RESUMO
Multiple viruses are implicated in atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms by which they infect cells and contribute to plaque formation in arterial walls are not well understood. Based on reports showing the presence of enterovirus in atherosclerotic plaques we hypothesized that the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR/CAR), although absent in normal arteries, could be induced during plaque formation. Large-scale microarray and mass spectrometric analyses revealed significant up-regulation of CXADR messenger RNA and protein levels in plaque-invested carotid arteries compared with control arteries. Macrophages were identified as a previously unknown cellular source of CXADR in human plaques and plaques from Ldr-/-Apob100/100 mice. CXADR was specifically associated with M1-polarized macrophages and foam cells and was experimentally induced during macrophage differentiation. Furthermore, it was significantly correlated with receptors for other viruses linked to atherosclerosis. The results show that CXADR is induced in macrophages during plaque formation, suggesting a mechanism by which enterovirus infect cells in atherosclerotic plaques.
Assuntos
Proteína de Membrana Semelhante a Receptor de Coxsackie e Adenovirus/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Placa Aterosclerótica/metabolismo , Animais , Artérias Carótidas/virologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Enterovirus/patogenicidade , Humanos , Macrófagos/virologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Placa Aterosclerótica/virologia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Recently, poliovirus receptor-related 2 (Pvrl2) emerged as a top gene in a global gene expression study aiming to detect plasma cholesterol-responsive genes causally related to atherosclerosis regression in hypercholesterolemic mice. PVRL2 is an adherens junction protein implied to play a role in transendothelial migration of leukocytes, a key feature in atherosclerosis development. In this study, we investigated the effect of Pvrl2 deficiency on atherosclerosis development and transendothelial migration of leukocytes activity. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Pvrl2-deficient mice bred onto an atherosclerosis-prone background (Pvrl2-/-Ldlr-/-Apob100/100) had less atherosclerotic lesions and more stable plaques compared with littermate controls (Pvrl2+/+Ldlr-/-Apob100/100). Pvrl2-/-Ldlr-/-Apob100/100 mice also showed a 49% decrease in transendothelial migration of leukocytes activity observed using the in vivo air pouch model. In accordance, augmented arterial wall expression of Pvrl2 during atherosclerosis progression coincided with an increased gene expression of migrating leukocytes into the vessel wall. Both in human and mice, gene and protein expression of PVRL2 was predominantly observed in the vascular endothelium according to the immunohistochemical and gene expression data. In addition, the cholesterol responsiveness of PVRL2 was also observed in humans. CONCLUSIONS: PVRL2 is a plasma cholesterol-responsive gene acting at endothelial sites of vascular inflammation that could potentially be a new therapeutic target for atherosclerosis prevention through its suggested transendothelial migration of leukocytes modulating activity.
Assuntos
Aorta Torácica/metabolismo , Doenças da Aorta/metabolismo , Aterosclerose/metabolismo , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangue , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Migração Transendotelial e Transepitelial , Animais , Aorta Torácica/patologia , Doenças da Aorta/genética , Doenças da Aorta/patologia , Apolipoproteína B-100 , Apolipoproteínas B/deficiência , Apolipoproteínas B/genética , Aterosclerose/genética , Aterosclerose/patologia , Adesão Celular , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/deficiência , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Técnicas de Cocultura , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Endotélio Vascular/patologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Nectinas , Fenótipo , Interferência de RNA , Receptores de LDL/deficiência , Receptores de LDL/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Tempo , TransfecçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Using a multi-tissue, genome-wide gene expression approach, we recently identified a gene module linked to the extent of human atherosclerosis. This atherosclerosis module was enriched with inherited risk for coronary and carotid artery disease (CAD) and overlapped with genes in the transendothelial migration of leukocyte (TEML) pathway. Among the atherosclerosis module genes, the transcription cofactor Lim domain binding 2 (LDB2) was the most connected in a CAD vascular wall regulatory gene network. Here, we used human genomics and atherosclerosis-prone mice to evaluate the possible role of LDB2 in TEML and atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS: mRNA profiles generated from blood macrophages in patients with CAD were used to infer transcription factor regulatory gene networks; Ldlr(-/-)Apob(100/100) mice were used to study the effects of Ldb2 deficiency on TEML activity and atherogenesis. LDB2 was the most connected gene in a transcription factor regulatory network inferred from TEML and atherosclerosis module genes in CAD macrophages. In Ldlr(-/-)Apob(100/100) mice, loss of Ldb2 increased atherosclerotic lesion size ≈2-fold and decreased plaque stability. The exacerbated atherosclerosis was caused by increased TEML activity, as demonstrated in air-pouch and retinal vasculature models in vivo, by ex vivo perfusion of primary leukocytes, and by leukocyte migration in vitro. In THP1 cells, migration was increased by overexpression and decreased by small interfering RNA inhibition of LDB2. A functional LDB2 variant (rs10939673) was associated with the risk and extent of CAD across several cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: As a key driver of the TEML pathway in CAD macrophages, LDB2 is a novel candidate to target CAD by inhibiting the overall activity of TEML.