A plethora of ocular surface manifestations in a multidisciplinary ocular graft-versus-host disease unit.

To describe the experience in a recently created ocular graft-versus-host disease unit in a tertiary hospital and to detail ocular surface features and complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). This retrospective study included all patients who underwent allo-HSCT, with or without chronic GVHD and were being monitored in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit in the UNICAMP Clinical Hospital (Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil) from 2015 to 2020. Patients were concomitantly evaluated by hematology and ophthalmology teams of the Ocular GVHD Unit. Hematologists performed a comprehensive systemic evaluation searching and grading mouth, skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver and genitalia GVHD. While ophthalmologists evaluated ocular symptoms through specific questionnaire (Ocular Surface Disease Index-OSDI) and a protocol of distinct ocular surface parameters for dry eye disease (1) and ocular complications, which encompassed meniscometry, non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) measurement, conjunctival hyperemia quantification, meibography, fluorescein and lissamine staining and Schirmer's test. Patients were diagnosed with chronic GVHD using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Criteria for Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. The International Chronic Ocular GVHD Consensus Group (ICOGCG) score was obtained at the onset of ocular disease presentation or afterwards. A total of 82 patients underwent allo-HSCT (97.6% full matched and 2.4% haploidentical), mainly for cases of leukemia and 73.2% had chronic GVHD. Mean onset time for chronic GVHD was 232 ± 7.75 days. The mouth, skin, and eyes were the main organs involved (63%, 50%, and 48%, respectively). Symptom scores and all ocular surface parameters differ in patients with and without chronic GVHD and along different timepoints of the follow-up. Ocular complications mostly involved were severe DED and meibomian gland dysfunction, conjunctival scarring, cataract and infections resulting in keratitis and corneal perforation. As therapeutic strategies, 73% patients received preservative-free lubricants, 27% autologous serum, 48% topical steroids, 27% oral tetracycline derivatives, 22% mucolytic eye drops and 3 patients needed bandage contact lens. Ocular GVHD is a complex and challenging disease with varied manifestations, resulting in a broad range of ocular test endpoints, and inconsistent treatment responses. The main ocular presentations were dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction and cataracts. The therapeutic approach often involves topical steroids and autologous serum tears. It is important to monitor these patients closely, so the ocular GVHD Unit may improve the care, providing prompt identification of ocular manifestations and faster treatment of complications.

Vertical transmission of a frontonasal phenotype caused by a novel ALX4 mutation.

Frontonasal dysplasias (FND) comprise a spectrum of disorders caused by abnormal median facial development. Its etiology is still poorly understood but recently frontonasal dysplasia phenotypes were linked to loss-of-function mutations in the ALX homeobox gene family, which comprises the ALX1, ALX3, and ALX4 genes. All ALX-related frontonasal phenotypes till date had been compatible with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. In contrast, heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in ALX4 had been only associated with isolated symmetrical parietal ossification defects at the intersection of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, known as enlarged parietal foramina. We report a family with vertical transmission from mother to son of mild frontonasal dysplasia phenotype caused by a novel ALX4 gene mutation (c.1080-1089_delGACCCGGTGCinsCTAAGATCTCAACAGAGATGGCAACT, p.Asp326fsX21).This is the first report of a frontonasal phenotype related to a heterozygous mutation in ALX4. This mutation is predicted to cause the loss of the aristaless domain in the C-terminal region of the protein and preserves the homeodomain. We speculate that a different mechanism, a dominant-negative effect, is responsible for the distinct phenotype in this family.

Saethre-Chotzen phenotype with learning disability and hyper IgE phenotype in a patient due to complex chromosomal rearrangement involving chromosomes 3 and 7.

The authors describe on a Brazilian girl with coronal synostosis, facial asymmetry, ptosis, brachydactyly, significant learning difficulties, recurrent scalp infections with marked hair loss, and elevated serum immunoglobulin E. Standard lymphocyte karyotype showed a small additional segment in 7p21[46,XX,add(7)(p21)]. Deletion of the TWIST1 gene, detected by Multiplex Ligation Probe-dependent Amplification (MPLA) and array-CGH, was consistent with phenotype of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Array CGH also showed deletion of four other genes at 7p21.1 (SNX13, PRPS1L1, HD9C9, and FERD3L) and the deletion of six genes (CACNA2D2, C3orf18, HEMK1, CISH, MAPKAPK3, and DOCK3) at 3p21.31. Our case reinforces FERD3L as candidate gene for intellectual disability and suggested that genes located in 3p21.3 can be related to hyper IgE phenotype.

Estudo citogenético de abortos espontâneos / Cytogenetical study on miscarriages

Os abortamentos espontâneos ocorrem por diversas causas, sendo as anomalias cromossômicas do concepto,as mais freqüentes. Assim, o estudo citogenético de seus produtos e genitores, seguido do aconselhamentogenético aos casais participantes, são condutas essenciais. O presente estudo retrospectivo teve comoobjetivo investigar os cariótipos de 574 amostras de produtos de abortamentos espontâneos, bem comosangue periférico de casais com abortamentos espontâneos recorrentes, para estimar a frequência de alteraçõescromossômicas. Os cariótipos foram previamente realizados a partir da cultura de vilosidade coriônica (abortos)e sangue periférico (casais), seguida da técnica de bandeamento G. Concluiu-se que as frequências observadasde alterações cromossômicas entre os abortos (19,69%) e os casais (7,6%) foram concordantes com a literatura,reforçando a importância da análise citogenética nesses casos.

Miscarriages result of several causes, but chromosomal anomalies are the most frequent. Thus, the cytogeneticstudies of its products and of the parents, followed by genetic counseling to involved couples, are crucialconducts. The present retrospective work aimed to investigate the karyotypes of 574 samples of miscarriageproducts, and the peripheral blood of couples involved with recurrent miscarriages in an attempt to estimatethe frequencies of chromosomal alterations. Karyotypes were previously made from the culture of chorionicvilli (miscarriages) and peripheral blood (couples), followed by the technique of G banding. It was concludedthat the observed frequency of abnormal karyotypes among miscarriage products (19.69%) and couples(7.6%) were both consistent with the literature, reinforcing the importance of cytogenetic study in thesecases.

Freqüência das anormalidades cromossômicas: importância para o diagnóstico citogenético / Frequency of chromosomal abnormalities: the significance for cytogenetic diagnosis

As anomalias cromossômicas fazem parte de uma das maiores categorias de doenças genéticas, sendoresponsáveis por diversas malformações congênitas e parte dos insucessos reprodutivos. Este estudo retrospectivo teve como principal objetivo analisar a freqüência de anomalias cromossômicas em 1171indivíduos, encaminhados para exame citogenético, no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2007, aoAmbulatório e Laboratório de Genética da Unesp – Bauru. Os cariótipos foram previamente realizados com atécnica de bandeamento G em células obtidas a partir de cultura de linfócitos de sangue periférico. Os resultados mostraram 142 casos de cariótipos anormais, sendo as aneuploidias (45,1%) as mais freqüentes,seguidas pelas alterações estruturais (38,7%) e mosaicismos (16,2%). Concluiu-se que esses resultadosconcordam com a literatura pertinente, sendo de alta relevância o estudo citogenético tanto para diagnósticoem indivíduos malformados ou inférteis, como para esclarecer a etiologia da perda fetal e, assim, alertar à possibilidade de futuras malformações congênitas.

Chromosomal abnormalities are part of a larger category of genetic diseases, and responsible for various congenital malformations and part of the reproductive failures. The mainly objective of this retrospective work was to analyze the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities among 1,171 individuals referred to the Ambulatório e Laboratório de Genética, Unesp-Bauru for cytogenetic examination, from January, 1998 to December, 2007. The G-banding technique was previously used to prepare karyotypes of cells from lymphocyte culture of peripheral blood. The results showed 142 cases of abnormal karyotypes. The most frequent were aneuploidies (45.1%), followed by structural anomalies (38.7%), and mosaicisms (16.2%). It was concluded that these results are consistent with those in the literature, and they are important both for the cytogenetic diagnosis in malformed or infertile individuals, and also to clarify the etiology of fetal loss, and thus alert to the possibility of further congenital malformations.