Risky Behaviours of Spanish University Students: Association with Mediterranean Diet, Sexual Attitude and Chronotype.

The most common drugs that are consumed by young people are alcohol and tobacco, which are especially prevalent in universities. These risk behaviours can be determined by a series of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of alcohol and tobacco by Spanish university students and the relationship between the Mediterranean diet, sexual attitudes and opinions, and chronotype. A multicentre observational study enrolled 457 students from two public universities in Spain. The study period was from December 2017 to January 2018. The majority of the participants consumed alcohol (90.2%), tobacco consumption was low (27.2%), with a high percentage of students (78.6%) having a low dependence on nicotine. The surveyed students demonstrated a high adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which was shown to be associated with less risky alcohol consumption. The Mediterranean diet is a part of healthy lifestyle, and avoiding heavy drinking results in the intention to maintain such a lifestyle. In addition, unhealthy eating habits (skipping breakfast, eating sweets and pastries daily, and fast-food consumption) had a tendency to induce risky alcohol consumption. Therefore, to promote healthy lifestyle habits, it is considered important to establish programs that promote healthy diets in university settings and to evaluate them periodically.

Google Trends on Obesity, Smoking and Alcoholism: Global and Country-Specific Interest.

Unhealthy habits or lifestyles, such as obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption, are involved in the development of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze different communities' interest in seeking obesity, smoking, and alcohol-related terms through relative search volumes (RSVs) of Google Trends (GT). Internet search query data on obesity, smoking, and alcohol-related terms were obtained from GT from the period between 2010 and 2020. Comparisons and correlations between different topics were calculated considering both global searches and English-, Spanish-, and Italian-speaking areas. Globally, the RSVs for obesity and alcohol-related terms were similar (mean RSVs: 76% and 77%), but they were lower for smoking (65%). High RSVs were found in winter for obesity and smoking-related terms. Worldwide, a negative correlation was found between alcohol and smoking terms (r = -0.72, p < 0.01). In Italy, the correlation was positive (r = 0.58). The correlation between obesity and alcohol was positive in all the cases considered. The interest of global citizens in obesity, smoking, and alcohol was high. The RSVs for obesity were globally higher and correlated with alcohol. Alcohol and smoking terms were related depending on the area considered.

Chronotype, general health and quality of sleep in a population of Spanish nurses / Cronotipo, salud general y calidad del sueño en una población de enfermeros españoles / Cronótipo, saúde geral e qualidade do sono em uma população de enfermeiros espanhóis

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the association between chronotype, general health status and sleep quality in a sample of Spanish nurses. Method An observational study assessing morningness-eveningness predisposition, general health status and quality of sleep was conducted between January and April 2018. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. A linear regression model was carried out to determine the influence of the variables on the morningness-eveningness type. Results Morning-type was associated with aging (β = 0.249, p = 0.005), being married (β = 3.970, p = 0.033), and with a self-assessed low daily sleepiness (β = -0.311, p = 0.152). Good quality of sleep was moderately correlated with high values of general health (r = 0.337) and perceived quality of life (r = 0.426). Conclusion Anomalies of the circadian rhythm together with the features of shift workers may play an important role in predicting self-assessed general health status or the quality of sleep in nurses.

RESUMEN Objetivo Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la asociación entre el cronotipo, el estado general de salud y la calidad del sueño en una muestra de enfermeras españolas. Método Desde enero a abril de 2018, se realizó un estudio observacional para evaluar la predisposición matutina-vespertina, el estado de salud general y la calidad del sueño. Se realizaron análisis univariante y multivariante. Se efectuó un modelo de regresión lineal para determinar la influencia de las variables en el tipo matutino-vespertino. Resultados El tipo matutino se asoció con el envejecimiento (β = 0,249; p = 0,005), estar casado (β = 3,970; p = 0,033) y con un bajo nivel de somnolencia diaria autoevaluada (β = -0,311; p = 0,152). La buena calidad del sueño se correlacionó moderadamente con valores altos de salud general (r = 0,337) y de calidad de vida percibida (r = 0,426). Conclusión Las anomalías del ritmo circadiano junto con las características de los trabajadores por turnos pueden desempeñar un papel importante en la predicción del estado de salud general autoevaluado o la calidad del sueño de las enfermeras.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre cronótipo, estado geral de saúde e qualidade do sono em uma amostra de enfermeiras espanholas. Método Foi realizado um estudo observacional entre janeiro e abril de 2018 que avaliou a predisposição matutina-vespertina, o estado geral de saúde e a qualidade do sono. Foram realizadas análises univariadas e multivariadas. Um modelo de regressão linear foi realizado para determinar a influência das variáveis sobre o tipo matutino-vespertino. Resultados O tipo matinal foi associado ao envelhecimento (β = 0,249, p = 0,005), ser casado (β = 3,970, p = 0,033) e com baixa sonolência diária autoavaliada (β = -0,311, p = 0,152). Boa qualidade de sono foi moderadamente correlacionada com altos valores de saúde geral (r = 0,337) e qualidade de vida percebida (r = 0,426). Conclusão Anomalias do ritmo circadiano em conjunto com as características dos trabalhadores em turnos podem desempenhar um papel importante na previsão do estado geral de saúde autoavaliado ou da qualidade do sono em enfermeiras.

Influence of tobacco, alcohol consumption, eating habits and physical activity in nursing students.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, eating habits, and physical activity among nursing students and to detect whether being a nursing student is a protective factor against these habits. METHOD: a questionnaire was used to collect information on age, academic year, sex, alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical activity, and healthy eating. An information sheet and informed consent form were given. The sample was composed of 264 students aged between 18-30 years from four academic years. RESULTS: of the total sample, 15.5% smoked, 83.7% consumed alcoholic beverages and 97.2% consumed over the weekend. The total of 68.6% did not practice exercises and 70.5% needed changes in their diet. CONCLUSION: nursing students have high levels of alcohol consumption and low levels of smoking compared with other studies. The higher the academic year, the lower the age of onset of tobacco consumption. The number of men who exercised was higher, which is considered a protective factor against alcohol and tobacco consumption and is related to a healthy diet. Smoking has a negative influence on diet. The students needed to change their diet. Finally, being a nursing student is not considered a protective factor against alcohol and tobacco consumption, nor having good eating habits and exercising.

Association between Physical Activity, Food Consumption and Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults in Spain: Findings of a National Survey.

Young adults have a significant prevalence of mental disorders, which could lead to dysfunctional quality of life. Records of 1,645 Spanish adolescents were examined and multiple logistic regressions were performed. Being a woman, being older and having a sedentary life were all associated with a higher psychological vulnerability, whereas a low frequency of fresh fruit and bread/cereals consumption, as well as regular intense physical activity, were considered protective against such susceptibility. Regular physical activity and a diet with a high consumption of fruit and cereals may help reduce depressive symptoms, but sociodemographic features are as much as important as lifestyle habits.

Influence of tobacco, alcohol consumption, eating habits and physical activity in nursing students / Influência do consumo de tabaco e álcool, de hábitos alimentares e atividade física em estudantes de enfermagem / Influencia del consumo de tabaco y alcohol, hábitos alimenticios y actividad física en estudiantes de enfermería

Objective: to determine the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, eating habits, and physical activity among nursing students and to detect whether being a nursing student is a protective factor against these habits. Method: a questionnaire was used to collect information on age, academic year, sex, alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical activity, and healthy eating. An information sheet and informed consent form were given. The sample was composed of 264 students aged between 18-30 years from four academic years. Results: of the total sample, 15.5% smoked, 83.7% consumed alcoholic beverages and 97.2% consumed over the weekend. The total of 68.6% did not practice exercises and 70.5% needed changes in their diet. Conclusion: nursing students have high levels of alcohol consumption and low levels of smoking compared with other studies. The higher the academic year, the lower the age of onset of tobacco consumption. The number of men who exercised was higher, which is considered a protective factor against alcohol and tobacco consumption and is related to a healthy diet. Smoking has a negative influence on diet. The students needed to change their diet. Finally, being a nursing student is not considered a protective factor against alcohol and tobacco consumption, nor having good eating habits and exercising.

Objetivo: determinar o consumo de álcool e tabaco, os hábitos alimentares e a atividade física entre estudantes de enfermagem e verificar se o fato de ser estudante de enfermagem é fator de proteção contra estes hábitos. Método: utilizou-se questionário para coletar informações sobre idade, ano letivo, sexo, consumo de álcool e tabaco, atividade física e alimentação saudável. Foram entregues uma folha com informações e um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. A amostra foi composta por 264 estudantes com idades entre 18 e 30 anos, de quatro anos acadêmicos. Resultados: do total da amostra, 15,5% fumavam, 83,7% consumiam bebidas alcoólicas e 97,2% consumiam no final de semana. Um total de 68,6% não praticava exercícios, e 70,5% necessitavam de alterações na dieta. Conclusão: estudantes de enfermagem apresentam altos níveis de consumo de álcool e baixos níveis de tabagismo em comparação com outros estudos. Quanto maior é o ano letivo, menor é a idade em que iniciaram o consumo de tabaco. O número de homens que se exercitavam foi maior, o que é considerado fator de proteção contra o consumo de álcool e tabaco e está relacionado a uma dieta saudável. Fumar tem influência negativa na dieta. Os estudantes precisavam mudar sua dieta. Por fim, ser estudante de enfermagem não é considerado fator de proteção contra o consumo de álcool e tabaco, nem significa ter bons hábitos alimentares e praticar exercícios.

Objetivo: determinar el consumo de alcohol, tabaco, hábitos alimenticios y actividad física entre los estudiantes de enfermería y detectar si ser estudiante de enfermería es un factor protector contra estos hábitos. Método: se utilizó un cuestionario para recopilar información sobre la edad, el año académico, el sexo, el consumo de alcohol y tabaco, la actividad física y la alimentación saludable. Se presentó una hoja de información y un formulario de consentimiento informado. La muestra estaba compuesta por 264 estudiantes que tenían entre 18 y 30 años, a partir de cuatro años académicos. Resultados: del total de la muestra, el 15,5% fumaba, el 83,7% consumía bebidas alcohólicas y el 97,2% consumía alcohol durante el fin de semana. El total del 68,6% no practica ejercicio físico y el 70,5% necesita cambios en su dieta. Conclusión: los estudiantes de enfermería tienen altos niveles de consumo de alcohol y bajos niveles de tabaquismo en comparación con otros estudios. A mayor curso académico, menor será la edad de inicio del consumo de tabaco. El número de hombres que practican actividad física fue mayor, lo que es considerado un factor protector contra el consumo de alcohol y tabaco y está relacionado con una dieta saludable. Fumar influye negativamente en la dieta. Los estudiantes necesitaban cambiar sus dietas. Por último, ser estudiante de enfermería no es considerado un factor protector contra el consumo de alcohol y tabaco, ni para que se tenga buenos hábitos alimenticios ni para que se practique actividad física.

Levels of Physical Activity, Obesity and Related Factors in Young Adults Aged 18-30 during 2009-2017.

The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal trend of physical activity and bodymass index in young adults aged 18-30 in Spain and to ascertain their relationship withsociodemographic and psychosocial variables in the period of 2009-2017. METHODS: A descriptivestudy with a sample of 10,061 young adults aged 18-30 years was performed. The data wereobtained from the European Health Survey in Spain in 2009 and 2014 and the National HealthSurvey in 2011/2012 and 2017. The chi-square test was used for qualitative variables, and multiplelinear regression analysis was performed for physical activity. RESULTS: Sedentary levels haddecreased in 2017 as compared to 2011/2012 (p < 0.001); smokers were more sedentary than nonsmokers(p < 0.001); men were more active than women (p < 0.001); and the year with the highestphysical activity was 2014. Body mass index in the total sample increased from 2009 to 2017 (p <0.01), showing a significant increase in obesity in women (p < 0.05) and no difference in men (p ≥0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the period 2011/2012-2017, the sedentary lifestyle of young adults wasreduced and physical activity was increased, with men being more active than women.

Temporal Trends in Fecal Occult Blood Test: Associated Factors (2009-2017).

A cross-sectional study with 27,821 records of non-institutionalized people in Spain aged between 50-69 years old (59.94 ± 5.8 years), who participated in the European Health Survey in Spain (2009, 2014) and National Health Survey (2011/12, 2017). Fecal occult testing, the reason for performing the test, age, sex, nationality, social status, marital status, education level, body mass index (BMI), and place of residence. Overall, 54% were women, 93.9% were Spanish, 47.8% had a secondary study, and 66.4% were married. Across the years, the rate of the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) increased significantly (p < 0.001). This increase can be accounted for a letter campaign advising testing (45%, p < 0.001). FOBT was associated with more age (odds ratio-OR 1.04, 95% confidence interval-CI 1.04-1.05, p < 0.001), Spanish nationality (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.25-2.93, p = 0.003), being married (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.25, p = 0.025), having a higher level of education (OR 2.46, 95% CI 2.17-2.81, p < 0.001), belonging to high social classes (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.12-1.64, p = 0.001), and BMI <25 (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.25-2.37). Frequency of FOBT has increased in recent years. Performing FOBT is associated with age, nationality, marital status, higher education level, and social class.

Evolution of alcohol and tobacco consumption in young people in Spain, after the law 42/2010 against smoking: 2011-2014. / Evolución del consumo de alcohol y tabaco en jóvenes en España, posterior a la ley 42/2010 frente al tabaquismo: 2011-2014.

The objective of the study was to evaluate alcohol and tobacco consumption in young people in Spain, after Law 42/2010, during the interval of 2011-2014. The sample consisted of 3270 young people aged between 15 and 24 years who completed the National Survey of Health in Spain (ENSE) of 2011 and the European Survey of Health in Spain (EESE) of 2014. Variables: consumption, type of tobacco, attempts to quit smoking, consumption and type of alcoholic beverage, binge drinking, and sociodemographic variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed with the sociodemographic variables. The results indicated a decrease in tobacco and alcohol consumption from 2011 to 2014, and increased attempts to quit smoking. Beer is the most popular drink, most consumption is carried out between 1 and 2 days per week, and half of the young people who drink alcohol have taken part in binge drinking in the last 12 months. There are significant differences in tobacco and alcohol consumption. Between 2011 and 2014, the number of occasional and daily smokers, and alcohol consumption decreased, coinciding with the entry into force of Law 42/2010. Binge drinking is the most common pattern among young people. The factors that relate to greater consumption of tobacco are: being male, being married, and not having university studies. On another hand, the variables related to alcohol consumption are: being male, having Spanish nationality and university studies.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en jóvenes en España, posterior a la ley 42/2010, periodo 2011-2014. La muestra estaba formada por 3270 jóvenes entre 15 y 24 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud en España (ENSE) de 2011 y la Encuesta Europea de Salud en España (EESE) de 2014. Variables: consumo, tipo de tabaco, intentos de dejar de fumar, consumo y tipo de bebida alcohólica, consumo intensivo de alcohol en una misma ocasión y variables sociodemográficas. Se realizó análisis de regresión logística con las variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados indicaron una disminución del consumo de tabaco y alcohol desde 2011 a 2014, aumentado los intentos de dejar de fumar. El tipo de bebida que más esta aumentado es la cerveza, el consumo mayoritario es entre 1 y 2 días/semana y la mitad de jóvenes que consumen alcohol han tenido un consumo intensivo en una misma ocasión en los últimos 12 meses. Existen diferencias significativas en el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Entre 2011 y 2014 ha descendido el número de fumadores ocasionales, a diario y consumo de alcohol, coincidiendo con la entrada en vigor de la ley 42/2010. El consumo intensivo de alcohol, binge drinking, es el patrón que más se está dando entre jóvenes. Los factores que se relacionan con mayor consumo de tabaco son: ser hombre, estar casado y no tener estudios universitarios. Por otro lado, las variables relacionadas con consumo de alcohol son: sexo masculino, nacionalidad española y estudios universitarios.

Determinants of satisfaction with life and self-esteem in women with breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To determine satisfaction with life (LISAT) and self-esteem in women with breast cancer and the relation between sociodemographic and clinical variables with LISAT and self-esteem. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 514 Spanish women with breast cancer. Data were collected using an online questionnaire that included the Satisfaction with Life Questionnaire (LISAT-8) and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Variables are age, education, occupation, marital status, surgical treatment, breast reconstruction, adjuvant treatment, time since diagnosis, the self-esteem scale, and the LISAT. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify possible factors associated with the LISAT and self-esteem after breast cancer. RESULTS: The average age was 46.34 (SD ± 8.28), average age at diagnosis was 42.26 (SD ± 8.56), and average time since diagnosis was 4.05 years (SD ± 5.23). Reports showed the following: good general LISAT (61.7%), economic LISAT (44.7%), and social life LISAT (75.9%) and medium sexual LISAT (41.2%). Of the respondents, 39% had lower self-esteem (p < 0.001). Those who were working (p = 0.002) and those with breast reconstruction (p < 0.037) had a good LISAT. Women with mastectomies had a worse LISAT (p < 0.001). Self-esteem was associated with the general LISAT (Pearson = 0.536, p < 0.001), social LISAT (Pearson = 0.502, p < 0.001), and sexual LISAT (Pearson = 0.329, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Women with breast cancer had a good LISAT overall; the sexual aspect was evaluated as the lowest in terms of life satisfaction. Marital status, occupation, surgical treatment and self-esteem are associated with the LISAT. Health professionals should know the variables that influence life satisfaction of women with breast cancer to plan and conduct appropriate nursing care.

Sexual dysfunction in Spanish women with breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To determine whether there are changes in sexuality after breast cancer, to better understand the sexual function of women with breast cancer, and to investigate the potential relationship between sexual dysfunction and socio-demographic and clinical variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional study. This study included 514 women with breast cancer between 21- and 66-years-old. The cases were gathered between June 2016 and January 2017. The instruments used were the questionnaire on Women's Sexual Function and a questionnaire to collect socio-demographic and clinical data. RESULTS: The average age (± standard deviation, SD) of participants was 46.34 ± 8.28 years. Their average age at date of diagnosis was 42.26 ± 8.56 years, and the average time suffering from cancer was 4.05 ± 5.23 years. There were significant differences (p = 0.002) in the presence of sexual dysfunction before (32.1%) and after (91.2%) cancer. The primary sexual dysfunctions were due to penetration pain (50.6%), lubrication (50.6%), dysfunctional desire (44.6%), and dysfunctional excitement (44.6%). Two-thirds of participants were satisfied with their sexual relations. The women who presented most sexual dysfunction were those that had a bilateral mastectomy (p = 0.009) and those who received chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal-therapy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Sexual function was changed in women with breast cancer. The main problems included penetration pain, desire, lubrication, and dysfunctional excitement. It is important that Health professionals recognize which circumstances influence the sexual function of women with breast cancer and to make interventions that facilitate sexual adjustment.

Prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy in the older people: 2006-2014.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To analyse the prevalence, risk factors and evolution over time of polypharmacy and self-medication in the older people in Spain from 2006-2014. BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy is a public health problem for older people worldwide which causes different negative effects on their health, increasing health costs and pharmaceutical spending. However, previous studies do not include nationally representative samples and none of them provide updated data. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with community-dwelling older adults (N = 26,277) who participated in the National Health Survey in Spain in 2006 and 2011/2012 and the European Health Survey in Spain in 2009 and 2014. METHODS: Polypharmacy (defined as use of five or more medications in the last 2 weeks), excessive polypharmacy (defined as use of ten or more medications in the last 2 weeks) and self-medication (defined as use of medications without a prescription) were evaluated. A logistic regression was used for to know the association between polypharmacy and self-medication with the sociodemographic characteristic. RESULTS: The participants were 62% female and 38% male. The mean medication consumption was 2.96 (SD ± 2.11). Prevalence of polypharmacy was present in 21.9%, prevalence of excessive polypharmacy was 0.6%, and prevalence of self-medication was 10.7%. The most commonly used medications were for blood pressure (51.6%), pain (42.8%) and cholesterol (28.2%). Polypharmacy is associated with sex (females), age, being separated/divorced/widowed, lack of education, higher body mass index, being bedridden during the last 2 weeks and self-medication. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of polypharmacy and prevalence of self-medication are considerable, and they increased significantly from 2006-2014. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: To deal with polypharmacy is a big challenge for nurses. These data suggest to establish innovative clinical strategies in which the health professionals and the patients are involved to improve the personal behaviour with medicines and to reduce the risks and costs of polypharmacy and self-medication.

Prevalence and determinants in cytology testing for cervical cancer screening in Spain (2006-14).

Background: Cervical cancer has decreased in developed countries thanks to cytology screening programmes. The aims of this study were To analyse the frequency and evolution of performing cytology tests and to determine the variables that influence their use. Methods: Cross-sectional study of non-institutionalized women who participated in the national health survey (2006, 2011/12) and the European Health Survey in Spain (2009, 2014). Study variables: cytology-testing, time since last cytology-test, reason for performing the test, age, nationality, marital status, social status, education level and place of residence. Results: The study evaluated 53 628 women in Spain over 15 years old, with a mean age of 52.68 (SD ± 19.12). About 94.1% were Spanish, 49.2% were married and 77.2% lived with a partner. In 2014, 72% had a cytology test, a number that increased significantly. Women aged 25-65 were 5.13 times more likely to undergo a cytology test than those aged 15-24 years old (odds ratio (OR): 5.13; P < 0.001); women with university educations were 9.23 times more likely to undergo a cytology test than those without university educations (P > 0.001); those of social classes I and II (high) were 1.2 more likely to undergo a cytology test than those of low social class (P = 0.026); and Spanish women were 1.74 times more likely to undergo a cytology test than foreigners living in Spain (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Frequency of cytology testing has increased in the last few years. Screening for cervical cancer is associated with higher social status, education level, age, and not being foreign.

[Prevalence in the performance of mammographies in Spain: Analysis by Communities 2006-2014 and influencing factors]. / Prevalencia en la realización de mamografías en España: análisis por comunidades 2006-2014 y factores que influyen.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of the performance of mammography with preventive purpose of the screening of breast cancer in Spanish women, the evolution between the years 2006-2014, the sociodemographic profile of the women who undergo the mammography and to analyze the factors that influence in their adhesion. DESIGN: Transversal study. SITES: Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 53.628 women over 15 years old that are surveyed in the National Health Survey in Spain 2006 and 2011/12 and the European Health Survey in Spain 2009 and 2014. MEASUREMENTS: The following variables were used: mammography, frequency of mammography performance and the reason for the realization, as well as sociodemographic variables. Social class was obtained from the last occupation of the main family supporter. A logistic regression analysis was performed with sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of mammography has been increasing from 2006 to 2014, and also for the reason that the participants had received a letter, they were telephoned or offered in their Health Center to undergo this test. There are significant differences in the performance of mammography in the different autonomous communities. CONCLUSIONS: Performing mammography has increased significantly from 2006 to 2014, although there are still differences between autonomous communities, with Ceuta and Melilla being the least percentage of performed mammography. The factors that are related to greater performed mammography are: higher educational level, higher social class, married civil status, Spanish nationality and age.

Record of the circumstances of falls in the community: perspective in the Iberian Peninsula / Registro das circunstancias das quedas no âmbito comunitário: perspectiva na Península Ibérica / Registro de las circunstancias de las caídas en el ámbito comunitario: Perspectiva en la península ibérica

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the diagnosis of the situation regarding documentation of falls and risk of falls in people older than 75 years in basic health units in Spain and Portugal. Method: mixed exploratory study in two stages: (i) quantitative descriptive of randomly selected fall records produced in one year (597 records; 197 Spanish and 400 Portuguese); and (ii) qualitative, with the purpose of knowing the perception of health professionals employing semi-structured interviews (72 professionals, 16 Spanish and 56 Portuguese). The study areas were two basic health units in southern Spain and northern Portugal. Results: in the fall records, the number of women was higher. The presence of fall was associated with the variables age, presence of dementia, osteoarticular disease, previous falls and consumption of antivertiginous medication. Health professionals perceived an absence of risk assessment instruments, as well as lack of prevention programs and lack of awareness of this event. Conclusion: falls are perceived as an area of ​​priority attention for health professionals. Nonetheless, there is a lack of adherence to the registration of falls and risk assessment, due to organizational, logistical and motivational problems.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar o diagnóstico da situação sobre a documentação das quedas e risco de queda em pessoas maiores de 75 anos em unidades básicas de saúde da Espanha e Portugal. Método: estudo exploratório misto em duas etapas: (i) descritiva quantitativa de registros de queda selecionados aleatoriamente produzidos em um ano (597 registros; 197 espanhóis e 400 portugueses); e (ii) qualitativa, para conhecer a percepção dos profissionais de saúde, utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas (72 profissionais; 16 espanhóis e 56 portugueses). Os âmbitos de estudo foram duas unidades básicas de saúde do Sul de Espanha e do Norte de Portugal. Resultados: nos registros de queda, o número de mulheres era maior. A presença de queda esteve associada com as variáveis idade, presença de demência, doença osteoarticular, quedas prévias e consumo de antivertiginosos. Os profissionais de saúde perceberam uma ausência de instrumentos de avaliação do risco de queda, assim como carência de programas de prevenção e falta de sensibilização sobre este acontecimento. Conclusão: as quedas são percebidas como uma área de atenção prioritária para os profissionais de saúde. Não obstante, existe uma falta de adesão ao registro de quedas e da avaliação do risco como consequência de problemas organizacionais, logísticos e motivacionais.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar el diagnóstico de la situación sobre la documentación de las caídas y riesgo de caída en personas mayores de 75 años en unidades básicas de salud de España y Portugal. Método: estudio exploratorio mixto en dos etapas: (i) descriptiva cuantitativa de registros de caída seleccionados aleatoriamente producidos en un año (597 registros; 197 españoles y 400 portugueses); y (ii) cualitativa, para conocer la percepción de los profesionales sanitarios, empleando entrevistas semiestructuras (72 profesionales; 16 españoles y 56 portugueses). Los ámbitos de estudio fueron dos unidades básicas de salud del Sur de España y Norte de Portugal. Resultados: en los registros de caída, el número de mujeres era mayor. La presencia de caída se asociaba con las variables edad, presencia de demencia, enfermedad osteoarticular, caídas previas y consumo de anti-vertiginosos. Los profesionales sanitarios percibían una ausencia de instrumentos de evaluación del riesgo de caída, así como carencia de programas de prevención y falta de sensibilización sobre este acontecimiento. Conclusión: las caídas son percibidas como un área de atención prioritaria para los profesionales sanitarios. No obstante, existe una falta de adhesión al registro de caídas y de la evaluación del riesgo como consecuencia de problemas organizacionales, logísticos y motivacionales.

Occipital Neuralgia: a noninvasive therapeutic approach / Neuralgia Occipital: uma abordagem terapêutica não invasiva / Neuralgia Occipital: un abordaje terapéutico no invasivo

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the application of a noninvasive intervention consisting of a postural modification using personalized models and osteopathy in people with occipital neuralgia. Method: retrospective study of the intervention performed in adult population with occipital neuralgia, consisting of postural modification using personalized plantar orthoses and osteopathy, in a study period of four years. The observed variables were: persistence of headache, alignment of the axes, plantar support, center of gravity and center of mass; medical interview data, visual analogue scale, Win-Track gait analysis system and Kinovea software for video analysis (clinical assessment instruments used). Results: a total of 34 records of people with occipital neuralgia were studied. A fraction of 58.8% of the patients reported improvement after the intervention. The visual analogue scale data were provided for 64.7% of the records and significant differences (p <0.001) between the means before (8.4 ± 1.7) and after the intervention (2.6 ± 2.7) were found. Conclusion: postural modification using personalized orthoses and osteopathy substantially improves the symptomatology of patients with occipital neuralgia.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a aplicação de uma intervenção não invasiva que consiste em uma modificação postural usando modelos personalizados e osteopatia em pessoas com neuralgia occipital. Método: estudo retrospectivo da intervenção realizada em população adulta com neuralgia occipital que consiste de modificação postural empregando órteses plantares personalizadas e osteopatia, em um período de estudo de quatro anos. As variáveis observadas foram: persistência de cefaleia, alinhamento dos eixos, apoio plantar, centro de gravidade e centro de massa; dados da entrevista médica, escala visual analógica, sistema de análise de marcha Win-Track e o software Kinovea para análise de vídeo (instrumentos de avaliação clínica utilizados). Resultados: foram estudados no total 34 registros de pessoas com neuralgia occipital. Uma fração de 58,8% dos pacientes informou apresentar melhoria após a intervenção. Os dados da escala visual analógica foram fornecidos para 64,7% dos registros, encontrando diferenças significativas (p<0,001) entre as médias antes (8,4±1,7) e depois da intervenção (2,6±2,7). Conclusão: a modificação postural empregando órteses personalizadas e osteopatia melhora substancialmente a sintomatologia dos pacientes com neuralgia occipital.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la aplicación de una intervención no invasiva consistente en una modificación postural empleando plantillas personalizadas y osteopatía en personas con neuralgia occipital. Método: estudio retrospectivo de la intervención llevada a cabo en población adulta con neuralgia occipital, de modificación postural empleando órtesis plantares personalizadas y osteopatía, en un período de estudio de cuatro años. Las variables observadas fueron: persistencia de cefalea, alineación de los ejes, apoyo plantar, centro de gravedad y centro de masa; datos de la entrevista médica, la escala visual análoga, el sistema de análisis de la marcha Win-Track y el software Kinovea para análisis de vídeo (instrumentos de valoración clínica utilizados). Resultados: un total de 34 registros de personas con neuralgia occipital fueron estudiados. Un 58,8% refería presentar mejoría tras la intervención. Los datos de la escala visual análoga eran proporcionados un 64,7% de los registros, encontrándose diferencias significativas (p<0,001) entre las medias previas a la intervención (8,4±1,7) y aquellas posteriores (2,6±2,7). Conclusión: la modificación postural empleando órtesis personalizadas y osteopatía mejora sustancialmente la sintomatología de los pacientes con neuralgia occipital.

Elder abuse within the family environment in the Azores Islands / Maus-tratos no ambiente familiar contra idosos nas Ilhas dos Açores / Maltrato en el entorno familiar a las personas mayores en las Islas Azores

ABSTRACT Objectives: to dimension abuse against vulnerable adults within the family and community environment in the Azores Islands, identify risk factors for abuse and describe the profile of an abused elder. Method: descriptive cross-sectional study. Random sampling. The instruments used were: clinical histories of the users, Mini-Mental State Examination, Index of Independence in Basic Activities of Daily Living, Family APGAR Scale, Elder Abuse Suspicion Index and Social Work Assessment Form. Descriptive statistical analysis was used for qualitative and quantitative variables and multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with elder mistreatment. Results: abuse suspicion was identified in 24.5% of elderly participants. Psychological abuse was the most common type of abuse and sons were the main abusers. Conclusion: being a woman and belonging to a dysfunctional family is associated with an increased risk of becoming a victim of abuse; the high level of domestic violence against the elderly in the Azores Islands is in line with the rest of Portugal.

RESUMO Objetivos: dimensionar os maus-tratos contra as pessoas idosas vulneráveis no ambiente familiar e comunitário nas Ilhas dos Açores, identificar fatores de risco para maus-tratos e definir o perfil do idoso maltratado. Método: estudo descritivo transversal. Amostragem aleatória. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: prontuários dos usuários, Mini Exame do Estado Mental, teste de autonomia para as Atividades Básicas da Vida Diária, Escala APGAR Familiar, Índice de Suspeição de Abuso no Idoso e Formulário de Avaliação de Trabalho Social. Análise estatística descritiva foi usada para as variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas e regressão logística múltipla foi usada para identificar os fatores associados aos maus-tratos. Resultados: suspeita de maus-tratos foi identificada em 24,5% dos idosos participantes. O abuso psicológico foi o tipo de maus-tratos mais comum e os responsáveis por esses maus-tratos foram principalmente os filhos. Conclusão: ser mulher e pertencer a uma família disfuncional está associado com uma maior probabilidade de sofrer maus-tratos; o alto nível de violência doméstica contra os idosos nas Ilhas dos Açores segue o mesmo padrão do resto de Portugal.

RESUMEN Objetivos: dimensionar el maltrato a personas mayores vulnerables en el entorno familiar y comunitario de las Islas Azores, identificar factores de riesgo de maltrato y definir el perfil del anciano maltratado. Método: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Muestreo aleatorio. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: historias clínicas de los usuarios, Mini-Examen Cognitivo, test de autonomía para las Actividades Básicas de la Vida Diaria, Test de APGAR Familiar, Índice de Sospecha de Maltrato hacia Personas Mayores y Formulario de Evaluación de Trabajo Social. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo para las variables cualitativas y cuantitativas y una regresión logística múltiple para identificar los factores asociados al maltrato. Resultados: se identificó sospecha de maltrato en el 24,5% de los ancianos participantes. El maltrato psicológico fue el tipo de maltrato más común y los desencadenantes de ese maltrato fueron principalmente los hijos. Conclusión: se asocia ser mujer y pertenecer a familia disfuncional con mayor probabilidad de padecer maltrato; el alto nivel de la violencia domestica a los ancianos en las Islas Azores sigue la línea que en el resto de Portugal.

Birth plan compliance and its relation to maternal and neonatal outcomes / O cumprimento do plano de parto e sua relação com os resultados maternos e neonatais / El cumplimiento del plan de parto y su relación con los resultados maternos y neonatales

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the degree of fulfillment of the requests that women reflect in their birth plans and to determine their influence on the main obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Method: retrospective, descriptive and analytical study with 178 women with birth plans in third-level hospital. Inclusion criteria: low risk gestation, cephalic presentation, single childbirth, delivered at term. Scheduled and urgent cesareans without labor were excluded. A descriptive and inferential analysis of the variables was performed. Results: the birth plan was mostly fulfilled in only 37% of the women. The group of women whose compliance was low (less than or equal to 50%) had a cesarean section rate of 18.8% and their children had worse outcomes in the Apgar test and umbilical cord pH; while in women with high compliance (75% or more), the percentage of cesareans fell to 6.1% and their children had better outcomes. Conclusion: birth plans have a low degree of compliance. The higher the compliance, the better is the maternal and neonatal outcomes. The birth plan can be an effective tool to achieve better outcomes for the mother and her child. Measures are needed to improve its compliance.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer o grau de cumprimento das solicitações que as mulheres registram nos seus planos de parto e determinar sua influência nos principais resultados obstétricos e neonatais. Método: estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e analítico com 178 mulheres com plano de parto em hospital de terceiro nível. Critérios de inclusão: gestação de baixo risco, apresentação cefálica, parto único a termo. Cesarianas agendadas e urgentes sem trabalho de parto foram excluídas. Foi realizada análise descritiva e inferencial das variáveis. Resultados: o plano de parto foi majoritariamente cumprido em apenas 37% das mulheres. O grupo de mulheres cujo cumprimento foi baixo (menor ou igual a 50%) teve percentagem de cesarianas de 18,8% e seus filhos tiveram resultados piores no teste de Apgar e pH do cordão, enquanto que em mulheres com alto cumprimento (75% ou mais), a porcentagem de cesáreas caiu para 6,1% e seus filhos apresentaram melhores resultados. Conclusão: o plano de parto tem um baixo grau de cumprimento. Quanto maior o cumprimento, melhores são os resultados maternos e neonatais. O plano de parto pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz para alcançar melhores resultados para a mãe e seu filho. São necessárias medidas para melhorar seu grau de cumprimento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer el grado de cumplimiento de las solicitudes que las mujeres reflejan en sus planes de parto y determinar su influencia en los principales resultados obstétricos y neonatales. Método: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y analítico con 178 mujeres con plan de parto en hospitales de tercer nivel. Criterios de inclusión: gestación bajo riesgo, presentación cefálica, parto único a término. Se excluyeron cesáreas programadas y urgentes sin trabajo de parto. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial de las variables. Resultados: el plan de parto se cumplió mayoritariamente solo en el 37% de las mujeres. El grupo de mujeres donde el cumplimiento fue bajo (menor o igual al 50%) tuvo un porcentaje de cesáreas del 18,8% y sus hijos tuvieron peores resultados en test de Apgar y pH de cordón; mientras que en mujeres con cumplimiento alto (75% o mayor), el porcentaje de cesáreas cayó al 6,1% y sus hijos obtuvieron mejores resultados. Conclusión: el plan de parto tiene un grado de cumplimiento bajo. A mayor cumplimiento mejores son los resultados maternos y neonatales. Puede constituir una herramienta eficaz en la consecución de mejores resultados en la madre y su hijo. Son necesarias medidas que mejoren su grado de cumplimiento.

Intimate partner violence among health professionals: distribution by autonomous communities in Spain / Violência por parceiro íntimo em profissionais de saúde: distribuição por comunidades autónomas espanholas / Violencia por compañero íntimo en profesionales sanitarios: distribución por comunidades autónomas españolas

Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence among health care professionals who work in the Spanish National Health System, according to the autonomous communities of Spain. METHOD This was a descriptive cross-sectional multicenter study conducted with male and female health professionals (doctors, nurses, and nursing aides) in the different autonomous communities that are part of the Spanish National Health System. The following instruments were employed: among women, an intimate partner violence screening questionnaire; and among men, a questionnaire that screened for violence in the family environment. RESULTS A total of 1,039 health professionals participated in the study. Of these, 26% had suffered some type of abuse. Among the men, this prevalence was 2.7%, while among the women, it was 33.8%. There were differences in the prevalence of intimate partner violence among different autonomous communities, with the highest percentages in the Canary Islands. In terms of profession, 19.5% of the doctors had been exposed to intimate partner violence, while this percentage was 31% and 48.6% for nurses and nursing professionals, respectively. CONCLUSION The results indicate the presence of intimate partner violence among healthcare personnel in most of the autonomous communities of Spain. The data demonstrate the need to implement action plans, both to support victims and to mitigate the problem.

Resumo OBJETIVO Determinar a prevalência de violência por parceiro íntimo, nas comunidades autônomas espanholas, nos profissionais da saúde que trabalham no sistema de Saúde Pública do Estado espanhol. MÉTODO Estudo multicêntrico, transversal, descritivo, realizado no sistema de Saúde Pública do Estado espanhol das diferentes comunidades autônomas. 1.039 profissionais da saúde de ambos os sexos (médicos, enfermeiros e auxiliares de enfermagem). Os instrumentos utilizados foram: para as mulheres, o questionário de detecção de maus-tratos a mulheres por seu par e, para os homens, o questionário de detecção da violência no âmbito da família. RESULTADOS Participaram do estudo 1039 profissionais de saúde. 26% dos profissionais sofreram algum tipo de abuso por parceiro intimo. Para os homens, a prevalência de abuso foi de 2,7%, enquanto no caso das mulheres foi de 33,8%. Há diferenças na prevalência da violência por parceiro íntimo entre as diferentes comunidades autônomas, e nas Ilhas Canárias os valores foram mais elevados. Em relação à profissão, 19,5% dos médicos/as, 31% dos enfermeiros/as e 48,6% dos auxiliares de enfermagem sofrem violência por parceiro íntimo. CONCLUSÕES Os números mostram a presença de violência por parceiro íntimo em profissionais de saúde na grande maioria das comunidades autônomas da Espanha. Esses dados impulsionam a implementação de planos de ação para apoiar as vítimas e intervenções que diminuam o problema.

Resumen OBJETIVO Conocer la prevalencia de violencia por compañero íntimo, por comunidades autónomas, en los profesionales sanitarios que trabajan en el Sistema Sanitario Público del Estado Español. MÉTODO Estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal multicéntrico realizado en las diferentes comunidades autónomas del Sistema Sanitario Público del Estado Español, con profesionales sanitarios de ambos sexos (médicos, enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería). Como instrumentos se utilizó: para las mujeres el cuestionario de detección de malos tratos a mujeres por su pareja y para los hombres, el cuestionario de detección de violencia en el entorno familiar. RESULTADOS Participaron en el estudio 1039 profesionales sanitarios. El 26% de los profesionales sufrió algún tipo de maltrato. En el caso de los hombres, la prevalencia de maltrato fue de 2,7%, mientras que en el caso de la mujer fue de 33,8%. Existen diferencias en la prevalencia de violencia por compañero íntimo entre las diferentes comunidades autónomas, presentándose las cifras más altas en las Islas Canarias. Respecto a la profesión, el 19,5% de los médicos/as padecían violencia de compañero íntimo, el 31% de los enfermeros/as y el 48,6% de los auxiliares de enfermería. CONCLUSIÓN Las cifras expuestas evidencian la presencia de violencia por compañero íntimo en el personal sanitario en la gran mayoría de las comunidades autónomas de España. Estos datos impelen la puesta en marcha de planes de actuación tanto de apoyo a las víctimas como de intervenciones que aminoren el problema.

Level of anxiety versus self-care in the preoperative and postoperative periods of total laryngectomy patients.

OBJECTIVE: estimate the prevalence of anxiety in laryngectomy patients in the pre and postoperative periods and its relation with the self-care level. METHOD: observational research of 40 patients with stage IV laryngeal cancer. Three observations took place: in the preoperative phase, at seven and at 14 days after the surgery; between June 2010 and December 2012. Two self-care levels were defined: self-sufficient and needing help for activities of daily living and treatment-related activities. To assess the anxiety levels, Zigmond's hospital anxiety scale (1983) was used. RESULTS: in the preoperative and postoperative phases, the patients presented high levels of anxiety. Concerning self-care, on average, self-sufficient patients presented lower levels of anxiety than patients who needed help to accomplish activities of daily living and activities deriving from the surgery, without significant differences. CONCLUSION: anxiety is present at all times in laryngectomy patients and the reduction of the self-care deficit seems to decrease it, without putting a permanent end to it. OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência de ansiedade do paciente laringectomizado no pré-operatório e pós-operatório e sua relação com o nível de autocuidado. MÉTODO: pesquisa observacional de 40 pacientes com câncer da laringe estágio IV. Foram realizadas 3 observações: no pré-operatório, a 7 e 14 dias pós-operatório, no período de junho de 2010 a dezembro de 2012. Dois níveis de autocuidado foram definidos: autossuficientes e precisar ajuda para as atividades da vida diária e relacionadas ao tratamento. Para avaliar a ansiedade, foi utilizada a escala de ansiedade hospitalar de Zigmond (1983). RESULTADOS: no pré-operatório e pós-operatório, os pacientes apresentaram níveis elevados de ansiedade. Com relação ao autocuidado, os pacientes autossuficientes apresentaram na média níveis inferiores de ansiedades que os pacientes que precisavam de ajuda para realizar as atividades da vida diária y as derivadas da cirurgia, sem chegar a ser significativas estas diferenças. CONCLUSÃO: a ansiedade está presente a todo momento no paciente laringectomizado e a diminuição do déficit de autocuidados parece diminuí-la sem acabar definitivamente com ela. OBJETIVO: estimar la prevalencia de ansiedad del paciente laringectomizado, en el preoperatorio y postoperatorio y su relación con el nivel de autocuidados. MÉTODO: investigación observacional de 40 pacientes con cáncer de laringe estadio IV. Se realizaron 3 observaciones: en el preoperatorio, a los 7 y 14 días del postoperatorio; en el periodo junio 2010 a diciembre de 2012. Se definieron dos niveles de autocuidados: autosuficientes y necesitar ayuda para las actividades de la vida diaria y derivadas del tratamiento; para evaluar la ansiedad se utilizó la escala de ansiedad hospitalaria de Zigmond (1983). RESULTADOS: en el preoperatorio y postoperatorio los pacientes presentaron niveles elevados de ansiedad. En relación a los autocuidados, los pacientes autosuficientes presentaron en media niveles más bajos de ansiedad que los pacientes que necesitaban ayuda para realizar las actividades de la vida diaria y las derivadas de la cirugía, sin llegar a ser significativas estas diferencias. CONCLUSIÓN: la ansiedad está presente en todo momento en el paciente con laringectomia y la disminución del déficit de autocuidados parece disminuirla sin terminar definitivamente con ella.