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Introducción: El tratamiento de las infecciones del tracto urinario es casi siempre empírico, lo que genera una serie de problemas en la consulta diaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y microbiológicamente las infecciones de vías urinarias bajas no complicadas en pacientes de una clínica de primer nivel. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo. La identificación de las bacterias del cultivo de orina se efectuó por métodos establecidos. La prueba de susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos se realizó por la técnica Kirby-Bauer. Se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS versión 26, con la prueba de ji al cuadrado y un análisis multivariado discriminante. Se calculó también razón de momios con el programa Epi-Info. Resultados: Se incluyeron 270 pacientes, con frecuencia de 39,3 por ciento de cultivos positivos, y Escherichia coli como la especie predominante. Se identificaron, además, 31,3 por ciento de bacterias Gram positivas. Se presentó significancia estadística entre la infección urinaria y factores como el sexo, y la infección del tracto urinario previa en las mujeres. Se obtuvo 100 por ciento de cepas resistentes a ampicilina. En general, se obtuvieron porcentajes de resistencia altos en los antimicrobianos probados. Conclusiones: Escherichia coli fue la especie más frecuentemente aislada, sin embargo, existe una serie de microorganismos implicados en enfermedades del tracto genital como Gardnerella vaginalis, que parecen estar involucrados en la etiología de las infecciones del tracto urinario. Se identificaron factores de riesgo como el sexo biológico y las infecciones previas en mujeres. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de resistencia altos en los antimicrobianos probados(AU)
Introduction: The management of urinary tract infections is almost always empirical, which generates a series of problems in the daily consultation. Objective: To characterize, clinically and microbiologically, uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in patients of a primary level clinic. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. Bacterial identification in urine culture was performed by established methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer technique. The statistical software SPSS (version 26) was used, with the chi squared test and multivariate discriminant analysis. Odds ratios were also calculated with the Epi-Info program. Results: A total of 270 patients were included, with a 39.3percent frequency of positive cultures and Escherichia coli as the predominant species. In addition, 31.3percent of Gram-positive bacteria were identified. There was statistical significance between urinary tract infection and factors such as sex or previous urinary tract infection in women. One result was 100percent of ampicillin-resistant strains. In general, high percentages of resistance were obtained for the tested antimicrobials. Conclusions: Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated species; however, there is a number of microorganisms implicated in genital tract diseases, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, which appear to be involved in the etiology of urinary tract infections. Risk factors such as biological sex and previous infections in women were identified. High percentages of resistance were obtained for the tested antimicrobials(AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Sistema Urinário , Gardnerella vaginalis , Fatores de Risco , Escherichia coli , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão/métodos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Introducción: La Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM), reportó en 2018 244 millones de migrantes en el mundo, el 3,3 por ciento de la población mundial. De ellos, México es el segundo país expulsor con 13 000 000. El fenómeno migratorio y la salud guardan estrecha relación, debido a diversos factores de riesgo que influyen en lo personal y familiar. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la salud de las personas migrantes durante el proceso migratorio. Métodos: Estudio de investigación transversal, prospectivo, no comparativo. Se desarrolló de marzo de 2017 a diciembre de 2018, en la ciudad de Tijuana, Baja California, en seis instituciones de apoyo al migrante. El instrumento contó con 62 ítems. La muestra fue de 392 migrantes mexicanos de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años, que migraron y vivieron en Estados Unidos y regresaron a México. Resultados: De los 392 migrantes, resultaron 96,3 por ciento hombres y 3,8 por ciento mujeres, el principal factor de migración fue el económico (76,3 por ciento); 92 por ciento salió sano de México; 31,4 por ciento adquirió una nueva adicción, principalmente cristal (9,4 por ciento) y marihuana (6,6 por ciento). El 11,2 por ciento regresó con alguna enfermedad crónica: 4,1 por ciento con hipertensión; 3,1 por ciento con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y 1,8 por ciento con epilepsia. Conclusiones: Las etapas del proceso migratorio de tránsito y vivir en los Estados Unidos fueron las que generaron mayores riesgos a la salud, la primera por los accidentes y agresiones de terceras personas y la segunda vinculada a la adquisición de nuevas adicciones a sustancias ilegales(AU)
Introduction: The International Organization for Migration (IOM) reported, in 2018, 244 million migrants worldwide, 3.3 percent of the world population. Of these, Mexico is the second country of origin, accounting for 13 000 000. The migration phenomenon and health are closely related, due to various risk factors that influence the personal and familial aspects. Objective: To identify risk factors related to the health of migrants during the migration process. Methods: Cross-sectional, prospective and noncomparative research study carried out from March 2017 to December 2018, in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, at six institutions that support migrants. The instrument had 62 items. The sample consisted of 392 Mexican migrants of both sexes, over 18 years of age, who migrated to and lived in the United States, and returned to Mexico. Results: Of the 392 migrants, 96.3 percent were men and 3.8 percent were women. The main migration factor was the economic (76.3 percent). 92 percent left Mexico healthy, while 31.4 percent acquired a new addiction, mainly crystal meth[amphetamine] (9.4 percent) and marijuana (6.6 percent). 11.2 percent returned with any chronic disease: 4.1 percent, with hypertension; 3.1 percent, with type 2 diabetes mellitus; and 1.8 percent, with epilepsy. Conclusions: The stages of the immigration process of transit and living in the United States were those that generated the greatest health risks; the first, due to accidents and assaults by third parties and the second in association with the uptake of new addictions to illegal substances(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Fatores de Risco , Emigração e Imigração , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Prospectivos , MéxicoRESUMO
Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud considera a la planificación familiar posparto como la principal intervención que salva la vida de madres e hijos, porque al favorecer periodos intergenésicos de dos o más años, reduce en 10 y 30 por ciento la mortalidad infantil y materna, respectivamente. Objetivo: Determinar los factores que influyen en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos post evento obstétrico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. Se estudiaron mujeres en edad reproductiva durante los meses de mayo y junio de 2018, en un centro de salud en la Ciudad de México. Participaron 136 mujeres quienes tenían hasta un máximo de once meses y 29 días posterior a evento obstétrico. Se elaboró un cuestionario de autoaplicación, anónimo, integrado por 21 preguntas. La información fue integrada en el programa SPSS V25, y analizada a través de estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Se encontró correlación significativa entre el uso de métodos anticonceptivos post evento obstétrico y las variables: conocimiento de la pareja en el uso de método anticonceptivo (p < 0,000); escolaridad de la paciente (p < 0,020); área del centro de salud en la que recibió la consejería (p < 0,032) y número de relaciones sexuales mensuales (p < 0,038). Conclusiones: El estudio logró determinar cuatro factores que influyen en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos post evento obstétrico, los cuales, están relacionados directamente con el éxito o fracaso en la consejería para planificación familiar prenatal(AU)
Introduction: The World Health Organization considers postpartum family planning as the main intervention that saves the lives of mothers and children, because, by favoring intergenetic periods of two or more years, it reduces infant and maternal mortality by 10% and 30 percent, respectively. Objective: To determine the factors that influence the use of contraceptive methods after an obstetric event. Methods: Descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study. Women of reproductive age were studied during the months of May and June of 2018, at a health center in Mexico City. 136 women participated who had up to a maximum of eleven months and 29 days after an obstetric event. An anonymous self-application questionnaire was prepared, consisting of 21 questions. The information was integrated into the program SPSS version 25, and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A significant correlation was found between the use of contraceptive methods after an obstetric event and the variables knowledge of the couple regarding the use of the contraceptive method (P<0.000), schooling of the patient (P<0.020), area of the health center in which counseling was received (P<0.032), and number of monthly sexual relations (P<0.038). Conclusions: The study permitted to determine four factors that influence the use of contraceptive methods after an obstetric event, which are directly related to the success or failure of prenatal family planning counseling(AU)
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Humanos , Anticoncepção/métodos , Sexualidade , Período Pós-Parto , Saúde Reprodutiva/educação , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Planejamento Familiar , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Optimizing preoperative anemia is a required component of the Joint Commission Patient Blood Management Certification and an important component of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery. OBJECTIVE: To describe a preoperative anemia protocol developed and implemented at the Kaiser Permanente San Jose Medical Center in California to facilitate preoperative identification and treatment of anemia. METHODS: The protocol included all operations at risk of causing substantial blood loss. It excluded emergent operations and those for which the patient had a normal last hemoglobin value within the prior 12 months unless newly developed anemia was suspected. Eligible patients were screened for laboratory evaluation, and those with anemia were treated for reversible causes. Consistency was ensured by physician, staff, and patient education, and by use of electronic health records. Administration of intravenous iron and erythropoietin and consultation with specialists were expedited as part of a management algorithm. RESULTS: Among 510 patients enrolled during 1 year, 442 (87%) received anemia screening laboratory tests. Half of those with laboratory results were eligible for further optimization: 207 had anemia and 21 had iron deficiency without anemia. Among the 228 patients eligible for optimization, 189 (83%) had anemia addressed preoperatively. Of 129 patients with iron deficiency anemia, 102 (79%) received intravenous iron preoperatively, with a mean preoperative increase in hemoglobin level by 0.98 g/dL (n = 79). CONCLUSION: Integration of specialty services, optimization of technology, and consistency across practitioners were crucial for successful implementation and sustainability of a preoperative anemia protocol developed to expedite and enhance best practices.
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Anemia Ferropriva/diagnóstico , Anemia Ferropriva/terapia , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/métodos , Eritropoetina/uso terapêutico , Ferro/uso terapêutico , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodos , Anemia Ferropriva/sangue , Eritropoetina/sangue , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Ferro/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oligoelementos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Introducción: la alta prevalencia de enfermedades bucales en los escolares, tiene un impacto importante en su salud, lo que ha generado la necesidad de desarrollar programas y estrategias a nivel de políticas públicas para su control. Objetivo: evaluar el Programa de Salud Bucal en alumnos de escuelas primarias mexicanas. Métodos: estudio de intervención comunitaria en dos escuelas primarias públicas de la Secretaria de Salud, en la Delegación de Tlalpan, Ciudad de México. Se incluyeron 111 alumnos de quinto grado de primaria, 53 pertenecientes a la escuela primaria pública del turno matutino Río Pánuco como grupo de intervención con aplicación del Programa de Salud Bucal (grupo de trabajo), y 58 correspondientes a la escuela Ignacio Rodríguez Galván, sin intervensión (grupo control). A todos los alumnos se les realizó determinación de los índices de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados temporales, y permanentes, y el índice periodontal comunitario. Para el análisis estadístico inferencial se utilizó U de Mann-Whitney y chi cuadrado de Pearson, con nivel de significancia 0,05. Se empleó el programa estadístico SPSS versión 22. Resultados: el promedio de edad de los niños de la escuela con intervención fue de 10,9 y de la escuela control de 10,8. En el índice para dentición temporal, el promedio de dientes cariados fue de 0,49 (IC 95 por ciento 0,07-0,91) para la escuela que intervino en el programa, y de 1,10 (IC 95 por ciento 0,70-1,51) para escuela sin intervención, con diferencias estadísticas significativas (p= 0,003). En el índice periodontal comunitario, se obtuvo 92,4 por ciento de escolares sanos para la escuela que intervino en el programa, y de 70,68 por ciento para la escuela sin intervención, con diferencia estadística significativa (p= 0,003). Conclusiones: los resultados muestran que el programa es efectivo ya que la población intervenida presenta mejores condiciones de salud bucal que los escolares del grupo control, diferencia esta clínicamente relevante(AU)
Introduction: the high prevalence of oral disease among school children has a great impact on their health, hence the need to develop control programs and strategies at public policy level. Objective: evaluate the Oral Health Program for Mexican elementary school children. Methods: a community intervention study was conducted in two public elementary schools from the Ministry of Health in the borough of Tlalpan, Mexico City. The study sample was composed of 111 fifth grade students, 53 from Río Pánuco morning session public school as intervention group with application of the oral health program (work group), and 58 from Ignacio Rodríguez Galván school, without intervention (control group). All students were examined to determine the rate of decay, loss, temporary fillings and permanent teeth, and the community periodontal index. Inferential statistical analysis was based on Mann-Whitney U and Pearson's chi-square, with a significance level of 0.05. Data were processed with the statistical software SPSS version 22. Results: mean age was 10.9 at the intervention school and 10.8 at the control school. With respect to the primary dentition index, the average of decayed teeth was 0.49 (CI 95 percent 0.07-0.91) for the school with the intervention program, and 1.10 (CI 95 percent 0.70-1.51) for the school without intervention, with significant statistical differences (p= 0.003). As to the community periodontal index, 92.4 percent of the children were healthy at the school with the intervention program, and 70.68 percent were healthy at the school without intervention, with a significant statistical difference (p= 0.003). Conclusions: results show that the program is effective, since the school children intervened are in better oral health conditions than those in the control group, and the difference is clinically relevant(AU)
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Humanos , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/métodos , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/tendências , Promoção da Saúde/normas , Doenças da Boca/epidemiologia , Interpretação Estatística de DadosRESUMO
Resumen Introducción y objetivo: La mayoría de adultos mayores enfrentan problemas para comer y relacionarse con los demás debido a las alteraciones que presentan en la boca, lo que afecta su satisfacción y su calidad de vida. Determinar el estado de la dentición de los alumnos de la Universidad de la Tercera Edad de la Ciudad de México y asociarlo con la calidad de vida. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se realizó evaluación clínica mediante el registro CPOD y presencia de edentulismo. Se aplicó el cuestionario Perfil de Impacto de Salud Bucal OHIP-14, para evaluar calidad de vida. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, nivel de significancia de 0,05, programa SPSS. Versión 22. Resultados: Se incluyeron 100 adultos mayores con promedio de edad de 68,2. ± 5,02. En el índice CPOD, se obtuvo una media de 1,04 para dientes cariados, 7,9 para dientes perdidos y 4,9 para dientes obturados. En el perfil de impacto, las dimensiones mayormente afectadas fueron la limitación funcional con media de 2,33 y el malestar psicológico con 1,67. Al correlacionar el estado de dentición y la calidad de vida se obtuvo coeficiente de correlación de Spearman de 0,312 con una p= 0,002. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en esta población, reflejan un mejor estado de dentición que los reportados por otros autores, se obtuvo asociación estadística pero con baja correlación entre el estado de dentición y la mayoría de las dimensiones de calidad de vida.
Abstract Introduction and objectives: Most elderly face trouble to eat and to relate with others, due to alterations presented in the mouth, which affects their satisfaction and quality of life.To determine the condition of the dentition of the students of a University of the Third Age of the City of Mexico and to associate it with the quality of life. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Clinical evaluation was performed through the DMFT registry and presence of Edentulous. Oral health impact profile OHIP-14 was applied to evaluate quality of life. Statistical Analysis with Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.05. SPSS v. 22. Results: 100 elderly were included with an average age of 68.2± 5.02. In the DMFT index a 1.04 median for carious teeth was obtained, 7.9 for lost teeth and 4.9 for filled teeth. At the profile impact, the most affected dimensions were the functional limitation with a 2.33 median, psychological discomfort with 1.67. By correlating dentition status and quality of life, Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.312 with p=0.002 was obtained. Conclusions: The results obtained in this population, reflect a better dentition state than those reported by other authors, statistical association was obtained but with a low correlation between the state of dentition and most of the dimensions of quality of life.
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Introducción: la reprobación es una de las principales manifestaciones de fracaso escolar, generalmente suele ser relacionada con factores de origen personal, económico, social, cultural, docente o institucional. En otros términos, la reprobación debe ser analizada en un contexto multivariado para identificar sus causas y efectos. Objetivos: identificar los factores que se asocian y predicen la reprobación en alumnos de la carrera de Medicina en 2014. Métodos: estudio exploratorio, transversal, retrospectivo, comparativo. Se analizó un universo de 388 alumnos en servicio social de enero de 2014. Se formaron dos grupos de estudio: Grupo 1 (alumnos que no reprobaron materias durante la carrera) y Grupo 2 (alumnos que sí reprobaron materias durante la carrera). Se elaboró y validó un cuestionario con 58 items relacionadas con: factores sociodemográficos, educativos, de satisfacción de los alumnos y desarrollo de servicio social. De estas, fueron seleccionadas 21 items que pudieran tener relación con la reprobación. Se realizó análisis multivariado, mediante la técnica de análisis discriminante.Resultados: el análisis multivariado reportó que sólo siete de ellas fueron discriminantes significativas asociadas a la reprobación, en orden de importancia son: la edad, ser seleccionado a la residencia, ingreso familiar, sexo, repetición de años durante la primaria o secundaria, años que tardó en ingresar a la carrera y el tipo de actividad realizada durante el servicio social. Conclusiones: la predicción de que un alumno repruebe o no materias en la licenciatura de medicina se debe a la sinergia que se produce entre las siete características mencionadas, no se deben "aislar las variables" para considerarlas predictivas por sí mismas(AU)
Introduction: Academic failure is one of the main school manifestations, usually associated with factors of personal, economic, social, cultural, educational or institutional origin. In other words, Academic failure must be analyzed in a diverse and varied context to identify its causes and effects. Objectives: To identify associated factors and predict failure in students of the medical major in 2014. Methods: Exploratory, cross-sectional, retrospective, comparative study. A universe of 388 students in social service was analyzed in January 2014. Two study groups were formed: group 1 (students who did not fail any subjects during the course) and group 2 (students who failed subjects during the course). A questionnaire was elaborated and validated, containing 58 items related to: sociodemographic and educational factors, student satisfaction and social service performance. 21 of these items were chosen as they could be associated with academic failure. A multivariate analysis was performed, using the discriminant analysis technique. Results: The multivariate analysis reported that only seven were significant discriminants associated with academic failure, arranged by importance are: age, being chosen for the residence, family income, sex, retake of academic years in primary or secondary levels, years to enter the major and the type of activity carried out during the social service. Conclusions: The prediction that a student may fail or may not fail subjects in the medical major depends on the synergy between the seven characteristics that were mentioned; the variables should not be isolated to consider them predictive by themselves(AU)
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Humanos , Estudantes de Medicina , Universidades , Fracasso Acadêmico , MéxicoRESUMO
Objective: To identify and compare the predictive agents associated with medical students´ academic performance that are undertaking cellular biology and human histology, as well as those physiotherapists that take molecular, cellular and tissue biology. Methods: An academic follow up was carried out during school. Tools on previous knowledge, vocation, psychological and confrontational means were applied at the beginning of the school year; and the last two were applied two more times afterwards. Data were analyzed considering descriptive, comparative, correlational and predictive statistics. The students´ participation was voluntary and data confidentiality was looked after.
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Desempenho Acadêmico , Cirurgia Geral/educação , Modalidades de Fisioterapia/educação , Estudantes de Ciências da Saúde , Estudantes de Medicina , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
Complications are common after surgery, highlighting the need for innovations that reduce postsurgical morbidity and mortality. In this report, we describe the design, development, and implementation of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery program in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California integrated health care delivery system. This program was implemented and disseminated in 2014, targeting patients who underwent elective colorectal resection and those who underwent emergent hip fracture repair across 20 Medical Centers. The program leveraged multidisciplinary and broad-based leadership, high-quality data and analytic infrastructure, patient-centered education, and regional-local mentorship alignment. This program has already had an impact on more than 17,000 patients in Northern California. It is now in its fourth phase of planning and implementation, expanding Enhanced Recovery pathways to all surgical patients across Kaiser Permanente Northern California.
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Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Eletivos , Sistemas Pré-Pagos de Saúde , Implementação de Plano de Saúde/métodos , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios/métodos , Planos Governamentais de Saúde/organização & administração , California , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Assistência Centrada no Paciente/organização & administração , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/terapiaRESUMO
Importance: Novel approaches to perioperative surgical care focus on optimizing nutrition, mobility, and pain management to minimize adverse events after surgical procedures. Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program among 2 target populations: patients undergoing elective colorectal resection and patients undergoing emergency hip fracture repair. Design, Setting, and Participants: A pre-post difference-in-differences study before and after ERAS implementation in the target populations compared with contemporaneous surgical comparator groups (patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery and emergency orthopedic surgery). Implementation began in February and March 2014 and concluded by the end of 2014 at 20 medical centers within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California integrated health care delivery system. Exposures: A multifaceted ERAS program designed with a particular focus on perioperative pain management, mobility, nutrition, and patient engagement. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was hospital length of stay. Secondary outcomes included hospital mortality, home discharge, 30-day readmission rates, and complication rates. Results: The study included a total of 3768 patients undergoing elective colorectal resection (mean [SD] age, 62.7 [14.1] years; 1812 [48.1%] male) and 5002 patients undergoing emergency hip fracture repair (mean [SD] age, 79.5 [11.8] years; 1586 [31.7%] male). Comparator surgical patients included 5556 patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery and 1523 patients undergoing emergency orthopedic surgery. Most process metrics had significantly greater changes in the ERAS target populations after implementation compared with comparator surgical populations, including those for ambulation, nutrition, and opioid use. Hospital length of stay and postoperative complication rates were also significantly lower among ERAS target populations after implementation. The rate ratios for postoperative complications were 0.68 (95% CI, 0.46-0.99; P = .04) for patients undergoing colorectal resection and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.45-0.99, P = .05) for patients with hip fracture. Among patients undergoing colorectal resection, ERAS implementation was associated with decreased rates of hospital mortality (0.17; 95% CI, 0.03-0.86; P = .03), whereas among patients with hip fracture, implementation was associated with increased rates of home discharge (1.24; 95% CI, 1.06-1.44; P = .007). Conclusions and Relevance: Multicenter implementation of an ERAS program among patients undergoing elective colorectal resection and patients undergoing emergency hip fracture repair successfully altered processes of care and was associated with significant absolute and relative decreases in hospital length of stay and postoperative complication rates. Rapid, large-scale implementation of a multidisciplinary ERAS program is feasible and effective in improving surgical outcomes.
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Protocolos Clínicos , Colo/cirurgia , Fraturas do Quadril/cirurgia , Assistência Perioperatória/métodos , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Reto/cirurgia , Idoso , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , California , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde , Serviços de Dietética , Uso de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Deambulação Precoce , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Eletivos , Emergências , Feminino , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Terapia Nutricional , Manejo da Dor , Alta do Paciente , Participação do Paciente , Complicações Pós-OperatóriasRESUMO
OBJETIVOS: Correlacionar el grado de funcionalidad renal de acuerdo a la clasificación de K-DOQUI con el control glucémico a través del porcentaje de hemoglobina glucosilada y de glucosa sérica, en adultos mayores diabéticos del módulo de diabetes, y comparar los resultados con los pacientes no diabéticos del módulo Gerontológico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron dos grupos: El primero conformado por diabéticos del módulo de diabetes, y el segundo por no diabéticos del módulo de gerontología. Muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia en adultos mayores de 60 años y más, se aplicó ficha de identificación, se envió al laboratorio para toma de productos, y se determinó funcionalidad renal en función del Grado K-Doqui. Se utilizaron pruebas de U de Mann Whitney, t de student para muestras independientes, Chi cuadrada y correlación de Spearman, nivel de significancia 0.05, programa estadístico SPSS v 18. RESULTADOS: El total fue de 240 pacientes, Para funcionalidad renal; nueve pacientes del módulo de diabetes presentaron estadio 4, por seis del módulo gerontológico. (p=0.455). Para el control glucémico por hemoglobina glucosilada, el promedio para el módulo de diabetes 6.8%, y para módulo gerontológico 6.2%, (p=0.000). Al asociar función renal y control glicémico por hemoglobina gucosilada, se obtuvo asociación directa con significancia estadística para el módulo de diabetes (p=0.002), mientras que para el módulo gerontológico no se presentó dicha asociación (p=0.118). CONCLUSIONES: A diferencia del grupo control, para el grupo de diabéticos se obtuvo asociación directa entre control glicémico y daño renal, aunque su correlación fue baja.
OBJECTIVE: To correlate the renal functionality degree according to K-DOQUI classification with the glycemic control through the percentage of glycated hemoglobin and serum glucose, in elder diabetic from the diabetes module and to compare it with the non-diabetic patients from the gerontological module. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two groups were included, the first one consisting of diabetics from the diabetes module, the second one of non-diabetics from the gerontological module. No probabilistic of convenience sample in adults over 60 years, an identification card was applied, it was sent to the clinic's laboratory for taking products and determine the renal functionality based on the patients K-DOQUI degree. U Man Whitney, t Student for independent samples, Square Xi, and Spearman correlation were used. Significance level 0.05 Statistical Program SPSS 18 V. RESULTS: 240 total patients. For renal functionality 9 patients from the diabetes module presented stage 4, by 6 patients from the gerontological module (p=0.455). For glycemic control of glycated hemoglobin the average for diabetes module was 6.8%, and 6.2% for gerontological module (p=0.000). While associating the renal function and glycemic control of glycated hemoglobin, a direct association was obtained, with a statistical significance for the diabetes module (p=0.002). For the gerontological module there was no association (p=0.118). CONCLUSIONS: Unlike the control group, for the non-diabetic group a direct association between glycemic control and kidney failure was obtained, though its correlation was low.
Assuntos
Humanos , Índice Glicêmico , Testes de Função Renal , Hemoglobinas GlicadasRESUMO
Introducción: la artrosis de rodilla es una alteración de la superficie de uno o más de los tres componentes de la articulación femorotibial interno, externo y rotuliano. Existen factores de riesgo como la obesidad, tensiones o inestabilidad de la articulación, factores genéticos, alteraciones anatómicas, el ejercicio de contacto, traumatismos, entre otros, que predisponen a la enfermedad. Objetivo: determinar los factores sociodemográficos relacionados con el éxito o fracaso de la cirugía de prótesis de rodilla. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal durante el periodo de enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2010, en el Hospital Regional "Lic. Adolfo López Mateos" del ISSSTE en México. Se estudiaron los expedientes de 240 pacientes intervenidos de cirugía de prótesis de rodilla, de los cuales sólo 155 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se captó la información en programa Excel y SPSS 20, procediendo a realizar análisis de frecuencias, de variabilidad, de correlación y técnica multivariada de análisis discriminante. Resultados: de los 155 pacientes estudiados 30 (19,3 %) presentaron complicaciones. De las nueve variables, sólo dos presentaron significancia estadística: la edad con 48 (31 %), con p< -0,001 y Gamma -0,702, indicando una correlación buena, a mayor edad menos complicaciones. La ocupación con 53 activos (34,2 %), con p< 0,001 y Eta 0,301, indicó correlación baja, a mayor actividad más complicaciones. El índice de masa corporal arrojó un resultado no contundente. Conclusiones: los pacientes jóvenes y activos presentan mayores complicaciones. La obesidad tiene una influencia relativa.
Objective: To determine the social and demographic factors associated with the success or failure (complications), of knee prosthesis surgery, from January 2009 to December 2010, at the Regional Hospital Adolfo López Mateos (ISSSTE), in Mexico. Design: Descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional study. Population: post-surgery knee prosthesis patients. Method: 240 patients operated of knee prosthesis surgery records were studied; of which, only 155 met the inclusion criteria. The information was entered into the Excel and SPSS 20 program, carrying out analysis of frequencies, variability, correlation and multivariate technique of discriminant analysis. Results: From a population of 155 patients, 30 (19.3 %) presented complications. From the nine variables only two showed a statistical significance: at the age of 48 (31%), with p< -0.001 and Gamma - 0.702, indicated a good correlation, the older the lesser complications shown. The occupation with 53 assets (34.2 %), with p< 0.001 and Eta 0. 301, indicated a low correlation, to greater activity the more complications shown. There was no conclusive result in the MBI. Conclusions: Young and active patients have major complications. Obesity has a relative influence.
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Introducción: Durante el proceso de tutoría en investigación se presenta una relación personal entre el residente y su tutor que tiene gran importancia para el desarrollo del trabajo de tesis. En este trabajo se presenta la autopercepción que el residente experimentó sobre los aspectos positivos y negativos durante el proceso del trabajo de tesis de su especialidad. Objetivo: Identificar las características generales de la auto-percepción de los residentes en la relación con su tutor de medicina familiar durante el proceso de tutoría en investigación. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional. Participaron 77 residentes del Curso de Especialización en Medicina Familiar. Se diseñó un cuestionario para evaluar la autopercepción de la relación de los residentes con su tutor durante el proceso de tutoría de sus tesis. El cuestionario formó parte de un instrumento de 45 preguntas, 15 de ellas para evaluar las características de la autopercepción de los residentes de la relación con su tutor de medicina familiar durante el proceso de tutoría en investigación. Las preguntas fueron diseñadas en escala ordinal tipo diferencial semántico de seis opciones de respuesta con valores entre 1 y 6. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial (prueba binomial y x²). La confiabilidad fue determinada mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El promedio de evaluación de la autopercepción de los residentes en la escala positiva (8 items) fue de 42.81 ± 5.09, el coeficiente de confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach = 0.833. El promedio en la escala negativa (7 ítems) fue de 16.70 ± 6.523, el coeficiente de confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach = 0.645. Conclusiones: Los residentes se autoperciben con puntuaciones altas en los aspectos de interés, puntualidad, honestidad, compromiso, satisfacción, cumplimiento, motivación y capacidad; manifestaron puntuaciones bajas en actitud negativa e intolerancia durante el proceso de tutoría. Sin embargo no mostraron una tendencia clara (puntuaciones medias) en su autopercepción en los aspectos de irresponsabilidad, fastidio, frustración y preferencia por no realizar el trabajo de tesis y usar el tiempo en otras actividades. Los resultados conducen a analizar la validez de constructo de los elementos que integraron el contenido teórico del cuestionario utilizado.
Introduction: During research mentoring process, a relationship between resident and tutor is developed which is of great importance for thesis development. This paper presents the self-perception on positive and negative aspects that residents experienced during their thesis development. Objective: To identify the general characteristics of residents' self-perception in their relationship with family medicine tutor during the research mentoring process. Material and methods: A descriptive, cross sectional, and observational study was performed. Seventy seven residents from Specialization Course in Family Medicine participated in this study. A questionnaire to assess self-perception of the relationship of residents with their tutor during the thesis tutoring process was designed. The questionnaire was part of a 45 item instrument, 15 to evaluate the characteristics of self-perception of their relationship with the Family Medicine tutor during the research mentoring process. The questions were designed on an ordinal scale of six semantic differential-type response choices with values between 1 and 6. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics (binomial test and x2). Reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: The average of residents'self-perception assessment in the positive scale (8 items) was 42.81 ± 5.09, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient = 0.833. Average in the negative scale (7 items) was 16.70 ± 6523, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient = 0.645. Conclusions: Residents perceive themselves with high scores on: interest, punctuality, honesty, commitment, satisfaction, compliance, motivation and ability, they showed low scores on negative attitudes and intolerance during the mentoring process. No clear trend (mean scores) in their self-perception in aspects such as irresponsibility, boredom, frustration and preference for not doing the thesis work and using the time in other activities however was showed. Results lead to analyze construct validity of the elements that formed the theoretical content of the questionnaire used.
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The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) of the American College of Surgeons provides risk-adjusted surgical outcome measures for participating hospitals that can be used for performance improvement of surgical mortality and morbidity. A surgical clinical nurse reviewer collects 135 clinical variables including preoperative risk factors, intraoperative variables, and 30-day postoperative mortality and morbidity outcomes for patients undergoing major surgical procedures. A report on mortality and complications is prepared twice a year. This article summarizes briefly the history of NSQIP and how its report on surgical outcomes can be used for performance improvement within a hospital system. In particular, it describes how to drive performance improvement with NSQIP data using the example of postoperative respiratory complications--a major factor of postoperative mortality. In addition, this article explains the benefit of a collaborative of several participating NSQIP hospitals and describes how to develop a "playbook" on the basis of an outcome improvement project.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Cirurgia Geral/normas , Pneumonia/prevenção & controle , Melhoria de Qualidade/normas , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/efeitos adversos , Infecção Hospitalar/etiologia , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Hospitais de Veteranos/normas , Humanos , Pneumonia/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Melhoria de Qualidade/organização & administração , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Se describe detalladamente la organización amplitud y logros de una unidad de antención primaria, en cuanto a sus actividades de investigación clínica. Se muestra que, con decisión y voluntad de realizar trabajo original, se logran superar muchas dificultades y se consigue el apoyo estrucural y moral de los organismos directivos, así como la colaboración del personal profesional y auxiliar previamente adiestrado
Assuntos
Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Projetos de Pesquisa , Revisão da Pesquisa por ParesRESUMO
Tomando como base el esquema propuesto por Benito y col. (1986) conservando las mismas pruebas bioquímicas pero cambiando las tablas de interpretación, se biotipificaron 73 cepas de Gardnerella vaginalis aisladas de vías urinarias de 41 mujeres que acudieron a consulta ginecológíca al Centro de Salud "Dr. José Castro Villagrana" en Tlalpan, México, D.F. De éstas, 33 cepas correspondieron a 16 mujeres con sintomatología de infección de vías urinarias y 40 cepas correspondieron a 25 mujeres sin sintomatología. Con base en la tabla de interpretación propuesta, se encontraron 30 biotipos diferentes, siendo los biotipos 1H (8.2 por ciento), 5G (9.6 por ciento) y 7G (9.6 por ciento), los más frecuentemente aislados mostrando diferencias significativas. No se encontró ningún biotipo asociado mayormente a cuadros con sintomatología de infección de vías urinarias; mientras que los biotipos antes mencionados se asocian con significancia estadística (p< 0.01) a la ausencia de sintomatología