Germ cell cysts, a fetal feature in mammals, are constitutively present in the adult armadillo.

Formation and subsequent break down of ovarian germ cell (GC) cysts is a key and an evolutionary-conserved developmental event, described in phylogenetically diverse species of invertebrates and vertebrates. In mammals, cyst break down (CBD) ends at the time of, or soon after, birth with the formation of primordial follicles enclosing single oocytes, which constitute the sole reservoir of gametes available through the whole female's reproductive life. In this study, we challenge this paradigm demonstrating the constitutive presence of a large number of cysts, enclosing two-thirty GCs, in the ovary of the adult armadillo Chaetophractus villosus, belonging to the superorder Xenarthra, one of the earliest offshoots among placentals. We also describe that (a) GCs enclosed within cysts are connected by intercellular bridges-intercellular bridges-markers of their clonal origin; (b) CBD occurs through four main phases, ending with primordial follicles containing single oocytes; (c) GCs encompass meiotic prophase I stages, from leptotene to diplotene; (d) seasonal variations in the number of GCs enclosed within cysts, suggesting the presence of a GC multiplying activity. The armadillo C. villosus''s ovary emerges as an extraordinary resource to investigate folliculogenesis and to explore the evolutionary past of the mammalian ovary.

Cirugía plástica periodontal: reporte de un caso clínico / Periodontal plastic surgery: report of a clinical case

El abordaje terapéutico de las recesiones gingivales requiere un plan de tratamiento que involucre terapia básica, la cual tendrá como objetivo la resolución de la/las etiologías de la/las mismas y una terapia de cirugía plástica periodontal adecuada al caso específico. Los procedimientos quirúrgicos con injertos de tejido conjuntivo tomados principalmente del paladar son el gold standard en el tratamiento de las recesiones gingivales. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer paso a paso el tratamiento de una recesión gingival post-terapia de ortodoncia y su evaluación a largo plazo (AU)

The therapeutic approach to gingival recession requires a treatment plan involving basic therapy, which will focus on its etiologies, and the most suitable periodontal plastic surgery therapy in each specific case. Surgical procedures with connective-tissue grafts, taken mainly from the palate, are the gold standard in gingival recession treatment. The aim of this paper is to present the step-bystep post-orthodontic therapy treatment of a case of gingival recession and its long-term evaluation (AU)

Effect of soybean oil availabilities on rumen biohydrogenation and duodenal flow of fatty acids in beef cattle fed a diet with crude glycerine.

Soybean oil with different ruminal availability (whole soybeans (WS), soybean oil (SO) and calcium salts (CS)) was used to evaluate the fatty acid (FA) intake, rumen biohydrogenation (BH) and duodenal flow of FA in Nellore steers fed diets with crude glycerine (CG). Eight castrated Nellore steers were fitted with a ruminal and duodenal silicone cannula, and distributed in a double, simultaneous, Latin square 4 × 4 design with four diets and four experimental periods. Concentrates contained ground maize, urea, mineral salts, CG (100 g/kg DM) and soybean products with different availability of soybean oil: (1) no additional fat (CO), (2) WS, (3) SO or (4) CS. Fat supplementation was fixed to obtain 50 g ether extract/kg DM. Experimental treatments had no effect on DM intake, DM duodenal flow or ruminal turnover rate of C:16 FA. However, fat addition increased C:18 and turnover rates of total FA rumen (p < 0.05). CS resulted in lower C:18 turnover rates and lower ruminal BH of monounsaturated and unsaturated FA (UFA) than WS (p < 0.05). SO resulted in a greater duodenal flow of C18:0 (stearic acid), C18:1t-11 (vaccenic acid) and saturated FA than the WS and CS diets (p < 0.05). CS resulted in a higher duodenal flow of C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid) than WS (p < 0.05). The association of CG and calcium salts in Nellore steers was the best nutritional strategy to increase duodenal flow of healthier UFA, which may increase the deposition of these FA in meat. However, SO associated with CG association increased the duodenal flow of vaccenic acid, which is main precursor of endogenous synthesis of conjugated linoleic acids in tissues.

Metaloproteinasas de la matriz extracelular (mmps) en odontología / Metalloproteinases (MMPs) of the extracellular matrix in dentistry

La mayoría de los tejidos del organismo se encuentran en un constante proceso de renovación, modulado por una vasta cantidad de proteínas que inducen la síntesis y degradación tisular a lo largo del tiempo. Las metaloproteinasas de la matriz extracelular (MMPs) son una familia de 25 endopeptidasas zinc dependientes encargadas de escindir los componentes inmediatos de la matriz extracelular (MEC). Ciertas metaloproteinasas de la matriz extracelular, especialmente MMP-2 y MMP-9, se ven implicadas en el desarrollo del germen dental así como con la proliferación e invasión de los tumores odontogénicos, siendo un factor a considerar sobre la posible agresividad tumoral y la base para el tratamiento de los mismos. A su vez, ambas MMPs actúan en la progresión de las lesiones cariosas así como en progresión de la periodontitis apical de pacientes con necrosis pulpar. Varios patógenos periodontales, promueven la secreción tanto de MMP-2 como MMP-9 favoreciendo la destrucción de los tejidos periodontales, íntimamente relacionadas con el avance de la enfermedad. En pacientes bajo tratamiento ortodóncico se encuentran altos niveles de estas MMPs, tanto en zonas de compresión como de tensión, relacionando los movimientos dentales con la renovación de los tejidos. Esta revisión analiza su expresión y utilidad relacionándolas con diferentes disciplinas en el área de las ciencias odontológicas, enfatizando su potencial como biomarcadores.

Most body tissues are found in a constant renovation process, modulated by a large number of proteins that induce tissue synthesis and degradation over time. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of 25 zinc-dependent endopeptidases in charge of the cleavage of the immediate components of the extracellular matrix. Certain MMPs, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, are related to the development of dental germ as well as odontogenic tumor invasion and proliferation. They are a significant factor in tumor aggressiveness and possible treatments. Moreover, both MMPs participate in the progression of dental caries and apical periodontitis in patients with necrotic pulp. Several periodontal pathogens promote the secretion of both MMP-2 and MMP-9, increasing the destruction of periodontal tissues, which is closely linked to the progression of the disease. High levels of these MMPs are found in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, not only in the compression side but also on the tension one. This establishes a connection between tooth movement and tissue renovation. This review analyzes MMPs expression and usefulness in different areas of dental science, emphasizing their potential as biomarkers.

Aceites esenciales: una opción quimioterapéutica en Periodoncia / Essential-oils: a chemotherapeutic option in periodontics

Las enfermedades periodontales representan un conjunto de patologías que afectan los tejidos de soporte dentario. La remoción del biofilm diaria y efectiva es suficiente para prevenirlas. La dificultad de los individuos en desarrollar hábitos de higiene oral adecuados valiéndose solamente de elementos mecánicos llevó al desarrollo de coadyuvantes químicos con el objetivo de maximizar el control del biofilm por el paciente. Los aceites esenciales son eficaces y superiores en el control de la placa supragingival y la inflamación en comparación con placebo y cloruro de cetilpiridinio. Sin embargo, fueron similares en el control de la inflamación e inferiores en el control de placa en comparación con la clorhexidina, generando menos efectos adversos. La evidencia sugiere que para el cuidado oral a corto plazo la clorhexidina es la primera opción y que los aceites esenciales muestran utilidad al ser indicados a largo plazo cuando el cuidado oral antiinflamatorio sea beneficioso.

Periodontal diseases are a group of pathologies that affect the tissues that support teeth. The efficient control of daily oral biofilm can prevent these diseases. Most individuals have difficulty in developing good oral hygiene habits and use only mechanical elements. This has led to the development of chemical adjuvants so that patients can maximize biofilm control. Essential oils (EOs) are effective and more efficient at controlling supragingival plaque and inflammation compared to a placebo and to cetylpyridinium chloride. Nevertheless, EOs were similar in their anti-inflammatory effectiveness and less efficient in plaque control than chlorhexidine, causing fewer adverse effects. Current evidence suggests that chlorhexidine remains the first choice for short-term oral health care and that essential-oils are best indicated for long-term treatments.

Protection of radiation-induced damage to the hematopoietic system, small intestine and salivary glands in rats by JNJ7777120 compound, a histamine H4 ligand.

Based on previous data on the histamine radioprotective effect on highly radiosensitive tissues, in the present work we aimed at investigating the radioprotective potential of the H4R ligand, JNJ7777120, on ionizing radiation-induced injury and genotoxic damage in small intestine, salivary glands and hematopoietic tissue. For that purpose, rats were divided into 4 groups. JNJ7777120 and JNJ7777120-irradiated groups received a daily subcutaneous JNJ7777120 injection (10 mg/kg) starting 24 h before irradiation. Irradiated groups received a single dose of 5 Gy on whole-body using Cesium-137 source and were sacrificed 3 or 30 days after irradiation. Tissues were removed, fixed, stained with hematoxylin and eosin or PAS staining and histological characteristics were evaluated. Proliferative and apoptotic markers were studied by immunohistochemistry, while micronucleus assay was performed to evaluate DNA damage. Submandibular gland (SMG) function was evaluated by methacholine-induced salivation. Results indicate that JNJ7777120 treatment diminished mucosal atrophy and preserved villi and the number of crypts after radiation exposure (240±8 vs. 165±10, P<0.01). This effect was associated to a reduced apoptosis and DNA damage in intestinal crypts. JNJ7777120 reduced radiation-induced aplasia, preserving medullar components and reducing formation of micronucleus and also it accelerated bone marrow repopulation. Furthermore, it reduced micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood (27±8 vs. 149±22, in 1,000 erythrocytes, P<0.01). JNJ7777120 completely reversed radiation-induced reduced salivation, conserving glandular mass with normal histological appearance and reducing apoptosis and atrophy of SMG. JNJ7777120 exhibits radioprotective effects against radiation-induced cytotoxic and genotoxic damages in small intestine, SMG and hematopoietic tissues and, thus, could be of clinical value for patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Synapsis, recombination, and chromatin remodeling in the XY body of armadillos.

Three xenarthrans species Chaetophractus villosus, Chaetophractus vellerosus, and Zaedyus pichiy have been used for the analysis of the structure, behavior, and immunochemical features of the XY body during pachytene. In all these species, the sex chromosomes form an XY body easily identifiable in thin sections by the special and regular packing of the chromatin fibers of the internal region of the XY body ("differential" regions) and those of the peripheral region (synaptic region). Spermatocyte spreads show a complete synapsis between the X- and the Y-axis, which lasts up to the end of pachytene. From the early pachytene substages to the late ones, the X-axis develops prominent branches, which in late pachytene span the synaptic region. Synapsis is regular as shown by SYCP1 labeling. Axial development is followed by SYCP3 labeling and in the asynaptic region of the X-axis by BRCA1. Gamma-H2AX labels exclusively the differential (asynaptic) region of the X chromosome. A single focus is labeled by MLH1 in the synaptic region. The location of this MLH1 focus spans from 0.3 to 1.6 µm from the telomere in the analyzed xenarthrans, covering approximately half of the Y-axis length. It is concluded that xenarthrans, as basal placental mammals, harbor the largest pseudoautosomal regions of presently analyzed mammals, and shows the typical features of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI).

Seasonal changes in ovarian steroid hormone concentrations in the large hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus villosus) and the crying armadillo (Chaetophractus vellerosus).

Knowledge of armadillo reproductive physiology is essential for developing ex situ and in situ assisted reproductive techniques for propagating and/or controlling populations of these animals. The present study included assessment of fecal sex steroids by radioimmunoassay, determining reproductive status via monitoring ovarian activity (in the wild) and therefore reproductive status, in wild females of the large hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus villosus) and the crying armadillo (Chaetophractus vellerosus) in the southern hemisphere. Plasma and fresh fecal progesterone concentrations were not significantly correlated in either species. However, in both species, there was a significant positive correlation between plasma progesterone and dry fecal progesterone concentrations (r = 0.82, P < 0.05 and r = 0.60, P < 0.05, respectively). Dry fecal progesterone and estradiol concentrations were measured in one captive C. villosus (average baseline progesterone and estradiol concentrations 28.72 ± 11.75 ng/g dry feces and 3.04 ± 0.80 ng/g dry feces, respectively) and one captive C. vellerosus (average baseline progesterone and estradiol concentrations 14.05 ± 3.03 ng/g dry feces and 3.46 ± 1.20 ng/g dry feces, respectively) to detect hormonal peaks over 1 y; these occurred from late fall to early summer. Feces from wild C. villosus and C. vellerosus were also collected over 1 y to determine progesterone peaks, which occurred in winter and spring in both species (with no peaks during the summer or fall). Accordingly, C. villosus and C. vellerosus had a seasonal reproductive pattern. The significant correlations between dry fecal and plasma progesterone concentrations validated this method for monitoring reproductive status in these species.

Cordoma de ápice petroso: relato de um caso / Petrous apex chordoma: a case report

Cordomas são neoplasias raras que se originam dos remanescentes da notocorda primitiva. Estes remanescentes persistem ao longo de todo o esqueleto axial. Os cordomas intracranianos, mais freqüentemente, se localizam no clivus, próximo à sincondrose esfenooccipital, tipicamente na linha média. Nós descrevemos um caso atípico de cordoma fora da linha média, mais especificamente no ápice petrose, e discutimos as causas embriológicas que determinam esta localização, bem como sintomas, achados de imagem, tratamento cirúrgico e evolução.

Cáncer de cuello uterino: revisión de la técnica de irradiación de la pelvis por cuatro campos valor de la RM en su planificación / Cervix carcinoma: four-field pelvic radiation tecnique with MRI treatment planning

El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la técnica de radioterapia por cuatro campos (Técnica de Box) para el tratamiento del cáncer de cuello uterino, a fin de determinar si los límites anatómicos estándar envuelven el volumen tumoral y su extensión microscópica y evaluar el valor de la RM para la planificación de dicha tácnica. Se revisaron retrospectivamente 35 RM de pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino (Estadio Ib-IVa) y 10 linfografías pelvianas realizadas en el mismo grupo de pacientes, entre 1993 y 1996. La RM permitió determinar las relaciones existentes entre el útero con los límites AP y laterales, en el 100 por ciento de los casos. Se sugiere que no es posible establecer límites estándar para los campos laterales de la técnica de Box debido a las variaciones anatómicas producidas por el tumor y/o enfermedades asociadas. Si se decide esta técnica debería diseñarse en base a RM

Anastomosis linfático venosa como tratamiento quirúrgico del linfedema

RESUMEN: Se describe detalladamente la anatomía, la Fisiología y la Fisiopatología del Sistema Linfático como preámbulo del capítulo sobre LIFENDEMA. La Fisiopatología del LINFEDEMA es desarrollada minuciosamente para dar lugar a la clasificación utilizada en esta tesis (clasificación de Kinmoth) y al diagnótico diferencial. La reseña de tratamiento médico y quirúrgico tradicional nos muestra las dificultades que presenta al manejo de estos enfermos. El detalle de las técnicas instrumentales para la exploración del sistema linfatico y el capítulo sobre pre y post operatorio son factores fundamentales a la hora de la indicación quirúrgica. Se describen los detalles técnicos para la realización de las Anatomosis Linfático Venosas de (BEGNI-CORDEIRO Y O'BRIEN) al mismo tiempo se analizan cuarenta casos de linfedema de miembros superiores e inferiores y uno de pene y escroto que fueron intervenidos con esta técnicas. El modelo experimental de la anastomosis linfático venosa en la vena femoral de la rata con la técnica personal y el modelo experimental para la realización de la anastomosis linfático venosa en la vena cava de la rata con la técnica del Dr. Umbeto Fox son descriptos y sus resultados analizados; ello pérmite comprobar la viabilidad de la técnica empleada y la permeabilidad a lo largo del tiempo de las anastomosis linfático venosas.