Immunohistochemical analysis of glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix reveals robust lymphocyte infiltrate and the expression of targetable inhibitory immune checkpoints.

OBJECTIVE: To validate our previous findings of high-level EGFR expression in GCCC using an expanded cohort of specimens and to further examine the molecular and cellular features of this aggressive malignancy to identify potentially actionable therapeutic targets. METHODS: The SEER database was queried to obtain the epidemiological data regarding the current national survival trends for GCCC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to examine the expression of EGFR, PD-1, and PD-L1. CiberSort analysis was used to analyze a previously published RNA-sequencing dataset obtained from a single patient diagnosed with GCCC. RESULTS: In comparison to squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinoma/adenosquamous carcinomas, GCCC was observed in younger patients (p < 0.001) and demonstrated inferior survival (p < 0.001). All (100%) of the specimens (8/8) exhibited immunoreactivity when stained for CD3ε (T-cell marker), EGFR, PD-1, and PD-L1 whereas CTLA4 expression was not detected. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data revealed that cetuximab and erlotinib altered the chemokine profile, lymphocyte abundance, and expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints in a single patient when combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy in a single patient. CONCLUSIONS: The data from this descriptive study suggests that immune checkpoint blockade, whether single agent or in combination, may be a suitable therapeutic option for a disease for which targeted approaches do not currently exist.

Recurrence, death, and secondary malignancy after ovarian conservation for young women with early-stage low-grade endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between ovarian conservation and oncologic outcome in surgically-treated young women with early-stage, low-grade endometrial cancer. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study examined women aged <50 with stage I grade 1-2 endometrioid endometrial cancer who underwent primary surgery with hysterectomy from 2000 to 2014 (US cohort n = 1196, and Japan cohort n = 495). Recurrence patterns, survival, and the presence of a metachronous secondary malignancy were assessed based on ovarian conservation versus oophorectomy. RESULTS: During the study period, the ovarian conservation rate significantly increased in the US cohort from 5.4% to 16.4% (P = 0.020) whereas the rate was unchanged in the Japan cohort (6.3-8.7%, P = 0.787). In the US cohort, ovarian conservation was not associated with disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.829, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.188-3.663, P = 0.805), overall survival (HR not estimated, P = 0.981), or metachronous secondary malignancy (HR 1.787, 95% CI 0.603-5.295, P = 0.295). In the Japan cohort, ovarian conservation was associated with decreased disease-free survival (HR 5.214, 95% CI 1.557-17.464, P = 0.007) and an increased risk of a metachronous secondary malignancy, particularly ovarian cancer (HR 7.119, 95% CI 1.349-37.554, P = 0.021), but was not associated with overall survival (HR not estimated, P = 0.987). Ovarian recurrence or metachronous secondary ovarian cancer occurred after a median time of 5.9 years, and all cases were salvaged. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that adoption of ovarian conservation in young women with early-stage low-grade endometrial cancer varies by population. Ovarian conservation for young women with early-stage, low-grade endometrial cancer may be potentially associated with increased risks of ovarian recurrence or metachronous secondary ovarian cancer in certain populations; nevertheless, ovarian conservation did not negatively impact overall survival.

Tumor characteristics and outcome of uterine carcinosarcoma in women aged ≥80 years.

OBJECTIVE: To examine clinico-pathological characteristics and outcomes of uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) in women aged ≥80 years. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a previous multicenter retrospective study examining 906 women with stage I-IV UCS who underwent primary hysterectomy. Patient demographics, treatment types, tumor characteristics, and survival were examined across aged ≥80 (n = 82 [9.1%]), aged 60-79, (n = 526 [58.1%]), and aged <60 (n = 298 [32.9%]). RESULTS: Women in the aged ≥80 group were more likely to be Caucasian, undergo simple hysterectomy without lymphadenectomy, and receive no postoperative therapy (all, P < 0.05). Tumors in the aged ≥80 group were more likely to have high-grade carcinoma, heterologous sarcoma, and sarcoma dominance but less likely to have lympho-vascular space invasion (all, P < 0.05). Lymphadenectomy did not improve survival in the aged ≥80 group (P > 0.05), whereas lymphadenectomy was protective for survival in the younger groups (both, P < 0.05). Postoperative chemotherapy was associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS) in the aged ≥80 group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22-0.89, P = 0.021). With chemotherapy treatment, women in the aged ≥80 group had PFS similar to those in the aged 60-79 group (HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.51-1.83, P = 0.92). In contrast, without chemotherapy treatment, women in the aged ≥80 group had significantly decreased PFS compared to the aged 60-79 group (HR 1.62, 95%CI 1.09-2.40, P = 0.016). Similar associations were observed for postoperative radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Nearly 10% of women with UCS are aged ≥80 that are characterized by aggressive tumor factors. Postoperative therapy but not extensive surgery may improve survival in this age group.

Characterizing sarcoma dominance pattern in uterine carcinosarcoma: Homologous versus heterologous element.

OBJECTIVE: To examine significance of sarcoma dominance (SD) patterns in uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS). METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of multicenter retrospective study examining women with stages I-IV UCS who underwent primary surgery. SD was defined as >50% of sarcoma component in uterine tumor. SD patterns were grouped as homologous sarcoma without SD (homo/non-dominance, n = 351), heterologous sarcoma without SD (hetero/non-dominance, n = 174), homologous sarcoma with SD (homo/dominance, n = 175), and heterologous sarcoma with SD (hetero/dominance, n = 189), and correlated to tumor characteristics and survival. RESULTS: SD patterns were significantly associated with age, body habitus, carcinoma type, tumor size, depth of myometrial invasion, and nodal metastasis (all, P < 0.05). On univariate analysis, SD was associated with decreased progression-free survival (PFS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) in homologous cases (both, P < 0.05) but not in heterologous cases. On multivariate models, both homologous and heterologous SD patterns remained independent prognostic factors for decreased PFS (adjusted-hazard ratio [HR] ranges: homo/dominance 1.35-1.69, and hetero/dominance 1.47-1.64) and CSS (adjusted-HR ranges: 1.52-1.84 and 1.66-1.81, respectively) compared to homo/non-dominance (all, P < 0.05). Among stage I-III disease, when tumors had SD, adding radiotherapy to chemotherapy was significantly associated with improved PFS (adjusted-HR: homo/dominance 0.49, and hetero/dominance 0.45) and CSS (0.36 and 0.31, respectively) compared to chemotherapy alone (all, P < 0.05); contrary, this association was not observed with absence of SD (all, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In UCS, SD impacts survival in homologous but not in heterologous type. Regardless of sarcoma types, SD was associated with decreased survival in UCS; adding radiotherapy to chemotherapy may be an effective postoperative strategy.

Proposal for a Risk-Based Categorization of Uterine Carcinosarcoma.

PURPOSE: To propose a categorization model of uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) based on tumor cell types (carcinoma and sarcoma) and sarcoma dominance. METHODS: This secondary analysis of a prior multicenter retrospective study examined 889 cases of UCS with available histologic evaluation. Based on survival outcome, cases were clustered into three groups: low-grade carcinoma with nondominant homologous sarcoma [type A, n = 96 (10.8%)], (1) low-grade carcinoma with heterologous sarcoma or any sarcoma dominance and (2) high-grade carcinoma with nondominant homologous sarcoma [type B, n = 412 (46.3%)], and high-grade carcinoma with heterologous sarcoma or any sarcoma dominance [type C, n = 381 (42.9%)]. Tumor characteristics and outcome were examined based on the categorization. RESULTS: Women in type C category were more likely to be older, obese, and Caucasian, whereas those in type A category were younger, less obese, Asian, and nulligravid (all P < 0.01). Type C tumors were more likely to have metastatic implants, large tumor size, lymphovascular space invasion with sarcoma cells, and higher lymph node ratio, whereas type A tumors were more likely to be early-stage disease and small (all P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, tumor categorization was independently associated with progression-free survival (5-year rates: 70.1% for type A, 48.3% for type B, and 35.9% for type C, adjusted P < 0.01) and cause-specific survival (5-year rates: 82.8% for type A, 63.0% for type B, and 47.1% for type C, adjusted P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Characteristic differences in clinicopathological factors and outcomes in UCS imply that different underlying etiologies and biological behaviors may be present, supporting a new classification system.

Significance of Lymphovascular Space Invasion by the Sarcomatous Component in Uterine Carcinosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the significance of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) with a sarcomatous component on the tumor characteristics and clinical outcomes of women with uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS). METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of a prior multicenter retrospective study that examined women with stage I-IV UCS who underwent primary hysterectomy. Archived histopathology slides were reviewed and LVSI was scored as follows: LVSI with a carcinomatous component alone (LVSI-carcinoma; n = 375, 76.8%) or LVSI containing a sarcomatous component with or without a carcinomatous component (LVSI-sarcoma; n = 113, 23.2%). Qualitative metrics of LVSI were correlated to clinicopathological factors and survival outcome. RESULTS: Tumors in the LVSI-sarcoma group were more likely to have sarcoma dominance (82.1 vs. 26.4%) heterologous sarcomatous component (51.3 vs. 37.9%), low-grade carcinoma (42.5 vs. 22.4%), and large tumor size (81.0 vs. 70.2%) in the primary tumor site compared with tumors in the LVSI-carcinoma group (all p < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, LVSI-sarcoma was independently associated with decreased progression-free survival (5-year rates: 34.9 vs. 40.8%, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-2.50, p < 0.001), and cause-specific survival (5-year rates: 41.8 vs. 55.9%, adjusted HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.39-2.75, p < 0.001) compared with LVSI-carcinoma. Postoperative radiotherapy for women with LVSI-sarcoma had a higher reduction rate of recurrence/progression of disease (54% reduction, p = 0.04) compared with postoperative radiotherapy for women with LVSI-carcinoma (26% reduction, p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: In UCS, the presence of a sarcomatous component in LVSI is particularly prevalent when a tumor has sarcoma dominance. Our study suggests that LVSI containing a sarcomatous component may be a predictor of decreased survival for women with UCS.

Unplanned postoperative intensive care unit admission for ovarian cancer cytoreduction is associated with significant decrease in overall survival.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have identified age, nutritional status, and hematocrit as risk factors for unplanned ICU admission in gynecologic oncology patients. We sought to identify additional perioperative factors that can be predictive of unplanned ICU admission and its impact on outcomes in women with ovarian cancer undergoing ovarian cancer cytoreductive procedures. METHODS: This was a case-control study of patients with unplanned ICU admission after primary surgery for ovarian cancer from January 2007 to December 2013. Controls were selected in a 2:1 ratio matching for primary surgeon and date of surgery. Clinical data was abstracted and compared between cases and controls using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: The dataset consisted of 324 patients (108 ICU admissions, 216 controls). On multivariable analysis, failure to optimally cytoreduce (p = 0.001, OR 3.76) and higher EBL (p < 0.001, OR 1.20 per 100 cm3) remained significant predictors of unplanned ICU admission. On multivariable analysis of outcomes, ICU admission was independently associated with increased length of stay (12 days vs. 6 days, p < 0.001), increased number of postop complications (2 vs. 0, p < 0.001), and increased risk of readmission within 30 days (p = 0.041, OR 2.46). Even controlling for debulking status, ICU admission remained associated with a worse median OS (27.3 vs 57.9 months, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ICU admission for women undergoing cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer is associated with a significant decrease in OS and increase in number of postoperative complications. For this inherently high-risk population, this information is critical when counseling patients about peri-operative risks in primary cytoreductive surgery.

Trends of uterine carcinosarcoma in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) is a rare type of high-grade endometrial cancer (EC) that has been understudied with population-based statistics due to its rarity. This study examined temporal trends in the proportion of UCS among women with EC. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study examining The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program between 1973-2013. Primary EC cases were eligible for analysis, and a time-specific proportion of UCS was examined during the study period. RESULTS: UCS was seen in 11,000 (4.7%) women among 235,849 primary EC cases. Mean age at UCS diagnosis increased from 65.9 to 71.7 years between 1973-1989 and then decreased from 71.7 to 67.0 years between 1989-2013 (both, p<0.001). Proportion of Black women significantly increased during the study period (11.9%-20.0%, p<0.001), whereas the proportion of White women decreased from 86.0% to 60.5% between 1987-2013 (p<0.001). There was a significant increase in the proportion of UCS among primary EC from 1.7% to 5.6% between 1973-2013 (p<0.001). Among type II ECs (n=76,118), the proportion of UCS also increased significantly from 6.0% to 17.5% between 1973-2013 (p<0.001). An increasing proportion of UCS was seen in both young and older women but the magnitude of interval increase was larger in the older age group between 1973-2013 (<60 years, from 1.3% to 3.3%. p<0.001; and ≥60 years, from 2.6% to 7.0%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that the proportion of UCS has significantly increased among EC, accounting for more than 5% in recent years.

Significance of venous thromboembolism in women with uterine carcinosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and to examine the association of VTE and survival in women with uterine carcinosarcoma. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study examined 906 women who underwent primary surgical treatment for stage I-IV uterine carcinosarcoma. Time-dependent analyses were performed for cumulative incidence of VTE after surgery on multivariate models. RESULTS: There were 72 (7.9%) women who developed VTE after surgery with 1-, 2-, and 5-year cumulative incidences being 5.1%, 7.3%, and 10.2%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, older age (hazard ratio [HR] per year 1.03, P=0.012), non-Asian race (HR 6.28, P<0.001), large body habitus (HR per kg/m2 1.04, P=0.014), residual disease at surgery (HR 3.04, P=0.003), tumor size ≥5cm (HR 2.73, P=0.003), and stage IV disease (HR 2.12, P=0.025) were independently associated with increased risk of developing VTE. A risk pattern analysis identified that obese Non-Asian women with large tumors (13.7% of population) had the highest incidence of VTE (2-year cumulative rate, 26.1%) whereas Asian women with no residual disease (47.1% of population) had the lowest (2-year cumulative rate, 1.6%) (P<0.001). Presence of carcinoma/sarcoma in metastatic sites was significantly associated with increased risk of VTE compared to carcinoma alone (2-year rates, 31.2% versus 8.4%, P=0.049). VTE was independently associated with decreased progression-free survival on multivariate models (5-year rates, 24.9% versus 47.2%, HR 1.46, 95%CI 1.05-2.04, P=0.026). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that VTE represents a surrogate marker of aggressive tumor behavior and diminished patient condition in uterine carcinosarcoma; obese Non-Asian women with large tumors carry a disproportionally high risk of VTE, suggesting that long-term prophylaxis may benefit this population.

Survival outcome of women with stage IV uterine carcinosarcoma who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To examine survival of women with stage IV uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by hysterectomy. METHODS: This is a nested case-control study within a retrospective cohort of 1192 UCS cases. Women who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by hysterectomy based-surgery for stage IV UCS (n = 26) were compared to those who had primary hysterectomy-based surgery without neoadjuvant chemotherapy for stage IV UCS (n = 120). Progression-free survival (PFS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) were examined. RESULTS: The most common regimen for neoadjuvant chemotherapy was carboplatin/paclitaxel (53.8%). Median number of neoadjuvant chemotherapy cycles was 4. PFS was similar between the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group and the primary surgery group (unadjusted-hazard ratio [HR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-1.89, P = 0.45). Similarly, CSS was comparable between the two groups (unadjusted-HR 1.13, 95%CI 0.68-1.90, P = 0.64). When the types of neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens were compared, women who received a carboplatin/paclitaxel regimen had better survival outcomes compared to those who received other regimens: PFS, unadjusted-HR 0.38, 95%CI 0.15-0.93, P = 0.027; and CSS, unadjusted-HR 0.21, 95%CI 0.07-0.61, P = 0.002. CONCLUSION: Our study found that there is no statistically significant difference in survival between women with stage IV UCS who are tolerated neoadjuvant chemotherapy and those who undergo primary surgery.

Salvage chemotherapy with taxane and platinum for women with recurrent uterine carcinosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: To examine survival after recurrence (SAR) among women with recurrent uterine carcinosarcoma who received a taxane/platinum doublet as the first-line salvage chemotherapy. METHODS: We retrospectively examined 148 women with recurrent uterine carcinosarcoma who received salvage chemotherapy within a cohort of 906 uterine carcinosarcomas. An independent association of salvage chemotherapy type and SAR was examined with multivariate analysis. RESULTS: There were 71 (48.0%) women who received a taxane/platinum regimen. On univariate analysis, women who received a taxane/platinum doublet had a higher 2-year SAR rate compared to women who received non-taxane/platinum regimens (55.5% versus 34.8%, P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, use of taxane/platinum regimen was independently associated with improved SAR compared to the non-taxane/platinum regimens (adjusted-hazard ratio [HR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35 to 0.91, P=0.02). When stratified by disease-free interval, women with a disease-free interval ≥6months who received a taxane/platinum doublet had a higher 2-year SAR rate compared to those who received non-taxane/platinum regimens (61.9% versus 40.0%, HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.75, P=0.002); conversely, in women with a disease-free interval <6months, 2-year SAR rates were similar between the two groups (20.5% versus 18.4%, HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.90, P=0.61). Among women who received a taxane/platinum doublet as adjuvant chemotherapy, re-treatment with taxane/platinum doublet as salvage chemotherapy remained beneficial (2-year SAR rate, 62.1% versus 39.7%, HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.86, P=0.019). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that taxane/platinum doublet may be a more effective chemotherapy regimen compared to other regimens among women with recurrent uterine carcinosarcoma, especially for those who had a disease-free interval of ≥6months.

Impact of adjuvant therapy on recurrence patterns in stage I uterine carcinosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: To examine recurrence patterns in women with stage I uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) stratified by adjuvant therapy pattern. METHODS: We examined 443 cases of stage I UCS derived from a retrospective cohort of 1192 UCS cases from 26 institutions. Adjuvant therapy patterns after primary hysterectomy-based surgery were correlated to recurrence patterns. RESULTS: The most common adjuvant therapy was chemotherapy alone (41.5%) followed by chemotherapy/radiotherapy (15.8%) and radiotherapy alone (8.4%). Distant-recurrence was the most common recurrence pattern (5-year cumulative rate, 28.1%) followed by local-recurrence (13.3%). On multivariate analysis, chemotherapy but not radiotherapy remained an independent prognostic factor for decreased risk of local-recurrence (5-year cumulative rates 8.7% versus 19.8%, adjusted-hazard ratio [HR] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25-0.83, P=0.01) and distant-recurrence (21.2% versus 38.0%, adjusted-HR 0.41, 95%CI 0.27-0.62, P<0.001). The chemotherapy/radiotherapy group had a lower 5-year cumulative local-recurrence rate compared to the chemotherapy alone group but it did not reach statistical significance (5.1% versus 10.1%, adjusted-HR 0.46, 95%CI 0.13-1.58, P=0.22). Radiotherapy significantly decreased local-recurrence when tumors had high-grade carcinoma, sarcoma component dominance, and deep myometrial tumor invasion (all, P<0.05); and combining radiotherapy with chemotherapy was significantly associated with decreased local-recurrence compared to chemotherapy alone in the presence of multiple risk factors (5-year cumulative rates, 2.5% versus 21.8%, HR 0.12, 95%CI 0.02-0.90; P=0.013) but not in none/single factor (P=0.36). CONCLUSION: Adjuvant chemotherapy appears to be effective to control both local- and distant-recurrences in stage I UCS; adding radiotherapy to chemotherapy may be effective to control local-recurrence when the tumor exhibits multiple risk factors.

Tumor characteristics and survival outcomes of women with tamoxifen-related uterine carcinosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: To examine tumor characteristics and survival outcome of women with uterine carcinosarcoma who had a history of tamoxifen use. METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective study examining stage I-IV uterine carcinosarcoma cases based on history of tamoxifen use. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment pattern, and survival outcomes were compared between tamoxifen users and non-users. RESULTS: Sixty-six cases of tamoxifen-related uterine carcinosarcoma were compared to 1009 cases with no history of tamoxifen use. Tamoxifen users were more likely to be older (mean age, 69 versus 64, P<0.001) and had a past history of malignancy (100% versus 12.7%, P<0.001). Tamoxifen-related uterine carcinosarcoma was significantly associated with a higher proportion of stage IA disease (48.4% versus 29.9%) and a lower risk of stage IVB disease (7.8% versus 16.0%) compared to tamoxifen-unrelated carcinosarcoma (P=0.034). Deep myometrial tumor invasion was less common in uterine carcinosarcoma related to tamoxifen use (28.3% versus 48.8%, P=0.002). On univariate analysis, tamoxifen use was not associated with progression-free survival (5-year rates 44.5% versus 46.8%, P=0.48) and disease-specific survival (64.0% versus 59.1%, P=0.39). After adjusting for age, past history of malignancy, stage, residual disease status at surgery, and postoperative treatment patterns, tamoxifen use was not associated with progression-free survival (adjusted-hazard ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.50 to 1.50, P=0.60) and disease-specific survival (adjusted-hazard ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.36 to 1.29, P=0.24). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that tamoxifen-related uterine carcinosarcoma may have favorable tumor characteristics but have comparable stage-specific survival outcomes compared to tamoxifen-unrelated uterine carcinosarcoma.

Feto-maternal outcomes of pregnancy complicated by epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review of literature.

Although cancer diagnosed during pregnancy is rare, epithelial cell type ovarian cancers (EOCs) comprise approximately one quarter to one half of cases of ovarian malignancy diagnosed during pregnancy. The behavior of EOC during pregnancy and its implications for maternal and fetal outcomes is not well understood. In order to better define these outcomes, a systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE using entry keywords "pregnancy" and "ovarian cancer" for the period from 1955 to 2013. The literature search identified 105 cases eligible for analysis. Clinical characteristics, pregnancy outcome, tumor characteristics, clinical management, and survival outcomes were all evaluated. Serious adverse events were defined as complications related to EOC that resulted in severe morbidity or mortality for the mother and/or fetus. The mean age of cases was 31.6 years. The most common histology was serous (47.6%), followed by mucinous (27.6%) and endometrioid types (10.5%). The most common presenting symptom was abdominal or pelvic pain (26.7%) while incidentally detected tumors accounted for one third of cases. The majority of cases were stage I at diagnosis (63.8%) followed by stage III disease (24.8%), and the median tumor size was 12cm. Live births occurred in 81.3% of cases, and of the remainder 72.2% were due to elective termination. Intrapartum surgery primarily took place in the second trimester (43%) with fetal conservation in 61.9% of operations. Over half of cases received chemotherapy (55.2%), approximately one third of which received it during the pregnancy (36.2%). Among the 21 cases treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy, there was no association with small for gestational age or fetal malformations. Serious adverse events occurred in 21.9% of cases, of which the most common was tumor rupture during pregnancy (10.5%). Three (2.9%) maternal death following surgery during pregnancy and five (6.4%) neonatal deaths were reported. Gestational age at tumor diagnosis (2-year overall survival rate, 1st trimester 94.6%, 2nd trimester 88.8%, and 3rd trimester 72.9%, p=0.041) type of histology (serous 88.1%, mucinous 84.6%, endometrioid 89.5%, clear cell 100%, mixed type 75.0%, and undifferentiated 30.0%, p<0.01), stage (stage I 96.9%, stage II 85.7%, stage III 56.3%, and stage IV 25.0%, p<0.01), and serious adverse events (yes versus no, 68.1% versus 92.2%, p=0.041) were significantly related to maternal overall survival in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, stage III/IV disease remained the independent prognostic factor associated with decreased maternal overall survival (stage III, hazard ratio 44.6, p<0.01; and stage IV, hazard ratio 399, p<0.01). In conclusion, although the majority of EOC cases during pregnancy resulted in live birth, maternal and neonatal mortality needs to be considered in the counseling and management of these pregnancies.

National Cancer Data Base analysis of radiation therapy consolidation modality for cervical cancer: the impact of new technological advancements.

PURPOSE: To utilize the National Cancer Data Base to evaluate trends in brachytherapy and alternative radiation therapy utilization in the treatment of cervical cancer, to identify associations with outcomes between the various radiation therapy modalities. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIB-IVA cervical cancer in the National Cancer Data Base who received treatment from January 2004 to December 2011 were analyzed. Overall survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify factors associated with type of boost radiation modality used and its impact on survival. RESULTS: A total of 7654 patients had information regarding boost modality. A predominant proportion of patients were Caucasian (76.2%), had stage IIIB (48.9%) disease with squamous (82.0%) histology, were treated at academic/research centers (47.7%) in the South (34.8%), and lived 0 to 5 miles (27.9%) from the treating facility. A majority received brachytherapy (90.3%). From 2004 to 2011, brachytherapy use decreased from 96.7% to 86.1%, whereas intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) use increased from 3.3% to 13.9% in the same period (P<.01). Factors associated with decreased brachytherapy utilization included older age, stage IVA disease, smaller tumor size, later year of diagnosis, lower-volume treatment centers, and facility type. After controlling for significant factors from survival analyses, IMRT or SBRT boost resulted in inferior overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-2.55; P<.01) as compared with brachytherapy. In fact, the survival detriment associated with IMRT or SBRT boost was stronger than that associated with excluding chemotherapy (hazard ratio, 1.61' 95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.04' P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Consolidation brachytherapy is a critical treatment component for locally advanced cervical cancer; however, there has been declining utilization of brachytherapy. Increased use of IMRT and SBRT boost coupled with increased mortality risk should raise concerns about utilizing these approaches over brachytherapy.