Erdafitinib in BCG-treated high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Treatment options are limited for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with disease recurrence after bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment and who are ineligible for/refuse radical cystectomy. FGFR alterations are commonly detected in NMIBC. We evaluated the activity of oral erdafitinib, a selective pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, versus intravesical chemotherapy in patients with high-risk NMIBC and select FGFR3/2 alterations following recurrence after BCG treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients aged ≥18 years with recurrent, BCG-treated, papillary-only high-risk NMIBC (high-grade Ta/T1) and select FGFR alterations refusing or ineligible for radical cystectomy were randomized to 6 mg daily oral erdafitinib or investigator's choice of intravesical chemotherapy (mitomycin C or gemcitabine). The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS). The key secondary endpoint was safety. RESULTS: Study enrollment was discontinued due to slow accrual. Seventy-three patients were randomized 2 : 1 to erdafitinib (n = 49) and chemotherapy (n = 24). Median follow-up for RFS was 13.4 months for both groups. Median RFS was not reached for erdafitinib [95% confidence interval (CI) 16.9 months-not estimable] and was 11.6 months (95% CI 6.4-20.1 months) for chemotherapy, with an estimated hazard ratio of 0.28 (95% CI 0.1-0.6; nominal P value = 0.0008). In this population, safety results were generally consistent with known profiles for erdafitinib and chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Erdafitinib prolonged RFS compared with intravesical chemotherapy in patients with papillary-only, high-risk NMIBC harboring FGFR alterations who had disease recurrence after BCG therapy and refused or were ineligible for radical cystectomy.

[Early detection of prostate cancer: Towards a new paradigm?] / Détection précoce du cancer de la prostate : vers un nouveau paradigme ?

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a public health issue. The diagnostic strategy for PCa is well codified and assessed by digital rectal examination, PSA testing and multiparametric MRI, which may or may not lead to prostate biopsies. The formal benefit of organized PCa screening, studied more than 10 years ago at an international scale and for all incomers, is not demonstrated. However, diagnostic and therapeutic modalities have evolved since the pivotal studies. The contribution of MRI and targeted biopsies, the widespread use of active surveillance for unsignificant PCa, the improvement of surgical techniques and radiotherapy… have allowed a better selection of patients and strengthened the interest for an individualized approach, reducing the risk of overtreatment. Aiming to enhance coverage and access to screening for the population, the European Commission recently promoted the evaluation of an organized PCa screening strategy, including MRI. The lack of screening programs has become detrimental to the population and must shift towards an early detection policy adapted to the risk of each individual.

Photodynamic cystoscopy for bladder cancer diagnosis and for NMIBC follow-up: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, bladder cancer detection is based on cytology and cystoscopy. White light cystoscopy (WLC) is an invasive procedure and may under-detect flat lesions. Blue light cystoscopy (BLC) and narrow band imaging (NBI) cystoscopy are new modalities that could improve the detection of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and its recurrence or progression to muscle invasive bladder cancer. We present a systematic review on BLC and NBI cystoscopy for bladder cancer diagnosis and NMIBC follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All available systematic reviews and meta-analyses on cystoscopy published in PubMed® between May 2010 and March 2021 were identified and reviewed. The main endpoints were clinical performance for bladder cancer diagnosis and for recurrence or progression detection during NMIBC follow-up, and additional value compared with cytology and/or WLC. RESULTS: Most of the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published suggest a better sensitivity of BLC and NBI cystoscopy compared to WLC, particularly for the detection of flat lesions (CIS). NBI- and BLC-guided TURBT could decrease the recurrence rates. However, their clinical utility to reduce progression rate and increase survival is still unclear. CONCLUSIONS: BLC and NBI cystoscopy are efficient techniques for bladder cancer diagnosis and NMIBC follow-up. However, their clinical benefit remains to be confirmed.

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction and renal calculi: Simultaneous treatment by robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty and transcutaneous retrograde flexible ureteroscopy. Technique description and early outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and renal calculi are associated in 20 to 30% of cases and treatment is mandatory. The simultaneous surgical management is a therapeutic challenge that is still a source of controversy. We describe our technique combining robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty and transcutaneous retrograde flexible ureteroscopy (fURS), assessing the feasibility of simultaneous treatment through an original technique. METHODS: This single centre series reports our initial experience with 12 patients. From January 2014 to September 2018, 12 patients underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty with simultaneous fURS for UPJO and renal calculi. Mean age was 46 years (24-68). 92% had multiple renal stones and the mean cumulative stone diameter was 31,3mm. Robot-assisted pyeloplasty was performed with peroperative transcutaneous retrograde fURS through a ureteral access sheath introduced in an incision on the bassinet through a subcostal trocar. Stone extraction was performed using a basket. RESULTS: All patients underwent surgery successfully, achieving UPJ repair and complete stone extraction. Mean operating time was 92,5min (85-110). All reported Clavien-Dindo complications were grade 1. Non-contrast enhanced abdominal CT performed 1 month after surgery confirmed the absence of residual stones in all patients. Mean follow-up time was 10 months with no recurrence of UPJO. CONCLUSION: This small series confirms the feasibility with good surgical results of concomitant robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty and transcutaneous retrograde fURS stone extraction. No major complications were observed. This technique is easily reproducible but requires 2 experienced urologists to be achieved in a contained operative time.

[Pathological pelvic lymph node involvement in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy: A narrative review]. / Envahissement ganglionnaire pelvien anatomopathologique après cystectomie totale pour le traitement des tumeurs de vessie infiltrant le muscle : une revue narrative de la littérature.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a narrative review of the contemporary literature on the diagnosis, prognosis and adjuvant management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients with pathological pelvic lymph node involvement (pN+) at radical cystectomy. METHOD: A narrative review of the contemporary literature available on Medline was conducted to report studies evaluating the diagnosis, prognosis and/or adjuvant treatments for MIBC patients with pN+ disease at radical cystectomy. RESULTS: Open or robotic extended pelvic lymph node dissection up to the crossing of the ureter with common iliac vessels can enhance the diagnosis of pN+ MIBC, especially using separate packages for the submission of a maximum number of lymph nodes. The main prognosis factors for pN+ patients are the number of positive and retrieved lymph nodes, lymph node density, extranodal extension as well as lymph node metastasis diameter. Adjuvant chemotherapy is likely to prolong overall survival in pN+ patients treated with radical cystectomy alone while adjuvant immunotherapy using nivolumab has been shown to decrease the risk of recurrence in all pN+ patients, especially those with ypN+ disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy. However, few data are currently available on the role of adjuvant radiation therapy, which remains currently experimental for these patients. CONCLUSION: Multiple parameters have been reported to impact the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with pN+ MIBC at radical cystectomy. Adjuvant management is currently based on chemotherapy and immunotherapy with preliminary data on radiation therapy.

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2022-2024: penile cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To update French oncology guidelines concerning penile cancer. METHODS: Comprehensive Medline search between 2020 and 2022 upon diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of testicular germ cell cancer to update previous guidelines. Level of evidence was evaluated according to AGREE-II. RESULTS: Epidermoid carcinoma is the most common penile cancer histology. Physical examination is mandatory to define local and inguinal nodal cancer stage. MRI with artificial erection can help to assess deep infiltration in cases of organsparing intention. Node negative patients (defined by palpation and imaging) will present micro nodal metastases in up to 25% of cases. Invasive lymph node assessment is thus advocated except for low risk patients. Sentinel node dynamic biopsy is the first line technique. Modified bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy is an option with higher morbidity. 18-FDG-PET is recommended in patients with palpable nodes. Chest, abdominal and pelvis computerized tomography is an option. Fine needle aspiration (when positive) is an easy way to assess inguinal palpable node pathological involvement. Its results determine the type of lymphadenectomy to be performed (for diagnostic or curative purposes). Treatment is mostly surgical. Free margins status is essential, but it also has to be organ-sparing when possible. Brachytherapy and topic agents can cure in selected cases. Lymph node assessment should be synchronous to the removal of the tumour when possible. Limited inguinal lymph node involvement (pN1 stage) can be cured with the only lymphadenectomy. In case of larger lymph node stage, one should consider multidisciplinary treatment including chemotherapy and inclusion in a trial. CONCLUSIONS: Penile cancer needs demanding surgery to be cured, surrounded by chemotherapy in node positive patients. Lymph nodes involvement is a major prognostic factor. Thus, inguinal node assessment cannot be neglected.

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines Update 2022-2024: Adrenal tumor - Assessment of an adrenal incidetaloma and oncological management.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this publication is to recall the initial work-up when faced with an adrenal incidentaloma and, if necessary, to establish the oncological management of an adrenal malignant tumor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The multidisciplinary working group updated French urological guidelines about oncological assessment of the adrenal incidentaloma, established by the CCAFU in 2020, based on an exhaustive literature review carried out on PubMed. RESULTS: Although the majority of the adrenal masses are benign and non-functional, it is important to investigate them, as a percentage of these can cause serious endocrine diseases or be cancers. Malignant adrenal tumors are mainly represented by adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC), malignant pheochromocytomas (MPC) and adrenal metastases (AM). The malignancy assessment of an adrenal incident includes a complete history, a physical examination, a biochemical/hormonal assessment to look for subclinical hormonal secretion. Diagnostic hypotheses are sometimes available at this stage, but it is the morphological and functional imaging and the histological analysis, which will make it possible to close the malignancy assessment and make the oncological diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: ACC and MPC are mainly sporadic but a hereditary origin is always possible. ACC is suspected preoperatively but the diagnosis of certainty is histological. The diagnosis of MPC is more delicate and is based on clinic, biology and imagery. The diagnosis of certainty of AM requires a percutaneous biopsy. At the end, the files must be discussed within the COMETE - adrenal cancer network (Appendix 1).

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2022-2024: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

OBJECTIVE: To update the ccAFU recommendations for the management of bladder tumours that do not infiltrate the bladder muscle (NBMIC). METHODS: A systematic review (Medline) of the literature from 2020 to 2022 was performed, taking account of the diagnosis, treatment options and surveillance of NMIBC, while evaluating the references with their levels of evidence. RESULTS: The diagnosis of NMIBC (Ta, T1, CIS) is made after complete full-thickness tumour resection. The use of bladder fluorescence and the indication of a second look (4-6 weeks) help to improve the initial diagnosis. The EORTC score is used to assess the risk of recurrence and/or tumour progression. Through the stratification of patients in low, intermediate and high-risk categories, adjuvant treatment can be proposed: intravesical chemotherapy (immediate postoperative, initiation regimen) or BCG (initiation and maintenance regimen) instillations, or even the indication of cystectomy for BCG-resistant patients. CONCLUSION: Updating the ccAFU recommendations should contribute to improving patient management, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of NMIBC.

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2022-2024: testicular germ cell cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Updated Recommendations for the management of testicular germ cell cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comprehensive review of the literature on PubMed since 2020 concerning the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of testicular germ cell cancer (TGCT), and the safety of treatments. The level of evidence of the references was evaluated. RESULTS: The initial work-up for patients with testicular germ cell cancer is based on a clinical examination, biochemical (AFP, total hCG and LDH serum markers) and radiological assessment (scrotal ultrasound and thoracic-abdominal-pelvic [TAP] CT). Inguinal orchiectomy is the first therapeutic step whereby the histological diagnosis can be made, and the local stage and risk factors for stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCT) can be determined. For patients with pure stage-I seminoma, the risk of progression is 15 to 20%. Therefore, surveillance in compliant patients is preferable; adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin AUC 7 is an option; and indications for para-aortic radiotherapy are limited. For patients with stage I NSGCT, there are various options between surveillance and a risk-adapted strategy (surveillance or 1 cycle of BEP [Bleomycin Etoposide Cisplatin] depending on the absence or presence of vascular emboli within the tumour). Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for staging has a very limited role. The treatment for metastatic TGCT is BEP chemotherapy in the absence of any contraindication to bleomycin, for which the number of cycles is determined according to the prognostic risk group of the International Germ Cell Cancer Consortium Group (IGCCCG). Para-aortic radiotherapy is still a standard in stage IIA seminomatous germ cell tumours (SGCT). After chemotherapy, the size of residual masses should be assessed by TAP scan for NSGCT: retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is recommended for any residual mass of more than 1 cm, and all other metastatic sites should be excised. For SGCT, reassessment by 18F-FDG PET is required to specify the surgical indication for residual masses>3cm. Surgery is still rare in these situations. CONCLUSION: By adhering to TGCT management recommendations, excellent disease-specific survival rates are achieved; 99% for stage I and over 85% for metastatic stages.

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2022-2024: Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC).

OBJECTIVE: To update the CCAFU recommendations for the management of muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (MIBC). METHODS: A systematic review (Medline) of the literature from 2020 to 2022 was performed taking account of the diagnosis, treatment options and surveillance of NMIBC and MIBC, while evaluating the references with their levels of evidence. RESULTS: MIBC is diagnosed after the most complete tumour resection possible. MIBC grading is based on CTU along with chest CT. Multiparametric pelvic MRI could be an alternative. Cystectomy with extensive lymphadenectomy is the gold standard treatment for non-metastatic MIBC. It should be preceded by platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients in good general health with satisfactory renal function. Enterocystoplasty is proposed in men and women in the absence of contraindications and when the urethral resection is negative on extemporaneous examination. Otherwise, transileal cutaneous ureterostomy is the recommended method of urinary diversion. Inclusion of all patients in an ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocol is recommended. For metastatic MIBC, first line treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy (GC or MVAC) is recommended, if general health (PS>1) and renal function (clearance>60mL/min) so allow (only 50% of the cases). Pembrolizumab immunotherapy has demonstrated an overall survival benefit in second-line treatment. CONCLUSION: Updating the ccAFU recommendations should contribute to improving patient management, as well as the diagnosis and decision-making concerning MIBC treatment.

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2022-2024: Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer (UTUC).

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to propose an update of the French Urology Association Cancer Committee (ccAFU) Recommendations on the management of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UUT-UC). METHODS: A systematic Medline search was performed between 2020 and 2022, taking account of the diagnosis, treatment options and follow-up of UUT-UC, while evaluating the references with their levels of evidence. RESULTS: The diagnosis of this rare pathology is based on CTU acquisition during excretion and flexible ureterorenoscopy with histological biopsies. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) remains the gold standard for surgical treatment. Nevertheless conservative treatment can be discussed for low risk lesions: tumour of low-grade, with no infiltration on imaging, unifocal<2cm, eligible for full treatment therefore requiring close endoscopic surveillance by flexible ureteroscopy in compliant patients. After RNU, postoperative instillation of chemotherapy is recommended to reduce the risk of recurrence in the bladder. Adjuvant chemotherapy has shown clinical benefits compared to surveillance after RNU for tumours (pT2-T4 N0-3 M0). CONCLUSION: These updated recommendations should contribute to improving not only patients' level of care, but also the diagnosis and decision-making concerning treatment for UUT-UC.

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2022-2024: prostate cancer - Diagnosis and management of localised disease.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the French Urology Association Cancer Committee is to propose an update of the recommendations for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer (PC). METHODS: A systematic review of the literature from 2020 to 2022 was conducted by the CCAFU on the diagnosis and therapeutic management of localised PC, while evaluating the references and their levels of evidence. RESULTS: The recommendations specify the genetics, epidemiology and means of diagnosing prostate cancer, as well as the notions of screening and early detection. MRI, the gold standard imaging examination for localised cancer, is recommended before prostate biopsies are performed. The transperineal approach reduces the risks of infection. The therapeutic methods are described and recommended according to the clinical context. Active surveillance is the gold standard of treatment for tumours with a low risk for progression. Early salvage radiotherapy is recommended in case of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Imaging, particularly molecular imaging, helps to guide the decision-making in the event of biochemical recurrence after local treatment, but should not delay early salvage radiotherapy in the event of biological recurrence after radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSION: This update of the French recommendations should help to improve the management of patients with PC.

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2022-2024: management of kidney cancer.

AIM: To update the recommendations for the management of kidney cancers. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted from 2015 to 2022. The most relevant articles on the diagnosis, classification, surgical treatment, medical treatment and follow-up of kidney cancer were selected and incorporated into the recommendations. Therefore, the recommendations were updated while specifying the level of evidence (high or low). RESULTS: The gold standard for the diagnosis and evaluation of kidney cancer is contrast-enhanced chest and abdominal CT. MRI and contrast-enhanced ultrasound are indicated in special cases. Percutaneous biopsy is recommended in situations where the results will influence the therapeutic decision. Renal tumours should be classified according to the pTNM 2017 classification, the WHO 2022 classification and the ISUP nucleolar grade. Metastatic kidney cancer should be classified according to the IMDC criteria. Partial nephrectomy is the gold standard treatment for T1a tumours and can be performed by an open approach, by laparoscopy or by robot-guidance. Active surveillance of tumours less than 2cm in size can be considered regardless of the patient's age. Ablative therapies and active surveillance are options in elderly patients with comorbidity. T1b tumours should be treated by partial or radical nephrectomy depending on the complexity of the tumour. Radical nephrectomy is the first-line treatment for locally advanced cancers. Adjuvant treatment with pembrolizumab should be considered in patients at intermediate and high risk for recurrence after nephrectomy. In metastatic patients: Immediate cytoreductive nephrectomy may be offered to oligometastatic patients in combination with local treatment of metastases if this can be complete and delayed cytoreductive nephrectomy can be proposed for patients with a complete response or a significant partial response. Medical treatment should be proposed as first-line therapy for patients with a poor or intermediate prognosis. Surgical or local treatment of metastases can be proposed in case of single or oligo-metastases. The recommended first-line drugs for metastatic patients with clear cell renal carcinoma are the combinations axitinib/pembrolizumab, nivolumab/ipililumab, nivolumab/cabozantinib and lenvatinib/pembrolizumab. Cabozantinib is the recommended first-line treatment for patients with metastatic papillary carcinoma. Cystic tumours should be classified according to the Bosniak classification. Surgical removal should be proposed as a priority for Bosniak III and IV lesions. It is recommended that patient monitoring be adapted to the aggressiveness of the tumour. CONCLUSION: These updated recommendations are a reference that will allow French and French-speaking practitioners to improve kidney cancer management.

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2022-2024: prostate cancer - Management of metastatic disease and castration resistance.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the French Urology Association Cancer Committee is to propose an update of the recommendations for the management of prostate cancer. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature from 2020 to 2022 was conducted by the CCAFU on the elements of therapeutic management of metastatic and castration-resistant prostate cancer (PC), while evaluating the references and their levels of evidence. RESULTS: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the standard treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. ADT intensification is now a standard of care in the management of metastatic prostate cancer. This intensification is discussed in relation to the patient and the characteristics of the disease. For all metastatic hormone-sensitive PC (synchronous and metachronous), the overall survival benefit associated with good tolerability makes the combination of ADT and novel hormonal agents (NHA) a standard. For patients with high-volume/high-risk de novo metastatic disease, treatment with docetaxel in addition to ADT + NHA can be discussed for eligible patients. In patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the contribution of new therapies that have become available in recent years, as well as the advent of precision medicine, help to improve the control of tumour progression and survival, and highlight the value of testing for alterations in DNA repair genes within the tumour tissue or constitutionally. CONCLUSION: This update of the French recommendations should help to improve the management of patients with prostate cancer.

Comparison of open and robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy approaches using multicentric data (UroCCR-47 study).

We compared the outcomes of robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RPN) and open partial nephrectomy (OPN) using contemporary data to respond to unmet clinical needs. Data from patients included in the registry who underwent partial nephrectomy between January 01, 2014 and June 30, 2017 within 20 centres of the French Network for Research on Kidney Cancer UroCCR were collected (NCT03293563). Statistical methods included adjusted multivariable analyses. Rates of peri- and post-operative transfusion, and of surgical revision, were lower in the RPN (n = 1434) than the OPN (n = 571) group (2.9% vs. 6.0%, p = 0.0012; 3.8% vs. 11.5%, p < 0.0001; 2.4% vs. 6.7%, p < 0.0001, respectively). In multivariable analyses, RPN was independently associated with fewer early post-operative complications than OPN (overall: odds-ratio [95% confidence interval, CI] = 0.48 [0.35-0.66]; severe: 0.29 [0.16-0.54], p < 0.0001 for both) and shorter hospital stays (34% [30%; 37%], p < 0.0001). RPN was also a significantly associated with a decresedrisk of post-operative acute renal failure, and new-onset chronic kidney disease at 3 and 12 months post-surgery. There were no between-group differences in oncological outcomes. In comparison with OPN, RPN was associated with improved peri- and post-operative morbidity, better functional outcomes, and shorter hospital stays. Our results support the use of RPN, even for large and complex tumours.

Biochemical relapse predictive factors in patients with lymph node metastases during radical prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: There are no clear recommendations for the management of patients with lymph node invasion discovered during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (PCa). Adequate risk stratification could personalize post-surgical adjuvant treatment. Our objective was to identify predictive factors for biochemical relapse (BCR) in patients with lymph node (LN) invasion at the time of radical prostatectomy(RP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent RP for high-risk PCa with LN invasion in two academic centres between 2008 and 2019 were included. Patients with metastatic disease or extrapelvic LN involvement were excluded. Following data were collected retrospectively: age, preoperative prostate-specific antigen level, Gleason score, clinical and pathological stage, number of metastatic LN and LN density. Outcome was BCR during follow-up. BCR-free survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method and its association with relevant variables was determined with log-rank test. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were included. Median (IQR) age, PSA and follow-up were 64.5 years (55-78), 9.2ng/mL (4.4-20) and 16.1 months (6-27.5), respectively. Twenty patients (77%) had BCR after surgery, accounting for 24-month BCR-free survival of 65%. Patients with LN density > 15% had better survival rates than those with ≤ 15% (40% vs. 0%, respectively, at 24 months; P=0.06) without reaching significance. Cox proportional Hazards analysis could not evidence predictive factors of BCR free-survival. CONCLUSIONS: LN density seemed associated with BCR-free survival within patients with high-risk PCa and positive LN at RP. However, extraprostatic extension, number of positive LN and positive surgical margins were not independent risk factors for BCR. Larger prospective studies with centralized pathological reviews are needed. LEVEL OF PROOF: 3.

[Recent advances in the management of localized high-risk prostate cancer: An update by the Prostate Cancer Committee of the French Association of Urology]. / Avancées récentes dans la prise en charge du cancer de la prostate localisé à haut risque : mise au point par le Comité Prostate de l'Association française d'urologie.

INTRODUCTION: The risk of recurrence is increased in localized high-risk prostate cancer (PCa). The implementation of an appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategy is essential. The objective of this update by the Prostate Committee of the French Association of Urology was to report the most recent data in the management of localized high-risk PCa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This update is based on the data available in the literature on localized high-risk PCa. A PubMed search and narrative review of the recent data were performed in March 2022. RESULTS: Compared with conventional imaging, PET-PSMA is more effective for the diagnosis of lymph nodes and distant metastases. Two recent randomized clinical trials have failed to prove the oncologic benefit of extended pelvic lymph node dissection during radical prostatectomy (RP). Postoperatively, early salvage radiotherapy is the standard of care, with adjuvant radiotherapy becoming an option in case of unfavorable pathological criteria (ISUP 4-5, pT3±positive margins) in young patients. Although promising, perioperative systemic therapies (chemotherapy, second-generation hormonotherapy) cannot be recommended at this time when the patient is treated by RP. Regarding radiotherapy, prophylactic lymph node irradiation during prostatic irradiation was associated with improved biochemical and metastasis-free survival in a recent randomized trial but it is still controversial. Since the publication of the results of the STAMPEDE trial, the addition of abiraterone acetate to radiation-hormone therapy should be considered the new standard of care for patients with localized (very) high-risk PCa, according to the inclusion criteria of the study. CONCLUSION: The most recent data of the literature regarding the management of high-risk localized PCa redefine the diagnostic performance of molecular imaging, the timing of postoperative radiotherapy, the oncologic benefit of pelvic lymph node treatment, and the intensification of systemic therapies.

[Guidelines from the cancer (CC-AFU) and infection disease (CI-AFU) committees of the French Association of Urology for the management of adverse events and complications of BCG]. / Recommandations des Comités de cancérologie (CC-AFU) et d'infectiologie (CI-AFU) de l'Association française d'urologie pour la prise en charge effets indésirables et complications du BCG.

INTRODUCTION: Intravesical instillations of BCG are recommended for the treatment of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, their prolonged use remains limited by the associated potentially serious adverse effects or complications. The purpose of this article was to provide updated recommendations for the diagnosis and management of adverse events (AEs) or complications of intravesical BCG instillations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Review of the literature in Medline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and Embase (http://www.embase.com) using the following MeSH keywords or a combination of these keywords: "bladder," "BCG," "complication," "toxicity," "adverse events," "prevention," and "treatment". RESULTS: AEs or complications of BCG included genitourinary and systemic symptoms. The most common complications (cystitis, moderate fever) should be treated symptomatically and may require adjustment to allow patients to have the most complete BCG treatment possible. Serious complications are rare but must be identified promptly because of the life-threatening nature of the disease. Their management is based on the combination of anti-tuberculosis treatments, anti-inflammatory drugs and the definitive discontinuation of BCG. CONCLUSION: The management of BCG AEs requires early identification, rational and effective treatment if necessary, and discussion of the continuation of treatment for each situation.