreted in supernatants were quantified by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and multiplex flow cytometry, respectively. Children were followed up for clinical malaria from birth until 4 years of age. RESULTS: Higher proinflammatory (interleukin [IL] 1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor) and regulatory (IL-10) cytokine concentrations during the second year of life were associated with reduced incidence of clinical malaria up to 4 years of age, adjusting by chemoprophylaxis and prior malaria exposure. Significantly lower concentrations of antigen-specific T-helper 1 (IL-2, IL-12, interferon-γ) and T-helper 2 (IL-4, IL-5) cytokines by 2 years of age were measured in children undergoing chemoprophylaxis compared to children receiving placebo (P < .03). CONCLUSIONS: Selective chemoprophylaxis altering early natural exposure to malaria blood stage antigens during infancy had a significant effect on T-helper lymphocyte cytokine production >1 year later. Importantly, a balanced proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine signature, probably by innate cells, around age 2 years was associated with protective clinical immunity during childhood. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT00231452.

Iron-sulfur clusters: from metals through mitochondria biogenesis to disease.

Iron-sulfur clusters are ubiquitous inorganic co-factors that contribute to a wide range of cell pathways including the maintenance of DNA integrity, regulation of gene expression and protein translation, energy production, and antiviral response. Specifically, the iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis pathways include several proteins dedicated to the maturation of apoproteins in different cell compartments. Given the complexity of the biogenesis process itself, the iron-sulfur research area constitutes a very challenging and interesting field with still many unaddressed questions. Mutations or malfunctions affecting the iron-sulfur biogenesis machinery have been linked with an increasing amount of disorders such as Friedreich's ataxia and various cardiomyopathies. This review aims to recap the recent discoveries both in the yeast and human iron-sulfur cluster arena, covering recent discoveries from chemistry to disease.

Historia clínica electrónica en Bogotá: percepciones desde la atención primaria / Electronic health record in Bogotá: Perceptions from primary care / Histórica clínica eletrônica em Bogotá: percepções a partir da atenção primária

Objetivo. Conocer las características de las historias clínicas electrónicas en Bogotá y verificar los aspectos que se pueden mejorar para que esta se enfoque en Atención Primaria Integral en Salud (APIS).Metodología. Se hizo investigación en dos fases: 1) hermenéutica, para conocer las perspectivas de autores que escribieron sobre historia clínica electrónica en Bogotá y Colombia; y 2) de campo, mediante la aplicación de entrevistas, grupos focales y entrevistas, para obtener las perspectivas de los usuarios de la historia clínica electrónica en Bogotá y de decisores sobre la misma. El análisis se hizo en ATLAS ti 7.5.Resultados. Se identificaron 7 artículos referidos a la historia clínica en Bo-gotá y a nivel nacional, que describen algunas características de la historia clínica electrónica y encontramos en Colombia 25 normas que se refieren al tema. Ninguno de estos artículos o normas consideró específicamente la APIS. En fase de campo, se analizaron cinco categorías deductivas (primer contacto, continuidad, integralidad, coordinación, inclusión de factores determinantes de salud) y 11 categorías inductivas (facilidad de uso, capa-citación, tiempo-facilidad de la consulta, interoperabilidad, trazabilidad y sistema de información, entre otras).Conclusiones. La literatura científica acerca de la historia clínica electró-nica en Bogotá y Colombia es escasa y no especifica temas de la APIS. Se encuentran múltiples modelos de historia clínica electrónica en Bogotá y los usuarios describen sus diversas utilidades que dependen del software utilizado. En general, los entrevistados consideran importante la inclusión de los factores determinantes de la salud y se requieren esfuerzos para llegar a un consenso sobre datos mínimos de la dicha historia que faciliten la interoperabilidad, así como para establecer criterios de facilidad de uso que faciliten el trabajo del prestador primario.

Objective. Getting acquainted with the characteristics of elec-tronic medical records in Bogotá and seeking for improvement of such aspects that could hinder its interrelatedness with Pri-mary Health Care.Methodology. Research was conducted in two stages. On the first stage, a hermeneutical approach was implemented so as to become acquainted with the authors of documents pertaining to electronic medical records in Bogotá as well as Colombia. On the second stage, field work was conducted. Focus group and interviews were used to secure the perspective of electro-nic medical records users and decision makers. Data analysis was implemented with ATLAS ti 7.5.Results. Seven articles referred to electronic medical records in Bogotá as well as other places nationwide were found. Twenty-five regulations pertaining to the electronic medical records were found. None of the above provided specific information on primary health care. During the field work stage of the pre-sent research five deductive categories were analyzed: first contact, continuity, integrality, coordination and health deter-minant factors inclusion. Deductive categories for this study are as follow: user friendliness, training, time of the consulta-tion, interoperability and traceability.Conclusions. Scientific literature about electronic medical re-cords in Bogotá and nationwide is scant and unspecific to pri-mary health care issues. Multiple models for electronic medical records are listed and their users describe their effectiveness on the software implemented. Generally speaking, the inter-viewees deem it important to include health determinant fac-tors. Consensus on minimum data required is needed to ease interoperability as well as coming up with criteria to improve friendliness for primary care workers.

Objetivo. Conheçer as características das histórias clínicas ele-trônicas nesta cidade e verificar para aspectos que consigan ser melhorados na busca da atenção primária da saúde.Metodología. Foi feita en días fases. A primera hermenéuti-ca, para conheçer as perspectivas documentais e a segunda, de campo, mediante entrevistas quis se conheçer o olhar dos usuários dos serviços de saúde, mesmo cómo aquele de quem organiza e pode decidir acima desses serviços.Resultados. Foram identificados 7 artigos se referindo ao caso de Bogotá e 25 normas envolvidas con este assunto no país. Nenhuno desses artigos considera a APIS. Da aproximação empírica foram analizadas 5 categorías deductivas: primeiro contato, continuidade, integralidade, coordenação, inclusão de factores dos determinantes sociais da saúde e 11 categorías indutivas: facilidades de uso, capacitação, tiempo de consulta, sistema de informação entre otras.Conclusões. A literatura científica que visa analizar as histórias clínicas eletrônicas en Bogotá e Colômbia é muito escasa e não trata o asunto da APIS, embora expliquem os vários modelos que existem. En general, os usuários consideram importante a inclussão de dados sobre os determinantes sociais na histórica clínica que facilitem a abordagem profissional dos casos.IntroducciónCon el advenimiento de la modernidad y la tecnifica-ción subsecuente, así como con la globalización de la información, surgió la posibilidad a nivel mundial de facilitar la implementación y el uso de los sistemas de información en salud, apoyándose en las tecnolo-gías de la información y la comunicación(1). Con los registros de salud electrónicos, como la historia clíni-ca electrónica, se pueden obtener datos estadísticos de la población que generan información útil para las políticas de salud pública. Existe el reto de que esta información sea acorde con la concepción de la APIS, que sea integral desde una concepción biopsicosocial y que integre a los factores determinantes de la salud.Colombia, como país creciente en población y en la exploración continua hacia la mejora de la calidad de vida de sus ciudadanos, no es ajeno a esta necesidad y busca la implementación de la APIS. En el país, se ha documentado la falta de sistemas de información adecuados, capaces de suministrar datos actualizados sobre el estado de salud de la población, lo cual con-tribuye a la segmentación del sistema de salud y a pro-blemas de calidad en la atención(2).La especialidad de Medicina Familiar busca promover la atención primaria en salud, como una forma de dar atención integral, eficaz, eficiente y segura. Desde este Keywords: electronic medical record, first contact, continuity, integrality, coordination, inclusion social health determinants.Palavras Chave: história clínica eletrônica, primeiro contato, continuidade, integralidade, coordenação, inclusão determinantes sociais.

Rol, situación laboral y prospectiva de especialistas en Medicina Familiar en Colombia, 2017 / Role, employment status and prospective for Graduate Family Medicine Physicians in Colombia, 2017 / Papel, situação trabalhista e prospectiva. Especialistas de medicina familiar na Colômbia, 2017

Introducción.Se reconoce que el médico familiar es el especialista ideal en la puerta de entrada a un sistema de salud que se orienta hacia la atención primaria en salud. Los especialistas en medicina familiar en Colombia están preocupados por el desempleo y por la falta de oportunidades con un pago adecuado para los especialistas que salen al mercado laboral. Metodología. Se hizo una encuesta de 20 preguntas mediante la plataforma Google Forms, dirigida a especialistas en Medicina Familiar. Resultados. Respondieron 281 (38 %) de los médicos familiares. Se encontró un desempleo del 9 %. De los que ejercen la especialidad en nuestro país, 9,6 % tienen títulos convalidados y 90,4 % de universidades colombianas. Los 256 empleados cumplen más de un rol: 34 % tiene actividades administrativas y 75 % ofrece apoyo directo a médicos generales. Otras funciones incluyen: consulta como médicos de cabecera (32 %), docencia (31 %), participación en programas especiales como los de enfermedades crónicas (27 %) y atención en urgencias (14 %). Conclusión. Es importante que los especialistas en Medicina Familiar discutan los diferentes roles que tienen dentro del sistema y planteen su postura ante las partes interesadas, como el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, los entes territoriales, las empresas promotoras de salud (EPS) e instituciones prestadoras de salud (IPS), con el fin de posicionarse adecuadamente en la implementación del modelo integral de atención en salud.

Overview:The family physician is the ideal professional in a health system geared towards Primary Care Health. In Colombia however, there is an increasing concern regarding employment and lack of professional opportunities with commensurate pay of Family Medicine Physicians. Methodology: A survey containing 20 questions was conducted with graduate family medicine physicians through Google Forms. Results: 281, 38% of Family Medicine Physicians answered the survey. The unemployment rate was 9%. 9.6% of Family Medicine Physicians working in Colombia have certified degrees. 90.4% of such qualifications are from Colombian universities. Out of the professionals who answered the survey, 256 family physicians performed more than one duty: 34% perform administrative duties; 75% work in tandem with general practitioners; 32% act as primary care physicians and 14% work in Emergency rooms. Conclusions: It is important that family physicians discuss the various roles they perform within the Colombian health system thus bridge building with local health authorities as a way to acknowledge their roles through the implementation of the comprehensive model for health services.

Introdução. Se reconhece que o médico familiar é o especialista ideal para a atenção na entrada do sistema de saúde, direcionado à atenção primaria em Saúde. No entanto, uma preocupação dos especialistas em medicina familiar no país é o desemprego, subemprego e falta de oportunidades de trabalho. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma enquete com 20 perguntas através de Google Forms, dirigida a especialistas em medicina familiar. Resultados. Responderam 281 (38%) dos médicos familiares, entre eles o desemprego foi de 9%. 9,6% tem títulos convalidados e 90% são formados em universidades colombianas. Entre os 256 empregados há diversas funções: 34% tem funções administrativas, 75% oferecem apoio a médicos gerais, 32% são médicos de consulta, 31% são docentes, 27% participa de programas especiais como de doenças crónicas e 14% atende urgências. Conclusão. É importante que os especialistas desta área refletam sobre seu papel no sistema de saúde e consigam defender e posicionar sua especialidade na implementação do Modelo Integral de Atenção em Saúde (MIAS), com o Ministério de Saúde e Proteção Social, entidades territoriais, empresas promotoras de saúde e instituições prestadoras de serviços

Cytosolic redox components regulate protein homeostasis via additional localisation in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Oxidative protein folding is confined to the bacterial periplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Maintaining a redox balance requires the presence of reductive pathways. The major thiol-reducing pathways engage the thioredoxin and the glutaredoxin systems which are involved in removal of oxidants, protein proofreading and folding. Alterations in redox balance likely affect the flux of these redox pathways and are related to ageing and diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Here, we first review the well-studied oxidative and reductive processes in the bacterial periplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum, and then discuss the less understood process in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, highlighting its importance for the proper function of the cell.

An unusual food plant for Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Mexico

An unusual food plant for Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Mexico. Larvae of Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758) were discovered on floral cones of Magnolia schiedeana (Schltdl, 1864) near the natural reserve of La Martinica, Veracruz, México. Magnolia represents an unusual host for this moth species, which is known throughout the world as the "codling moth", a serious pest of fruits of Rosaceae, especially apples. The larvae were identified using taxonomic keys, and identification was corroborated using molecular markers. Further sampling resulted in no additional larvae, hence, the observation was probably that of an ovipositional error by the female, and M. schiedeana is not at risk of attack by this important moth pest.

Impact of age of first exposure to Plasmodium falciparum on antibody responses to malaria in children: a randomized, controlled trial in Mozambique.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the age of first Plasmodium falciparum infection on the rate of acquisition of immunity to malaria and on the immune correlates of protection has proven difficult to elucidate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using monthly chemoprophylaxis with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine plus artesunate was conducted to modify the age of first P. falciparum erythrocytic exposure in infancy and assess antibodies and malaria risk over two years. METHODS: Participants (n = 349) were enrolled at birth to one of three groups: late exposure, early exposure and control group, and were followed up for malaria morbidity and immunological analyses at birth, 2.5, 5.5, 10.5, 15 and 24 months of age. Total IgG, IgG subclasses and IgM responses to MSP-1(19), AMA-1, and EBA-175 were measured by ELISA, and IgG against variant antigens on the surface of infected erythrocytes by flow cytometry. Factors affecting antibody responses in relation to chemoprophylaxis and malaria incidence were evaluated. RESULTS: Generally, antibody responses did not vary significantly between exposure groups except for levels of IgM to EBA-175, and seropositivity of IgG1 and IgG3 to MSP-1(19). Previous and current malaria infections were strongly associated with increased IgG against MSP-1(19), EBA-175 and AMA-1 (p < 0.0001). After adjusting for exposure, only higher levels of anti-EBA-175 IgG were significantly associated with reduced clinical malaria incidence (IRR 0.67, p = 0.0178). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the age of first P. falciparum infection did not influence the magnitude and breadth of IgG responses, but previous exposure was critical for antibody acquisition. IgG responses to EBA-175 were the strongest correlate of protection against clinical malaria. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00231452.

The role of age and exposure to Plasmodium falciparum in the rate of acquisition of naturally acquired immunity: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The rate of acquisition of naturally acquired immunity (NAI) against malaria predominantly depends on transmission intensity and age, although disentangling the effects of these is difficult. We used chemoprophylaxis to selectively control exposure to P. falciparum during different periods in infancy and explore the effect of age in the build-up of NAI, measured as risk of clinical malaria. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A three-arm double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 349 infants born to Mozambican HIV-negative women. The late exposure group (LEG) received monthly Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) plus Artesunate (AS) from 2.5-4.5 months of age and monthly placebo from 5.5-9.5 months; the early exposure group (EEG) received placebo from 2.5-4.5 months and SP+AS from 5.5-9.5 months; and the control group (CG) received placebo from 2.5-9.5 months. Active and passive case detection (PCD) were conducted from birth to 10.5 and 24 months respectively. The primary endpoint was time to first or only episode of malaria in the second year detected by PCD. The incidence of malaria during the second year was of 0.50, 0.51 and 0.35 episodes/PYAR in the LEG, EEG and CG respectively (p = 0.379 for the adjusted comparison of the 3 groups). The hazard ratio of the adjusted comparison between the LEG and the CG was 1.38 (0.83-2.28, p = 0.642) and that between the EEG and the CG was 1.35 (0.81-2.24, p = 0.743). CONCLUSIONS: After considerably interfering with exposure during the first year of life, there was a trend towards a higher risk of malaria in the second year in children who had received chemoprophylaxis, but there was no significant rebound. No evidence was found that the age of first exposure to malaria affects the rate of acquisition of NAI. Thus, the timing of administration of antimalarial interventions like malaria vaccines during infancy does not appear to be a critical determinant. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00231452.

Periodontal conditions in a group of Colombian type 2 diabetic patients with different degrees of metabolic control / Condiciones periodontales de un grupo de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con diferente grado de control metabólico en Colombia

El objetivo de este trabajo fue medir la ocurrencia de periodontitis crónica avanzada en un grupo de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en Bogotá, Colombia. Un grupo de pacientes diabéticos tipos 2, adherido a un programa de atención, fue seleccionado de acuerdo a criterios específicos. Se registraron datos demográficos, médicos y periodontales; los pacientes recibierion un examen periodontal en media boca, de forma aleatoria, que incluía: número de dientes, hemorragia al sondaje, profundidad de bolsa y nivel de inserción clínica. Los parámetros periodontales fueron comparados con los de un grupo de pacientes sin diabetes. La ocurrencia de peridontitis crónica avanzada fue comparada con los gruposw de acuerdo a dos criterios: el primero fue la presencia de mayor igual 2 superficies proximales con una pérdida de inserción clínica mayor igual 6 mm, y mayor igual 1 superficie proximal con profundidad de bolsa mayor igual 5 mm; el segundo criterio fue la presencia de un porcentaje de hemorragia al sondaje mayor igual 50 por ciento y un porcentaje de superficies con profundidad de bolsa mayor igual 4 mm de mayor igual 20 por ciento. El efecto del grado de control metabólico fue analizado. Los resultados fueron sometidos a las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis y de correlación de Pearson. El grado de control metabólico demostró una relación con la severidad de los parámetros periodontales. Este grupo de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 demostró peores condiciones periodontales que las del grupo control analizado.