RESUMO
Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a Gram-negative aerobic opportunistic bacterium, belonging to the order of Burkholderiales, that can cause infections of virtually all body districts in patients with underlying diseases. However, A. xylosoxidans has rarely been associated with infective endocarditis. The treatment of A. xylosoxidans infections is complicated by both intrinsic and acquired resistance. Here we report on a case of aortic endocarditis by A. xylosoxidans in a Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patient treated with a combination of cefiderocol and other antibiotics, and summarize the available literature.
RESUMO
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) after kidney transplantation are associated with significant morbidity. However, data on the impact of UTI on graft survival are controversial. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 380 kidney transplant patients. Recipients with symptomatic UTIs during the first year after transplantation were categorized into three groups: early (< 3 episodes from months 1st to 6th), late (< 3 episodes during months 7th to 12th) and recurrent (≥ 3 episodes throughout the whole first year). Graft function at three years was considered the primary outcome. Symptomatic UTIs occurred in 184 (48.4%) kidney transplant recipients during the first year; 83 (21.8%) patients developed early UTIs, 50 (13.2%) late UTIs and 51 (13.4%) recurrent UTIs. We observed a significant improvement in graft function after three years in all patients (P < 0.001) except those who had recurrent UTIs. A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that recipients with recurrent UTIs had worse graft outcome (eGFR value < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) (P = 0.01). Recurrent UTIs was an independent predictor of graft function at three years in a model adjusted for DGF and episodes of acute rejection (Hazard Ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.5; P = 0.001). Recurrent symptomatic UTIs during the first year after transplantation have negative impact on long-term graft function.
Assuntos
Aloenxertos/fisiopatologia , Transplante de Rim , Rim/fisiopatologia , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Itália/epidemiologia , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-Operatório , Prevalência , Recidiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Ovarian senescence affects many tissues and produces a variety of symptoms and signs. We hypothesized that estrogens may also influence circulating redox balance by regulating activity of the cellular antioxidative enzyme system. We aimed to explore the impact of surgical estrogen deprivation and replacement (ERT) on the glutathione balance and antioxidant enzymes expression in fertile women. STUDY DESIGN: Nineteen healthy premenopausal women who underwent total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were evaluated at baseline, 30 days after surgery without ERT and 30 days after ERT. Redox balance was determined by measuring blood reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, as well as the GSSG/GSH ratio. Antioxidant status was evaluated by measuring serum estrogen (E2) levels and mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS: Serum E2 significantly lowered after surgery, and increased in 12 out of 19 patients after 30 days of ERT (Responders). In such patients, an increase in oxidative stress was observed after surgery that resolved after ERT. Oxidative stress was sustained by reduction in the mRNA expression of both SOD and GSH-Px, that recovered after 30 days of therapy in responders. CAT and GST mRNA expression were not modified by surgery and replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Menopause is associated with significant change in antioxidant gene expression that in turn affects circulating redox state. Estrogens replacement therapy is able to prevent and counteract such modifications by acting as regulators of key antioxidant gene expression. These findings suggest that antioxidant genes are, almost in part, under the control of sex hormones, and that pathophysiology of the difference in gender disease may depend on the redox biology.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Terapia de Reposição de Estrogênios , Estrogênios/administração & dosagem , Glutationa/sangue , Pré-Menopausa/sangue , Estrogênios/sangue , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Histerectomia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ovariectomia , OxirreduçãoRESUMO
An increased mitochondrial proton leak occurs in aging, but the origin of such modification remains unclear. This study defined the cause of mitochondrial uncoupling in mitotic (liver) and postmitotic (heart) rat tissues during aging and its effects on energy homeostasis and free radical production. Proton leak in old heart mitochondria was dependent on uncoupling proteins' upregulation, whereas it was caused by alterations in the mitochondrial membrane composition in old liver. ATP homeostasis was impaired in both tissues from old animals and was associated to disrupted F0F1-ATPase activity. H2O2 production rate and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenalprotein adducts were higher in old liver mitochondria compared with young liver mitochondria, but they were similar in heart mitochondria from both groups. Moreover, key mitochondrial biogenesis regulators were upregulated in old liver but downregulated in old heart. In conclusion, uncoupling proteins mediate proton leak and avoid oxidative damage in heart, acting as a protective mechanism. This does not occur in liver, where ATP depletion and oxidative stress may stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and eliminate damaged cells.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Translocador 1 do Nucleotídeo Adenina/genética , Translocador 1 do Nucleotídeo Adenina/metabolismo , Translocador 2 do Nucleotídeo Adenina/genética , Translocador 2 do Nucleotídeo Adenina/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/genética , Animais , Metabolismo Energético , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Radicais Livres/metabolismo , Glicólise , Canais Iônicos/genética , Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Masculino , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Prótons , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Proteína Desacopladora 2 , Proteína Desacopladora 3RESUMO
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are determinant events in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Silybin has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects in chronic liver disease. We aimed to study the effect of the silybin-phospholipid complex (SILIPHOS) on liver redox balance and mitochondrial function in a dietary model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. To accomplish this, glutathione oxidation, mitochondrial oxygen uptake, proton leak, ATP homeostasis, and H(2)O(2) production rate were evaluated in isolated liver mitochondria from rats fed a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet and the MCD diet plus SILIPHOS for 7 and 14 weeks. Oxidative proteins, hydroxynonenal (HNE)- and malondialdehyde (MDA)-protein adducts, and mitochondrial membrane lipid composition were also measured. Treatment with SILIPHOS limited glutathione depletion and mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production. Moreover, SILIPHOS preserved mitochondrial bioenergetics and prevented mitochondrial proton leak and ATP reduction. Finally, SILIPHOS limited the formation of HNE- and MDA-protein adducts. In conclusion, SILIPHOS is effective in preventing severe oxidative stress and preserving hepatic mitochondrial bioenergetics in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by the MCD diet. The modifications of mitochondrial membrane fatty acid composition induced by the MCD diet are partially prevented by SILIPHOS, conferring anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. The increased vulnerability of lipid membranes to oxidative damage is limited by SILIPHOS through preserved mitochondrial function.
Assuntos
Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfolipídeos/farmacologia , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Animais , Metabolismo Energético , Fígado Gorduroso/patologia , Glutationa/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Lipídeos de Membrana/metabolismo , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/fisiologia , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfolipídeos/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Silibina , Silimarina/química , Silimarina/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several recent studies have shown that a brief ischaemia applied during the onset of reperfusion (postconditioning) is cardioprotective in different animal models. The potential application of postconditioning to organs different from the heart, i.e. kidney, is not available and is investigated in the present study. We also tested the hypothesis that mitochondria play a central role in renal protection during reperfusion. METHODS: Wistar rats were subjected to left nephrectomy and 90-min right kidney occlusion. In controls, the blood flow was restored without intervention. In postconditioned rats, complete reperfusion was preceded by 3 min, 6 min and 12 min of reperfusion in a consecutive sequence, each separated by 5 min of reocclusion. Animals were studied for 48 h. Mitochondrial respiratory chain function, rate of hydroperoxide production and carbonyl proteins were measured at the end of postconditioning and 24 h and 48 h after reperfusion. RESULTS: BUN and creatinine significantly decreased in the postconditioning group as compared to control rats. Mitochondrial respiratory function was significantly impaired in control rats, mainly at the level of Complex II. Postconditioning significantly reduced this mitochondria impairment. The rate of mitochondrial peroxide production was higher in the control group than in the protected group at the end of postconditioning reperfusion. Moreover, mitochondrial protein oxidation was significantly higher in control rats than in the postconditioning group at the end of reperfusion. Conclusions. In the present study, postconditioning reduced renal functional injury and reduces mitochondria respiratory chain impairment, mitochondria peroxide production and protein damage.
Assuntos
Rim/irrigação sanguínea , Rim/lesões , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Animais , Nitrogênio da Ureia Sanguínea , Creatinina/sangue , Transporte de Elétrons , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Precondicionamento Isquêmico/métodos , Rim/metabolismo , Masculino , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Exposure to high oxygen concentration produces toxicity by free radical release. We aimed to study: whether stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients present an unbalance in the blood redox status; the effect of oxygen administration on blood redox balance; the efficacy of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) treatment against the oxidative stress-induced by oxygen administration and whether it is dose-related. To this, 45 stable state III COPD patients were recruited and reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidised glutathione (GSSG) in erythrocytes and thiol proteins (P-SH) and carbonyl proteins (PC) in both erythrocytes and plasma were evaluated. All COPD patients underwent 2 l/m oxygen for 18 h and NAC at 1200 or 1800 mg/day or placebo for 48 h starting with oxygen administration. Blood samples were collected at basal conditions, after 8 and 18 h of oxygen administration and 24 h after oxygen withdrawal. RESULTS: COPD patients present an unstable redox equilibrium mainly due to plasma sulphydryl protein depletion. Oxygen administration oxidize erythrocyte GSH, decrease P-SH and increase PC levels in both plasma and erythrocytes. NAC administration counteract the oxidative stress and at the highest dose completely prevent protein oxidation. In conclusion, stable state III COPD patients present an unstable redox balance; long term low flow oxygen administration induces systemic oxidative stress, which is prevented by NAC treatment.
Assuntos
Acetilcisteína/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxigenoterapia/efeitos adversos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/metabolismo , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/terapia , Acetilcisteína/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxigênio/administração & dosagem , Oxigênio/sangue , Oxigênio/farmacologia , Oxigênio/uso terapêutico , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/sangueRESUMO
Several recent works have shown that a brief ischemia applied during the onset of reperfusion (postconditioning) is cardioprotective in different animal models and that the early minutes of reperfusion are critical to its cardioprotection. This effect has been related to prevention of oxidative stress, but mechanisms have not been clearly demonstrated. The present study tested the hypothesis that mitochondria play a central role in peroxide production and oxidative stress during reperfusion and are responsible for the protective effect of postconditioning. Isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to complete global ischemia for 45 min and reperfused for 40 min. Normoxic group was reperfused with a Krebs-Henseleit solution with the preischemic pO2 level (600 mmHg); in the "hypoxic group," normoxic reperfusion was preceded by 3 min with 150 mmHg pO2. Reperfusion was stopped at 3 and 40 min. The rate of hydroperoxide production, GSH, GSSG, and carbonyl protein levels were measured in mitochondria at 3 min and at the end of reperfusion. GSH and GSSG were also measured in tissue. Hemodinamic function was monitored during the experiment. LVEDp increased and LVDp decreased in the normoxic group but not in the hypoxic group. The rate of mitochondrial peroxide production was higher in normoxic than in the hypoxic group 3 min after reperfusion and at its conclusion. Accordingly, GSH was oxidized in normoxic but not in hypoxic hearts. Mitochondria carbonyl proteins were significantly higher in normoxic than in the hypoxic group at the end of reperfusion. In this model, 1) hypoxic reperfusion at the onset of reperfusion reduces myocardial injury; 2) the major rate of mitochondrial peroxide production is 3 min after the onset of reperfusion; 3) cardioprotection of postconditioning correlates with reduced mitochondria peroxide production and prevention of GSH oxidation.