The potential protective effect of melatonin and N-acetylcysteine alone and in combination on opioid-induced testicular dysfunction and degeneration in rat.

Methadone (Met) is the most common treatment for opioid addiction. Although Met is effective for treatment of opioid dependence, sexual dysfunctions and infertility have been reported as a major problem in patients under Met treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of melatonin and N-acetylcysteine (N) on morphine and Met-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, suppression of blood sexual hormones, impairment in sperm parameters, and sexual dysfunction. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 66) were randomly divided into 11 equal groups (n = 6) as follows: control, sham, morphine, Met, Met+N, Met+ melatonin, Met+melatonin+N, morphine+ Met, morphine+Met+ melatonin, morphine+Met+N, and morphine+Met+ melatonin+N groups. On day 56 post-treatment, the blood was collected from the tail and the serum levels of sex hormones were evaluated, then the rats were sacrificed, and their bilateral testes and epididymis were retrieved for histological, immunohistochemical, molecular, testicular tissue stress oxidative status, and sperm parameters assays. Exposure to morphine, Met, and shift of morphine to Met resulted in testicular degeneration that can be attributed to generating the stress oxidative-induced- apoptotic testicular cell death and impairing spermatogenesis. Melatonin and N alone and particularly, in combination with each other improved testicular degeneration, sex hormone suppression, and testicular function mediated by increasing the testicular antioxidant capacity and inhibition of the apoptosis pathway. It's suggested that oral administration of antioxidants may be an effective treatment for attenuating some opioid-related testicular dysfunction and degeneration.

Correlation Between Protamine-2 and miRNA-122 in Sperm from Heroin-addicted Men: A Case-Control Study.

PURPOSE: Recreational use of illicit drugs is one of the main factors affecting male fertility. However, the mechanisms of heroin smoke-associated damage to mature spermatozoa are still completely unknown. The aim of this study was to concomitantly examine the levels of protamine-2 gene and protein concentrations, the amount of miRNA-122 in seminal plasma and semen analysis findings in heroin-addicted men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a case control study, twenty-four fertile men that lacked any recreational drug abuse were considered as the healthy group, and 24 addicted men who used only heroin for at least four months were selected as the addicted group. Semen samples were gathered by masturbation after 2 - 5 days of sexual abstinence. Following the preparation of a semen analysis by computer-assisted sperm analysis according to WHO (2010), the level of protamine-2 gene expression in sperm and miRNA-122 in seminal plasma was measured using real-time sqPCR. Also, protamine-2 protein concentrations were quantified by nuclear protein extraction, SDS-Page and western blotting. RESULTS: Among the studied variables, body mass index (27.75±0.88 vs. 22.30±0.36, p=0.001), seminal pH (7.79±0.06 vs. 7.58±0.06, p=0.003), white blood cell count in semen (1.69±0.41 vs. 8.61±1.73, p=0.001), motility (65.51±2.57 vs. 41.96±3.58, p=0.001) and survival rate (87.41±1.00 vs. 71.50±4.59, p=0.002) of sperm cells was significantly different between the healthy and addicted groups. In addition, the levels of protamine-2 gene and protein expression in the addicted group (0.05±0.02 and 0.10±0.02, respectively) were significantly lower than the healthy group (3.59±0.94 and 0.27±0.06, respectively) (p=0.002 and p=0.017, respectively). Seminal miRNA-122 levels in addicted men (3.51±0.73) were statistically higher than in healthy men (1.52±0.54) (p=0.034). However, there were some significant relationship between the studied parameters and addiction (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This is one study on human infertility that evaluates the effects of heroin on protamine deficiency and seminal small RNAs expression levels. Heroin abuse may lead to male infertility by causing leukocytospermia, asthenozoospermia, protamine deficiency, and seminal plasma miRNA profile alteration.

The Effect of Heroin Addiction on Human Sperm Parameters, Histone-to-Protamine Transition, and Serum Sexual Hormones Levels.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of heroin on sperm parameters, histone-to-protamine transition ratios in mature sperm, and serum reproductive hormone levels in active heroin users. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semen and blood samples were collected from 25 men who used only heroin for at least 12 months and the same number healthy men who did not use any drugs and did not suffer from infertility problems. Computer-based analysis, Aniline blue staining, and hormonal assessment were performed to provide valuable new information on the relationship between addiction and semen profile and serum reproductive hor-mone levels. RESULTS: Our finding showed that semen pH (7.8 vs. 7.75), sperm motility (42.93 ± 3.89% vs. 68.9 ± 2.68%), and viability (73.27 ± 3.85% vs. 86.48 ± 1.05%), and sperm histone replacement abnormalities (32.33 ± 10.89% vs. 5.56 ± 0.85%) were significant differences in addicted group vs. non-exposed ones (P ? .05). In addition, serum sex hormone levels were not significantly differed between groups. There was a correlation between the amount of daily heroin consumption and LH level. We also observed that duration of drug dependence is correlated with sperm abnormalities. CONCLUSION: We concluded that heroin consumption affect sperm maturities such as histone-to-protamine ratio and impair semen profile in general and particularly sperm morphology and motility. Heroin may be considered as one of the idiopathic male infertility reason.