Olive Oil Components as Novel Antioxidants in Neuroblastoma Treatment: Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol.

In this review, we explored the therapeutic potential of oleuropein (OLE) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) in the treatment of neuroblastoma (NB). NB is an extracranial tumour that predominantly affects children aged between 17 and 18 months. Recurrence and drug resistance have emerged as the biggest challenges when treating NB, leading to a crucial need for new therapeutic approaches. Food of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) presents several health benefits, including that of cancer treatment. In this review, we emphasised olive oil since it is one of the main liquid ingredients of the MD. OLE is the principal phenolic compound that constitutes olive oil and is hydrolysed to produce HT. Considering that tumour cells produce increased amounts of reactive oxygen species, this review highlights the antioxidant properties of OLE and HT and how they could result in increased cellular antioxidant defences and reduced oxidative damage in NB cells. Moreover, we highlight that these phenolic compounds lead to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, reduce the side effects caused by conventional treatments, and activate tumours that become dormant as a resistance mechanism. Future research should explore the effects of these compounds and other antioxidants on the treatment of NB in vivo.

Zebrafish Model Insights into Mediterranean Diet Liquids: Olive Oil and Wine.

In this review, we explored the potential of a zebrafish model to investigate the antioxidant effects of key components of the Mediterranean diet, namely, olive oil and wine, in the context of preventing age-related diseases, particularly cardiovascular conditions. This paper explores the spectrum of observational studies to preclinical investigations and ultimately converges toward potential translational insights derived from animal experimentation. This review highlights the potential and underutilization of zebrafish as an experimental model in this domain. We highlighted the genetic proximity of zebrafish to humans, offering a unique opportunity for translational insights into the health benefits of olive oil and wine. Indeed, we wanted to focus on the potential of zebrafish to elucidate the health benefits of olive oil and wine while calling for continued exploration to unlock its full potential to advance our knowledge of age-related disease prevention within the Mediterranean diet framework.

Irisin, in women and men: blood pressure, heart rate, obesity and insulin resistance.

Background: Irisin is a myokine that increases with leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and for which a cardiovascular protective role has been postulated. Our aim was to assess this role in the general population. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed in a large randomly selected population sample (n=2298 women and 1529 men). Apart from age and sex, we record anthropometrics (blood pressure, heart rate, obesity), lifestyle (LTPA, smoking, alcohol), and biochemical measurements (irisin, lipid profile, insulin resistance). Correlations and regression multivariate models were used to analyze the association of irisin levels with the studied factors. Results: The variables more strongly and directly associated with irisin, adjusting the studied factors separately in women and men, were HOMA-2 (p=0.043 and p=0.001, respectively) and LTPA (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). Also heart rate inversely (p=0.005 and p=0.002, respectively) and DBP directly (p<0.005 and p=0.045, respectively) were associated to irisin in both sexes. The waist/height ratio (p<0.001) was inversely associated to irisin only in women, and the alcohol drinking was directly associated (p=0.029) only in men. Conclusion: We provide new findings for irisin, such as its association with DBP and with heart rate; furthermore, in women irisin is associated to abdominal obesity, and in men is associated to the alcohol intake. We also corroborate the association of irisin with LTPA and insulin resistance. The associations detected point towards a protective role of irisin in the maintenance of cardiometabolic health.

The Effect of the Extra Virgin Olive Oil Minor Phenolic Compound 3',4'-Dihydroxyphenylglycol in Experimental Diabetic Kidney Disease.

The aim of this study was to analyze the possible nephroprotective effect of 3',4'-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), a polyphenolic compound of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), on renal lesions in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes. Rats were distributed as follows: healthy normoglycemic rats (NDR), diabetic rats treated with saline (DR), and DR treated with 0.5 mg/kg/day or 1 mg/kg/day of DHPG. DR showed a significantly higher serum and renal oxidative and nitrosative stress profile than NDR, as well as reduced prostacyclin production and renal damage (defined as urinary protein excretion, reduced creatinine clearance, increased glomerular volume, and increased glomerulosclerosis index). DHPG reduced the oxidative and nitrosative stress and increased prostacyclin production (a 59.2% reduction in DR and 34.7-7.8% reduction in DHPG-treated rats), as well as 38-56% reduction in urinary protein excretion and 22-46% reduction in glomerular morphological parameters (after the treatment with 0.5 or 1 mg/kg/day, respectively). Conclusions: DHPG administration to type 1-like diabetic rats exerts a nephroprotective effect probably due to the sum of its antioxidant (Pearson's coefficient 0.68-0.74), antinitrosative (Pearson's coefficient 0.83), and prostacyclin production regulator (Pearson's coefficient 0.75) effects.

Olive oil and wine as source of multi-target agents in the prevention of Alzheimer disease.

Olive oil and wine are consumed daily worldwide, and they constitute the fundamental pillars of the healthy Mediterranean diet. Polyphenolic compounds, naturally present in both olive oil and wine, are responsible for their beneficial properties. Current studies have shown the neuroprotective effects of polyphenols independently of their well-known antioxidant action. In this work, we have focused on reviewing the protective effect of polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil and wine in Alzheimer´s disease (AD), to emphasise that both foods could be a possible therapeutic tool. Beneficial effects have been described in ß-aggregation, neurofibrillary tangles, autophagy and mitochondrial function, as well as in cerebral insulin resistance. Furthermore, to date, a harmful dose has not been described. Both pre-clinical and clinical works demonstrate that polyphenols act on neuropathological and cognitive disorders of AD, preventing or stopping the onset of this devastating disease. However, there are certain limitations in these studies, since it is very difficult to research diseases that lead to cognitive impairment. Although all the findings obtained are very encouraging, more studies should be carried out investigating the use of the polyphenols from olive oil and wine as therapeutic agents in the progression of AD. Therefore, more longitudinal studies in humans with a homogeneous cohort of patients are necessary to corroborate the efficacy of these nutraceuticals, as well as determine the most appropriate dose for this purpose.

Resistin as a risk factor for all-cause (and cardiovascular) death in the general population.

Serum resistin is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been described as a risk factor associated with mortality in several clinical sets including type 2 diabetes. Mortality studies in the general population are needed to find out the risk of death associated to this cytokine. In a follow-up study of a cohort of adult population (n = 6636) in Spain over a period of fifteen years (447 deaths/102,255 person-years), serum resistin measurements and death records were obtained. The risks of all-cause deaths, and deaths from cardiovascular and oncological diseases were estimated. Hazard ratios (HR) and its confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable Cox models, adjusting the effect of 11 traditional risk factors. The risk of all-cause mortality among participants exposed to the highest quintile of resistin was always higher than among those in the lowest quintile (HR varied between 1.55 when smoking was the adjusted factor [95% CI 1.17-2.05], and 1.68 when the adjusted factor was physical activity [95% CI 1.27-2.21]). The maximally adjusted model, accounting for the effect of all traditional factors, corroborated this higher risk of all-cause mortality among people in the highest resistin quintile (HR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.13-2.05). The effect of resistin was even higher for cardiovascular deaths (HR = 2.14; 95% CI 1.13-4.06), being exceeded only by suffering diabetes (HR = 3.04; 95% CI 1.98-4.69) or previous acute coronary syndrome (HR = 3.67; 95% CI 2.18-6.18). This findings corroborate the role of resistin as a risk factor for all-cause (and cardiovascular) death in the general population.

Neuroprotective Effect of 3',4'-Dihydroxyphenylglycol in Type-1-like Diabetic Rats-Influence of the Hydroxytyrosol/3',4'-dihydroxyphenylglycol Ratio.

The aim of this study was to assess the possible neuroprotective effect of 3',4'-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), a polyphenol from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), in an experimental model of diabetes and whether this effect is modified by the presence of another EVOO polyphenol, hydroxytyrosol (HT). The neuroprotective effect was assessed in a hypoxia-reoxygenation model in brain slices and by quantifying retinal nerve cells. The animals were distributed as follows: (1) normoglycemic rats (NDR), (2) diabetic rats (DR), (3) DR treated with HT (5 mg/kg/day p.o.), (4) DR treated with DHPG (0.5 mg/kg/day), or (5) with 1 mg/kg/day, (6) DR treated with HT plus DHPG 0.5 mg/kg/day, or (7) HT plus 1 mg/kg/day p.o. DHPG. Diabetic animals presented higher levels of oxidative stress variables and lower numbers of neuronal cells in retinal tissue. The administration of DHPG or HT reduced most of the oxidative stress variables and brain lactate dehydrogenase efflux (LDH) as an indirect index of cellular death and also reduced the loss of retinal cells. The association of DHPG+HT in the same proportions, as found in EVOO, improved the neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of both polyphenols.

Pathological and clinical features of multiple cancers and lung adenocarcinoma: a multicentre study.

OBJECTIVES: Lung cancer is increasingly diagnosed as a second cancer. Our goal was to analyse the characteristics and outcomes of early-stage resected lung adenocarcinomas in patients with previous cancers (PC) and correlations with adenocarcinoma subtypes. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data of patients radically operated on for stage I-II lung adenocarcinoma in 9 thoracic surgery departments between 2014 and 2017. Overall survival (OS) and time to disease relapse were evaluated between subgroups. RESULTS: We included 700 consecutive patients. PC were present in 260 (37.1%). Breast adenocarcinoma, lung cancer and prostate cancer were the most frequent (21.5%, 11.5% and 11.2%, respectively). No significant differences in OS were observed between the PC and non-PC groups (P = 0.378), with 31 and 75 deaths, respectively. Patients with PC had smaller tumours and were more likely to receive sublobar resection and to be operated on with a minimally invasive approach. Previous gastric cancer (P = 0.042) and synchronous PC (when diagnosed up to 6 months before lung adenocarcinoma; P = 0.044) were related, with a worse OS. Colon and breast adenocarcinomas and melanomas were significantly related to a lower incidence of high grade (solid or micropapillary, P = 0.0039, P = 0.005 and P = 0.028 respectively), whereas patients affected by a previous lymphoma had a higher incidence of a micropapillary pattern (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PC, we found smaller tumours more frequently treated with minimally invasive techniques and sublobar resection, probably due to a more careful follow-up. The impact on survival is not uniform and predictable; however, breast and colon cancers and melanoma showed a lower incidence of solid or micropapillary patterns whereas patients with lymphomas had a higher incidence of a micropapillary pattern.

Prognostic role of standard uptake value according to pathologic features of lung adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of lung adenocarcinoma second predominant pattern on the maximal standard uptake value (SUVmax) and its prognostic effect in different histologic groups. METHODS: We retrospectively collected surgically resected pathologic stage I and II lung adenocarcinoma from nine European institutions. Only patients who underwent preoperative PET-CT and with available information regarding SUVmax of T (SUVmaxT) and N1 (SUVmaxN1) component were included. RESULTS: We enrolled 344 patients with lung adenocarcinoma. SUVmaxT did not show any significant relation according to the second predominant pattern (p = 0.139); this relationship remained nonsignificant in patients with similar predominant pattern. SUVmaxT influenced the disease-free survival in the whole cohort (p = 0.002) and in low- and intermediate-grade predominant pattern groups (p = 0.040 and p = 0.008, respectively). In the high-grade predominant pattern cohort and in the pathologic N1 cases, SUVmaxT lost its prognostic power. SUVmaxN1 did not show any significant correlation with predominant and second predominant patterns and did not have any prognostic impact on DFS. CONCLUSIONS: SUVmaxT is influenced only by the adenocarcinoma predominant pattern, but not by second predominant pattern. Concurrently, in high-grade predominant pattern and pN1 group the prognostic power of SUVmaxT becomes nonsignificant.

Synergistic Effect of 3',4'-Dihidroxifenilglicol and Hydroxytyrosol on Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Some Cardiovascular Biomarkers in an Experimental Model of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

The objective of this study was to assess a possible synergistic effect of two extra-virgin olive oil polyphenols, 3,4,-dyhydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and hydroxytyrosol (HT), in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes. Seven groups of animals were studied: (1) Nondiabetic rats (NDR), (2) 2-month-old diabetic rats (DR), (3) DR treated with 5 mg/kg/day p.o. HT, (4) DR treated with 0.5 mg/kg/day p.o. DHPG, (5) DR treated with 1 mg/kg/day p.o. DHPG, (6) DR treated with HT + DHPG (0.5), (7) DR treated with HT + DHPG (1). Oxidative stress variables (lipid peroxidation, glutathione, total antioxidant activity, 8-isoprostanes, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, and oxidized LDL), nitrosative stress (3-nitrotyrosine), and some cardiovascular biomarkers (platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2, prostacyclin, myeloperoxidase, and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1)) were analyzed. The diabetic animals showed an imbalance in all of the analyzed variables. HT exerted an antioxidant and downregulatory effect on prothrombotic biomarkers while reducing the fall of prostacyclin. DHPG presented a similar, but quantitatively lower, profile. HT plus DHPG showed a synergistic effect in the reduction of oxidative and nitrosative stress, platelet aggregation, production of prostacyclin, myeloperoxidase, and VCAM-1. This synergism could be important for the development of functional oils enriched in these two polyphenols in the proportion used in this study.

Nephroprotective Effect of the Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenol Hydroxytyrosol in Type 1-like Experimental Diabetes Mellitus: Relationships with Its Antioxidant Effect.

The aim of this study was to determine whether hydroxytyrosol administration prevented kidney damage in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes mellitus in rats. Hydroxytyrosol was administered to streptozotocin-diabetic rats: 1 and 5 mg/kg/day p.o. for two months. After hydroxytyrosol administration, proteinuria was significantly reduced (67-73%), calculated creatinine clearance was significantly increased (26-38%), and the glomerular volume and glomerulosclerosis index were decreased (20-30%). Hydroxytyrosol reduced oxidative and nitrosative stress variables and thromboxane metabolite production. Statistical correlations were found between biochemical and kidney function variables. Oral administration of 1 and 5 mg/kg/day of hydroxytyrosol produced an antioxidant and nephroprotective effect in an experimental model of type 1-like diabetes mellitus. The nephroprotective effect was significantly associated with the systemic and renal antioxidant action of hydroxytyrosol, which also influenced eicosanoid production.

Extra Virgin Oil Polyphenols Improve the Protective Effects of Hydroxytyrosol in an In Vitro Model of Hypoxia-Reoxygenation of Rat Brain.

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is the component primarily responsible for the neuroprotective effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). However, it is less effective on its own than the demonstrated neuroprotective effect of EVOO, and for this reason, it can be postulated that there is an interaction between several of the polyphenols of EVOO. The objective of the study was to assess the possible interaction of four EVOO polyphenols (HT, tyrosol, dihydroxyphenylglycol, and oleocanthal) in an experimental model of hypoxia-reoxygenation in rat brain slices. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux, lipid peroxidation, and peroxynitrite production were determined as measures of cell death, oxidative stress, and nitrosative stress, respectively. First, the polyphenols were incubated with the brain slices in the same proportions that exist in EVOO, comparing their effects with those of HT. In all cases, the cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of the combination were greater than those of HT alone. Second, we calculated the concentration-effect curves for HT in the absence or presence of each polyphenol. Tyrosol did not significantly modify any of the variables inhibited by HT. Dihydroxyphenylglycol only increased the cytoprotective effect of HT at 10 µM, while it increased its antioxidant effect at 50 and 100 µM and its inhibitory effect on peroxynitrite formation at all the concentrations tested. Oleocanthal increased the cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of HT but did not modify its inhibitory effect on nitrosative stress. The results of this study show that the EVOO polyphenols DHPG and OLC increase the cytoprotective effect of HT in an experimental model of hypoxia-reoxygenation in rat brain slices, mainly due to a possibly synergistic effect on HT's antioxidant action. These results could explain the greater neuroprotective effect of EVOO than of the polyphenols alone.

Prognostic impact of lung adenocarcinoma second predominant pattern from a large European database.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adenocarcinoma patterns could be grouped based on clinical behaviors: low- (lepidic), intermediate- (papillary or acinar), and high-grade (micropapillary and solid). We analyzed the impact of the second predominant pattern (SPP) on disease-free survival (DFS). METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of surgically resected stage I and II adenocarcinoma. SELECTION CRITERIA: anatomical resection with lymphadenectomy and pathological N0. Pure adenocarcinomas and mucinous subtypes were excluded. Recurrence rate and factors affecting DFS were analyzed according to the SPP focusing on intermediate-grade predominant pattern adenocarcinomas. RESULTS: Among 270 patients, 55% were male. The mean age was 68.3 years. SPP pattern appeared as follows: lepidic 43.0%, papillary 23.0%, solid 14.4%, acinar 11.9%, and micropapillary 7.8%. The recurrence rate was 21.5% and 5-year DFS was 71.1%. No difference in DFS was found according to SPP (p = .522). In patients with high-grade SPP, the percentage of SPP, age, and tumor size significantly influenced DFS (p = .016). In patients with lepidic SPP, size, male gender, and lymph-node sampling (p = .005; p = .014; p = .038, respectively) significantly influenced DFS. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of SPP on DFS is not homogeneous in a subset of patients with the intermediate-grade predominant patterns. The influence of high-grade SPP on DFS is related to its proportion in the tumor.

Efecto de la pandemia COVID-19 y la cuarentena en el número de consultas, subtipos y tratamiento del accidente cerebrovascular en un centro neurológico de argentina / Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and preventive social isolation measures on the number of outpatient visits, hospitalizations and treatment of cerebrovascular accident in a neurological center in Argentina

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 y el aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio (ASPO) han generado cambios en la organización y utilización del sistema de salud en todo el mundo. Analizamos el impacto de la situación sanitaria en el número de consultas ambulatorias, internaciones y acceso a terapias de revascularización por enfermedad cerebrovascular. Se analizó el período desde el 1 marzo al 31 de julio de 2020. Se comparó con el mismo período de 2019. Se evaluaron total de consultas ambulatorias e internaciones, escala NIHSS (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale) al ingreso, tipo de enfermedad cerebrovascular y uso de terapias de revascularización. Ingresaron 197 pacientes con eventos cerebrovasculares agudos en 2019 y 150 pacientes en 2020. Hubo un descenso significativo en el número de internaciones por eventos isquémicos totales y accidentes isquémico transitorios en el comparativo de los 5 meses. Se vio además un aumento en trombosis venosas cerebrales y hemorragias cerebrales. El acceso a fibrinolisis intravenosa y trombectomía mecánica se mantuvo estable, pero con prolongación del tiempo puerta-aguja. Las consultas ambulatorias descendieron 67%, siendo mayor el descenso en abril y más marcado en consultas de seguimiento. El número de internaciones y de consultas ambulatorias durante el ASPO descendió sustancialmente. Esto pareciera obedecer al cumplimiento estricto de la cuarentena y no a mecanismos fisiopatológicos relacionados con el COVID-19. Debe educarse a la población sobre la necesidad del control de enfermedades crónicas y de eventos agudos y se deben garantizar medidas de seguridad en los centros de salud.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic and preventive and compulsory social isolation (PCSI) have generated changes in the organization and use of the health system around the world. We analyze the impact of the health situation on the number of outpatient visits, hospitalizations and access to revascularization therapy for cerebrovascular disease. The period from March 1 to July 31, 2020 was analyzed. It was compared with the same period in 2019. Total outpatient and hospital visits were evaluated, NIHSS scale (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale) upon admission, type of cerebrovascular disease and use of revascularization therapies; 197 patients with acute cerebrovascular events were admitted in 2019 and 150 patients in 2020. There was a significant decrease in the number of hospitalizations for total ischemic events and transient ischemic attacks in the comparison of 5 months. An increase in cerebral venous thrombosis and cerebral hemorrhages was also seen. Access to intravenous fibrinolysis and mechanical thrombectomy remained stable, but with prolonged door-to-needle time. Outpatient visits fell 67%, the decrease being greater in April and more marked in follow-up visits. The number of hospitalizations and outpatient visits during the PCSI dropped substantially. This seems to be due to strict compliance with quarantine and not to pathophysiological mechanisms related to COVID-19. The population should be educated about the need to control chronic diseases and acute events and safety measures should be guaranteed in health centers.

Medio de enseñanza para el desarrollo de habilidades motrices básicas en niños de sexto año de vida / Meio de ensino para o desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras básicas das crianças no sexto ano de vida / Teaching aid for the development of basic motor skills in children in their sixth year of life

Resumen La educación es el proceso que tiene por finalidad formar de manera integral al ser humano; esto significa desarrollar al máximo las potencialidades motrices, cognitivas, personales y sociales de los individuos para poder ejercer a plenitud todas las facultades en todos los ámbitos de la vida. El objetivo consistió en desarrollar las habilidades motrices básicas en el niño de sexto año de vida o edad preescolar mediante la creación de un medio de enseñanza, a partir de una experiencia constatada con niños del sexto año de vida que asisten a Círculos Infantiles de la Isla de la Juventud, así como la formación de hábitos, habilidades motrices básicas y su tratamiento en el proceso pedagógico de la Educación Física. Se utilizaron los métodos de investigación del nivel teórico como el análisis documental, histórico y lógico, análisis y síntesis e hipotético deductivo; del nivel empírico, la encuesta a educadoras, la observación, la entrevista a las educadoras y el método estadístico. La muestra estuvo constituida por 50 niños, del sexto año de vida de los Círculos Infantiles "Alegres Mineritos" (poblado La Demajagua), "Edad de Oro" y "Mambisito" (Nueva Gerona). Se conformó una muestra de 44 niños que representa el 88 % de dicha población. El aporte está dado en la elaboración de un medio de enseñanza que posibilite un control más objetivo y que contribuya al desarrollo de las habilidades motrices básicas (caminar, correr, saltar y lanzar); sustenta además a las demás habilidades motrices que dan cumplimiento al desarrollo físico, psíquico e intelectual del niño; proporciona una escala valorativa que pueda ser utilizada de manera sencilla y económica por las educadoras. El medio Multipro para el desarrollo de habilidades motrices básicas en niños del sexto año de vida ha demostrado que no solo contribuye al mejoramiento del desarrollo de las habilidades motrices básicas, sino que, contribuye al desarrollo de la creatividad mediante la solución de situaciones reales.

Resumo A educação é o processo que visa formar o ser humano de forma integral; isto significa desenvolver ao máximo as potencialidades motoras, cognitivas, pessoais e sociais dos indivíduos, a fim de poder exercer plenamente todas as faculdades em todas as áreas da vida. O objectivo era desenvolver capacidades motoras básicas nas crianças no sexto ano de vida ou em idade pré-escolar, criando um ambiente de ensino, baseado numa experiência com crianças no sexto ano de vida que frequentam Círculos Infantis na Ilha da Juventude, bem como a formação de hábitos, capacidades motoras básicas e o seu tratamento no processo pedagógico da Educação Física. Foram utilizados métodos de investigação a nível teórico: análise documental, histórica e lógica, análise e síntese e hipotética dedução. A partir do nível empírico: inquérito aos educadores, observação, entrevista aos educadores e o método estatístico. A amostra foi composta por 50 crianças no sexto ano de vida dos Círculos Infantis "Alegres Mineritos" (a localidade de La Demajagua), "Edad de Oro" e "Mambisito" (Nueva Gerona). A contribuição é dada no desenvolvimento de um meio de ensino que permite um controlo mais objectivo que contribua para o desenvolvimento das capacidades motoras básicas (caminhar, correr, saltar e lançar); apoiar as outras habilidades motoras que dão realização ao desenvolvimento físico, psicológico e intelectual da criança; fornece uma escala de valores que pode ser utilizada de uma forma simples e económica pelos educadores. O meio Multipro para o desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras básicas nas crianças no sexto ano de vida demonstrou que não só contribui para a melhoria do desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras básicas, mas também para o desenvolvimento da criatividade através da solução de situações reais.

Abstract Education is the process that aims to form the human being in an integral way; this means developing to the maximum the motor, cognitive, personal and social potentialities of individuals in order to be able to fully exercise all the faculties in all areas of life. The aim was to develop basic motor skills in children in the sixth year of life or pre-school age by creating a teaching environment, based on an experience with children in the sixth year of life who attend The Day care centers in La Isla de la Juventud, as well as the formation of habits, basic motor skills and their treatment in the pedagogical process of Physical Education. Research methods were used at the theoretical level: documentary, historical and logical analysis, analysis and synthesis and hypothetical deductive. From the empirical level: survey of educators, observation, interview of educators and the statistical method. The sample was made up of 50 children in the sixth year of life of the "Alegres Mineritos" Day care centers (La Demajagua town), "Edad de Oro" and "Mambisito" (Nueva Gerona). The contribution is given in the development of a teaching aid that allows a more objective control that contributes to the development of basic motor skills (walking, running, jumping and throwing); supporting the other motor skills that give fulfillment to the physical, psychological and intellectual development of the child; it provides a scale of values that can be used in a simple and economic way by the educators. The Multipro teaching aid for the development of basic motor skills in children in the sixth year of life has demonstrated that it not only contributes to the improvement of the development of basic motor skills, but also to the development of creativity through the solution of real situations.

Major amputations in type 2 diabetes between 2001 and 2015 in Spain: regional differences.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the trend of lower extremity major amputations (MA) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Regions of Spain from year 2001 until 2015. METHODS: Descriptive study of 40,392 MA. Data were obtained from the national hospital discharge database in patients with T2DM. The incidence rate was calculated in each Region, in addition to the incidence ratios (IR) between annual incidence and incidence of the year 2001. The length of hospital stay and mortality risks were analyzed using regression models adjusted for sex, age and smoking. RESULTS: The major amputations incidence rate per 100,000 person-years was 0.48 in Spain; Canary Islands showed the highest incidence (0.81). The trend was a slight decrease or stability of the incidence in all Regions except in the Canary Islands (IR2015 = 2.0 [CI95% = 1.5, 2.6]) and in Madrid (IR2015 = 0.1 [CI95% = 0.1, 0.2]). Mortality after major amputations was 10% in Spain; Cantabria suffered the highest risk of death [1.7 (CI95% = 1.4; 2.1), p < 0.001] and La Rioja the lowest risk (0.5 [CI95% = 0.2; 0.9]; p = 0.026). The longest hospital stay was registered in the Canary Islands [(CI95% = 11.4;13.3], p < 0.001)], and the shortest in the Valencian Community [(CI95% = - 7.3; - 5.8), p < 0.001)]. CONCLUSION: MA in T2DM followed a growing trend in the Canary Islands, which diverged from the downward trend in Spain. The variability of mortality and hospital stay, suggest to review the clinical management in some Regions. Sudden incidence decrease in Madrid suggests checking the record procedures of hospital discharges.

[Evolution of Smoking According to Social Class in the Adult Population of the Canary Islands During 2000-2015: Follow-up of the CDC-Canary Cohort]. / Evolución del tabaquismo según clase social en la población adulta de las Islas Canarias durante el periodo 2000-2015: seguimiento de la cohorte CDC-Canarias.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the status of tobacco consumption in the Canary Islands during 2000-2015, according to social class. LOCATION: Canary Islands. PARTICIPANTS: General population cohort, with contacts in 2000 (n=6,729), 2008 (n=6,171) and 2015 (n=4,705). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Smoking, gender, age, and social class. RESULTS: Consumption decreased by 6% (5-7%, P<.001) in general, being more accentuated in the period 2000-2008 (5%). The decrease was greater in men, although they continued to smoke more than women, with a prevalence of 25% (24-26%) compared to 18% (17-19%, P<.001). A decrease in consumption was only observed in the younger groups (6% [3-5%], P=.011) and intermediate ages (7% [6-8%], P<.001). A similar decrease was observed in all the social classes, but there was a higher prevalence of smoking in the upper class: 24% (23-25%) in 2015 (P<.001). By jointly assessing gender, age, and social class, younger and middle age men had the greatest decreases in consumption: 8% (7-9%) low and upper classes, 10% (9-11%) middle class. In the lower social class, younger women continue to smoke more (27%) although more of them quit smoking (14%), a phenomenon that occurred in the middle class at intermediate ages. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of tobacco consumption in the Canary Islands follows a pattern similar to that of mainland Spain. The abandonment of tobacco consumption has slowed down in the period 2008-2015, especially in men, and middle and upper social classes.

La interconexión de las cargas en la planificación del entrenamiento, en el deporte de boxeo / The interconnection of the loads in the planning of the training, in the sport of boxing

Resumen El presente trabajo se enmarca en el contexto de las alternativas relacionadas con la planificación del entrenamiento deportivo, a partir de los modelos ATR (acumulación- transformación-realización). En correspondencia con las concepciones que hoy se utilizan en materia de planificación del entrenamiento, se evidencia la importancia de la interconexión de los contenidos en la preparación de los boxeadores, a partir de la conjugación de cargas cuyas rutas metabólicas son fundamentalmente la fosfagénica, anaerobia aláctica y la glicolitica, anaerobia láctica. El objetivo de la investigación radica en valorar el estado de la planificación del entrenamiento, en función de las tendencias más actuales, relacionadas con la interconexión de las cargas y el modelo ATR en la preparación de los boxeadores de la Academia Provincial de Pinar del Río. Para el estudio, se utilizó una muestra conformada por 13 atletas y siete entrenadores de la Academia Provincial de boxeo de Pinar del Río. Se emplearon diferentes técnicas y métodos como la entrevista a entrenadores, la observación y la medición. No obstante, los documentos y orientaciones de la Comisión Nacional de boxeo aún no cubren todas las expectativas de los colectivos pedagógicos de entrenadores de la academia, lo que deja un margen a la interpretación, por parte de las Comisiones Técnicas de los territorios en cuanto a las alternativas, a la planificación del entrenamiento y la definición de las direcciones e interconexión de estas. Resulta necesario encontrar un mecanismo que, en el plano didáctico, oriente mejor al entrenador en este sentido.

Abstract The present work is framed in the context of the alternatives related to the planning of the sport training, from the ATR models (accumulation-transformation-realization). In correspondence with the conceptions used today in training planning, the importance of the interconnection of the contents in the preparation of boxers is evident, from the conjugation of loads whose metabolic routes are fundamentally phosphagenic, alactic anaerobic and lactic anaerobic glycolithic. The objective of the research is to assess the situation of the training planning, based on the most current trends related to the interconnection of the loads and the ATR model in the preparation of the boxers of the Provincial Academy of Pinar del Río. For the study it was selected a sample, consisting on 13 athletes and 7 coaches from the Provincial Boxing Academy of Pinar del Río. Different methods and techniques such as the interview, the observation and the measurement were used. This study was carried outin correspondence with the most advanced conceptions regarding training planning. It reveals the importance of the interconnection of the contents in the preparation of the boxers from the combination of lactic anaerobic loads and lactic ones. However, the documents and guidelines of the National Boxing Commission still do not meet all the expectations of the pedagogical groups of trainers of the academy, which leaves a margin for interpretation by the Technical Commissions of the territories as regards alternatives, the planning of training and the definition of the directions and interconnection of these. It is necessary to find a mechanism that, at the didactic level, better orients the trainer in this sense.