Complicated giant colonic diverticulum: imaging-based diagnosis.

A 66-year-old male from Venezuela with history of high blood pressure and diverticulosis is being studied on an outpatient basis for abdominal pain and weight loss of several months of evolution. He presented to the emergency department due to worsening abdominal pain in the last 48 hours and fever. His abdomen was mildly tender to palpation in the left hypochondrium but did not exhibit signs of peritonitis. An abdominal x-ray was performed, revealing an oval, smooth-walled mass located in the left upper quadrant that contained a gas-fluid level. An outpatient abdominal CT scan performed two months earlier showed an intraabdominal, 14.8x10x16cm air cystic lesion, proposing giant colonic diverticulum as first diagnostic possibility. Given the findings of the abdominal x-ray, urgent abdominal CT was requested (image 3) with results suggestive of sigmoid-dependent giant diverticulum, complicated by probable superinfection and torsion of the sigma at its base. Considering the suspected diagnosis, the patient underwent diverticulectomy, demonstrating purulent content inside. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. Evolution after surgery was favourable and the patient was discharged on the sixth postoperative day.

Síndrome de desmielinización osmótica, a propósito de un caso / Osmotic demyelination syndrome, a case report

El síndrome de desmielinización osmótica, antes conocido como mielinólisis central pontina, es una enfermedad que ocurre en pacientes con hiponatremia grave en los cuales se realiza una corrección rápida del sodio. Clínicamente, se presenta como una parálisis seudobulbar que consiste en tetraparesia, encefalopatía, rigidez, ataxia y movimientos anormales. El síndrome de desmielinización osmótica es una enfermedad desmielinizante no inflamatoria, secundaria a edema neuronal intenso que se produce en la protuberancia y otras regiones fuera de la protuberancia. Es una patología muy poco frecuente. Sin embargo, tiene muy mal pronóstico, y la rehabilitación es el único tratamiento eficaz. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 51 años de edad con cuadro de déficit neurológico altamente progresivo después de la corrección rápida de una hiponatremia, con tetraparesia, encefalopatía y rigidez en los días siguientes. El paciente requirió intubación orotraqueal debido al deterioro clínico. Fue diagnosticado mediante una tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) cerebral y se confirmó el diagnóstico mediante resonancia magnética (RM).

Osmotic demyelination syndrome, previously known as central pontine myelinolysis, is a known disorder in patients with severe hyponatremia in whom rapid sodium correction is performed. It is clinically described as a pseudobulbar palsy, comprised of tetraparesis, encephalopathy, rigidity, ataxia and abnormal movements. It consists of a non-inflammatory demyelination secondary to severe neuronal edema at the pons and other extrapontine locations. It is a very rare pathology, with a poor prognosis and whose only treatment is rehabilitation. A case of a 51-year-old man with fast progressive neurological deficit following rapid correction of severe hyponatremia is presented. The patient required orotracheal intubation due to clinical deteroriation and was diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulation enhances c-Fos expression in spinal and supraspinal structures related to pain modulation.

The hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN) inhibits spinal nociception. Furthermore, projections from the PVN to other structures related to pain modulation exist, but a functional interaction has not yet been fully demonstrated. As an initial approach, we show here that PVN electric stimulation with the same parameters used to induce analgesia in rats enhances c-Fos expression not only in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord but also in the nucleus raphe magnus, locus coeruleus and the periaqueductal gray area. These results suggest that a functional interaction between these structures could occur, possibly to assure a mechanism of endogenous analgesia.